Ko te mathematician nui Eyler Leonard: whakatutukitanga i roto i te pāngarau, te tahi mau meka ngā, he haurongo poto

Leonhard Hēura - mathematician Swiss me ahupūngao, tetahi o nga kaiwhakatū o pāngarau parakore. Ia e kore e anake hanga he takoha taketake, me te formative ki āhuahanga, tuanaki, rehe me te ariā o ngā tau, engari whakawhanakehia hoki tikanga mō te whakaoti rapanga o te tātai arorangi observational, ka tono te pāngarau i roto i engineering me mahi tūmatanui.

Hēura (mathematician): he haurongo poto

whanau Leonhard Hēura ko April 15, 1707 Ko te reira i te matamua-whanau Paulus Hēura ko Margaret Brooker. tae mai te papa i te ahua haehaa o kaimahi, me te maha o pūtaiao pai-mohiotia nga tupuna o Margaret Brooker i. mahi Paulus Hēura i taua wa minita i roto i te Ekalesia o St. Jakob. Ka rite ki te teolosia, i hiahia i roto i te pāngarau papa o Leonard me nga tau e rua tuatahi o te ako i te whare wānanga tae nga wehenga o te rongonui Yakoba Bernulli. I muri e pā ana ki te tau, me te hawhe i muri i te fanauraa o tana tama, te whānau oho ki Riehen, Basel waho te wahi ka Paulus Hēura te minita o te pāriha rohe. ia i reira, me te pono mahi noa tona mate.

noho te whānau i roto i ngā āhuatanga kōpipiri, rawa i muri i te whanautanga o tana tamaiti tuarua, Anna-Maria, i roto i te 1708. Ko te tokorua ka kia e rua atu tamariki - Maria Magdalena ko Johann Heinrich.

Ko te haapiiraa tuatahi i roto i te pāngarau, riro Leonard i te kāinga i tona papa. Huri noa i te tau o te waru i tonoa e ia ki te kura Latin i roto i Basel, te wahi i noho ai ia i roto i te whare o tona kuia whaea. Hei utu mo te kounga rawakore o te mātauranga kura i taua wa, utua toku papa he kaiwhakaako tūmataiti, he taitamariki teolosia ko Johannes Burckhardt, he aroha ngākau o pāngarau.

I roto i te Oketopa 1720 i te tau o 13 tau, ka tomo Leonard te University o Basel i te Faculty o Philosophy (he takanga noa i te wa), i reira tae ia te akomanga talateu i roto i te pāngarau māmā Ioganna Bernulli, te teina o te mate i te wa o Hakopa.

Young Hēura na itoito ka mau ake ana akoranga, i hohoro ngā te aro o te kaiako, e whakatenatena ia ki te ako pukapuka matatini ake o tona ake, a tae noa whakaekea ki te āwhina i roto i o ratou akoranga i runga i Rāhoroi. I roto i te 1723, oti Leonard tona mātauranga ki tohu o te ariki, a tukua he kauhau tūmatanui i roto i te reo Roma, i roto i nei whakaritea Descartes te pūnaha ki te kaupapa tūturu o Newton.

I muri i te hiahia o tona matua, whakauru ia i te Theological Faculty, rawatia, Heoi, te nuinga o nga pāngarau o te wā. Nāwai, pea i te onoonoraa o Ioganna Bernulli papa ka tango ia mo homai tana tama ki te mahi i whakaaro pūtaiao, e kore te mahi minita.

I roto i te 19 tau, i maia te mathematician Hēura ki te whakataetae ki nga pūtaiao runga o te wa, tango wahi i roto i te whakataetae mo te otinga o te Paris Academy o Sciences i runga i te whakanohonga ikeiketanga o rewa kaipuke. I taua wāhi i ia e kore i roto i kite i nga kaipuke toku ora, e kore e te utu tuatahi i riro, engari riro he wahi tuarua whaimana. I roto i te tau ka reira ko he vata i te Tari o Physics i te University o Basel, Leonard, me te tautoko o tona kaitohutohu Ioganna Bernulli, ua faaoti ia ki te whawhai mo te wahi, engari ngaro hoki o ratou tau, me te kore o te rārangi faahiahia o tānga. I roto i te tikanga i waimarie ia, no te i taea e ki te farii i te aniraa o te St Petersburg Academy o Sciences ia, whakaturia he torutoru nga tau mua e Tsar Pita ahau, te wahi i kitea te Hēura he mara atu whaihua, i whakahohea ia ki te whakawhanake ki te hope. I takaro te tūranga matua e Bernoulli ko ana tama tokorua, Daniel Nicklaus II me ahau, kei te kaha te mahi nei i reira.

St. Petersburg (1727-1741): he ara meteoric

pau Hēura te hotoke o 1726 i roto i Basel, ako tinana me te whaiaroaro i roto i te faaineineraa no te mahia o ratou mau ohipa tūmanakohia i te wänanga. A, no te taenga mai ia i roto i St Petersburg, a mahi he hoa, ka reira kitea ai kia horo'a ia ia ki pūtaiao pāngarau. I tua atu, e Hēura i hiahiatia ki te whai wāhi i roto i te whakatau-whakamātautau i roto i te Cadet Corps, a ki te tohutohu i te Kāwanatanga i runga i ngā take pūtaiao, me te hangarau.

Leonard ngāwari taunga ki ngā āhuatanga kino hou o te ora i roto i te raki o Europe. Hāunga i te nuinga atu i te mau melo ke o te wänanga, ka anga tonu ia ki te ako i te reo Russian, a taukei reira hohoro a i tuhituhia me te kōrero puka. Hoki te wa i ora ai ia ki a Raniera Bernoulli a ko hoa ki Karaitiana Goldbach, Permanent Hekeretari o te Academy, mohiotia i tenei ra mo ona tonu e kore faatiti'aifarohia te raruraru, kia rite ki nei tetahi ara tau i 4, ka taea te māngai e te moni o rua primes. Ko te reta whānui i waenganui i a ratou ko te puna nui mo te hītori o pūtaiao i roto i te rau tau XVIII.

Leonhard Hēura, paetae i roto i te pāngarau e tonu kawea ia rongo te ao, a whakaarahia ana mana, puritia i roto i te Academy o ratou tau tino hua.

I roto i te Hānuere 1734, ka moea e ia Katarine Gzel, te tamahine o te artist Swiss, nei i whakaako ki Hēura, a ka whakatutehu ratou ki o ratou ake te kāinga. ka haere mai te faaipoiporaa ki te marama 13 tamariki, a nei, Heoi, e rima anake tae pakeke. Matamua,, ka Johann Albrecht ano he mathematician, a muri i awhina tona papa i roto i tona mahi.

kihai i Hēura tohungia mate. I roto i te 1735, ka ia tino mate, me te tata mate. Ki te tanga nui o katoa, whakahokia mai e ia, engari i muri i toru nga tau hoki mate. I tenei wa, kua utu te mate ia tona kanohi matau, i te mea mārama kitea i runga i whakaahua katoa o pūtaiao i taua wa.

tapepe tōrangapū i roto i Russia, i puta i muri i te matenga o Kuini Anna Ivanovna, takoha Hēura ki te waiho St Petersburg. Rawa mai i ia he fakaafe i te Prussia Kingi Friedrich II ki te haere mai ki a Berlin me ki te āwhina te hanga i te Academy o Sciences reira.

I roto i te Pipiri 1741, peia Leonard me tana wahine Katarina, Johann Albrecht-tau 6-tau, me te Carl tau-tau i St Petersburg ki Berlin.

Jobs i roto i Berlin (1741-1766)

Te pakanga hōia i roto i Silesia Frederick II kua hiki mahere mo te whakatūnga o te wänanga. Na anake i roto i te 1746 i hanga e te mutunga reira. riro ia i whakaritea peresideni Pierre-Lui Moro de Maupertuis me Hēura i kaiwhakahaere o te Tari Pāngarau. Ko te aroaro e, kihai i noho mangere ia. tuhituhi Leonard e pā ana ki 20 tuhinga pūtaiao, 5 Ngā tuhinga whakapae nui a hanga neke atu i te 200 pukapuka.

Ahakoa te meka i whakamana Hēura maha ngaahi fatongia - te kawenga mō te Observatory me nga māra huaota, te whakaoti i te kaimahi, ka whai wāhi i roto i te hoko o almanacs take pūtea, e whakatu te puna matua o te moni o te Academy, kahore ki te whakahua i te ngā kaupapa hangarau me te engineering, e kore e pāngia tona mahi pāngarau.

Ano, e kore e raruraru te reira rawa e te tutukitanga o te tuatahi o te kitea o te parau tumu o te iti rawa mahi, i wahia i roto i roto i te tīmatanga o nga 1750s, kī e Maupertuis e wero te kaipūtaiao Swiss me academician hou Johann Samuel Koenig, kōrero e pā ana ki tona whakahua o Leibniz tuhituhi ki te mathematician Hakopa Hermann. i tata ki te Maupertuis utu o tinihanga Koenig. A, no te i ui ia ki te whakaputa i te pukapuka, e kore ai e meatia e ia i te reira, a ka whakaritea Hēura ki te tirotiro i te take. He kahore aroha mo te kaupapa o Leibniz, iu ia ki te peresideni, me te ratou whakapa he König o tinihanga. tae te wāhi e koropupu i ka lampooned Voltaire, nei ka mau te taha o Koenig tuhituhi pūhohe teimaha, Maupertuis ka tohungia e Hēura. Ko pera pouri te peresideni i mahue ia Berlin tata, Hēura ka i ki te mahi, de märena ahu te wänanga.

pūtaiao whānau

ka pera rawa Leonard e i hokona e ia te whenua i roto i Charlottenburg, o waho hauauru o Berlin, nui nui ki te whakarite i te noho whakamarie tona whaea ivi, i kawea mai ki Berlin i 1750, hawhe-tuahine me ana tamariki katoa.

I roto i te 1754, i whanau matamua-tona Johann Albrecht i te kupu tohutohu o Maupertuis i te tau o te 20 tau, ka i pōtitia ki te Berlin Academy. I roto i te 1762, tona mahi i runga i perturbations o nga āmionga o unahiroa hutia o i whakawhiwhia te utu o te St Petersburg Academy, i faaite ia ki a Alexis-Klod Klero te aorangi. tuarua tama a Hēura, Carl, ako rongoā i roto i Halle, me te tuatoru, Christoph, ka he āpiha. marenatia tana tamahine Charlotte he aristocrat Tatimana me tona tuahine paari Helena i roto i te 1777 - te āpiha Russian.

whanoke kingi

Whanaungatanga pūtaiao Frederick II kihai i ohie. Ko tetahi wahi here i runga i te rerekētanga nui i roto i nga vananga whaiaro, me te taumauri Frederick tenei - whakakake, māia, huatau, me te conversationalist atamai, he sympathizer o te French Māmá; mathematician Hēura - he Palotisani tano, whai whakaaro, mea oneone, me te karakia. ko tetahi atu, take pea nui atu te inoino o Leonard e kore i whakaekea e ia te pou o te peresideni o te Berlin Academy. Kua anake tupu tenei inoino i muri i te wehenga atu i te Maupertuis me tautooraa a Hēura ki te pupuri i te whare manu, ka tamata Frederick ki anaanatae te heamana peresideniraa Jean d'Alembert Leron. Te whakamutunga, i roto i te meka, ka haere ki a Berlin, engari anake ki te korero ki te kingi e pā ana ki tona paruparu me Share Leonard. Friedrich te tukunoa'i e kore anake te tohutohu o D'Alembert, engari Ua whakaaturia ia te matenga o te wänanga. Tenei, me maha atu rahunga o te Kingi, i roto i te mutunga, ka arahina ki te meka i hanga te haurongo o mathematician Hēura te tahuri koi hoki.

I roto i 1766, i roto i te noa'tu o te mau fifi i runga i te wahi o te ariki, i mahue ia Berlin. kua whakaae Leonard te aniraa o Catherine II ki te hoki ki St. Petersburg, i reira i mana whakamanuhiritia hoki ia.

Ano, St Petersburg (1766-1783)

Wehi ka koropiko ki te wänanga i te marae o Catherine te mathematician nui Hēura mahi pou tino whaimana, a ko mana i roto i te mea i whakakahoretia e ia mo na roa i roto i Berlin. I roto i te meka, Whakatangi noa ia te tūranga o te rangatira wairua, ki te kahore te upoko o te wänanga. Kia aroha mai, Heoi, haere pera pai te hauora e kore ia nga mea katoa. pokonga o te kanohi maui, i timata ki te whakararuraru i a ia i roto i Berlin i hoko atu taumaha, a i roto i 1771 faaoti Hēura i pokanga. Ko tōna tupu ko te hanganga o te whēwhē, i tata tino whakangaromia te kite.

I muri mai i taua tau ano, i roto i te ahi nui i roto i St. Petersburg, wahia tona whare rakau, a kihai i taea te tahuna tata matapo Hēura ora whakawhetai anake ki te faaora hautoa o Pita Grimm, he kaimahi i Basel. Hei hiki i te mate?, Kua tohaina te Empress moni mo te hanganga o te whare hou.

te hopukanga atu tetahi patu taimaha Hēura i 1773 ka mate tana wahine. I muri i te 3 tau, e kore ki te whakawhirinaki i runga i o ratou tamariki, ka moea e ia he rua o te wa i runga i tona tuahine hawhe, Haromi Apikaira Gsell, (1723-1794).

Ahakoa enei ngā mate katoa, i oti rawa te mathematician Leonhard Hēura ki pūtaiao. Ko e mo'oni, ka whakaputaina e pā ana ki te hawhe o tona mahi i whanau i roto i te St Petersburg ranei. I roto ia ratou e rua o ana "bestseller" - ". Algebra" "Letters ki te Princess Tiamana" me Noatia, e kore e taea e ia i waho i te hēkeretari pai, me te āwhina hangarau kua whakaratohia e te reira, i roto i era atu mea, Nicklaus take, he compatriot o Basel me te tane o te tamahine o Hēura heke mai. wahi Active i roto i te tukanga o te tango tana tama Johann Albrecht. mahi ano hoki i te whakamutunga rite te wā Academy stenographer i roto i nei te kaiputaiao, ei melo tonu o te matamua, i te faatere.

mate

Ko te mathematician nui Leonhard Hēura mate o te patunga 18 Mahuru 1783 i te tākaro ki tona mokopuna. I te ra o te mate o ona nui e rua i warua kitea nga tātai e whakaahua te rere poihau, te tino Hune 5, 1783 i roto i Paris, i te teina Montgolfier. I whakawhanakehia e te whakaaro, me te rite hoki te whakaputanga e Johann tama. Ko te whakamutunga ki te riro i te kaiputaiao, whakaputaina i roto i te 1784 rōrahi Memoires. i nui ai te rere o ngā tuhinga tatari ratou tahuri i roto i hautaka mātauranga, kua whakaputaina hoki 50 nga tau i muri i te matenga o te kaipūtaiao Leonhard Hēura me ana takoha ki te pāngarau.

mahi Scientific i roto i Basel

I roto i te wā poto o Basel Hēura takoha ki te pāngarau i ngāwari mō ngā ānau isochronous me tahi, me te mahi i runga i taonga whakataetae o te Paris Academy. Otiia ko te uaua matua i tenei wā te Dissertatio Physics de sono, rēhitatia i te tautoko o tona whakaingoatanga ki te heamana o te ahupūngao i te University o Basel, i runga i te āhua me te tohatoha o te tangi, i ngā, i te tere o te oro me te whakatupuranga o mea whakatangi.

Ko te wā tuatahi, St Petersburg

Ahakoa te raruraru hauora ite e Hēura, i mua i roto i te pāngarau, te pūtaiao e kore e taea e meinga engari ohorere. I roto i tenei wa, i roto i te tua ki te mahi taketake i runga i rehe, te ariā o te waiata, me te hoahoanga tauamoana, kua oti te tuhituhi e ia 70 tuhinga i runga i ngā kaupapa ngā i te tātari pāngarau, me te tau ariā ki ngā raruraru motuhake i roto i te ahupūngao, rehe me te tātai arorangi.

E rua ngā pukapuka o "Mechanics" ko te timatanga o te mahere tawhiti-pa o te arotake matawhānui o ngā āhuatanga katoa o rehe, tae atu i te rehe o te totoka, ngāwari, me te rapa tinana, me te wai, me te rehe tiretiera.

I taea te kite i te tuhipoka-pukapuka Hēura, tonu i roto i Basel, whakaaro ia he rota e pā ana ki te waiata, me te hanganga puoro, ka i whakamahere ki te tuhituhi i te pukapuka. Kua pakari ēnei mahere i roto i te St Petersburg, a hoatu ara ki mahi Tentamen, whakaputaina i roto i te 1739. haamata te hua ki te kōrero o te āhua o te reo rite wiri o matūriki rangi, tae atu ki tona tohatoha, whaiaroaro, me te tirohanga māna o te whakatupuranga tangi i string me te hau whakatangi.

Ko te matua o te mahi ko te ariā o te pai meinga e waiata e Hēura hanga e te whakatakoto i te āputa pepe, tangiata ranei raupapa o ngā uara ā-tau, te whānuitanga o whakatu "ahuareka" o te hanganga waiata: te raro te taumata, te nui te pai. meatia te mahi i roto i te horopaki o te kaituhi tino ngākau chromatic matua taka, engari hoatu ano hoki he ariā pāngarau oti o āhua (e rua tahito, me te hou). kihai i Hēura te kotahi anake te tangata e tamata ki te tahuri waiata ki te pūtaiao tangohia: Descartes, Mersenne, a meatia te taua ki a ia, kia rite ki D'Alembert, a he tokomaha etahi atu i muri ia ia.

Ko te rua-rōrahi scientia Navalis - te wāhanga tuarua o ona whanaketanga o rehe hautanga. Ko te pukapuka i ngā parau tumu, me te whakawhanake ariā taurite hydrostatic o wiri me tinana toru-ahu e E rumakina ana i roto i te wai. Kei te mahi nga timatanga rehe o totoka, i muri crystallizes i te pukapuka Theoria Motus corporum solidorum seu rigidorum, toru o te pukapuka nui i runga i rehe. E pā ana te rōrahi tuarua o te ariā ki kaipuke, te pahi me te whakaterenga.

Mīharo, Leonhard Hēura, paetae i roto i te pāngarau i roto i tenei wā kua nei kua whakamīharo, i te wa me te ivi ki te tuhituhi i te mahi 300-whārangi i runga i tauhanga timatanga mō te whakamahi i roto i ngā kura teitei St Petersburg. He waimarie te hunga tamariki e whakaakona te aivanaa nui!

mahi Berlin

I tua atu ki te tuhinga 280, he tokomaha o nei i tino nui i roto i tenei wā te mathematician Leonard Hēura hanga he raupapa o Ngā tuhinga whakapae pūtaiao rohe.

Ko te raruraru o te brachistochrone - kitea huarahi e tohu nekehanga papatipu i mahara i te kotahi ira i roto i te manureva poutū ki tetahi i roto i te wa poto - he tauira wawe o te raruraru i hanga e Johann Bernoulli rapu mahi (ranei ānau), e aa te faaiteraa tātari i runga i te mahi rānei. I roto i 1744-m, ka i roto i Hēura 1766-m nui moni ake tenei raruraru i te hanga i tētahi peka hou katoa o pāngarau - "tuanaki o ngā rerekētanga".

E rua pukapuka iti i runga i te trajectories o aorangi me unahiroa me optics, puta e pā ana ki 1744, me te 1746 tau. Ko te whakamutunga o te moni hītori, mai timata reira he kōrero i runga i te matūriki Newtonian me te ariā poipoi o te marama Hēura.

I roto i te whakaaro ki tona kaituku mahi, Kingi Frederick II, tahuri Leonard te mahi nui i runga i ballistics Ingarihi Pineamine Robins, ahakoa ta'etotonu faaino ia tona "Mechanics" i roto i te 1736 tapiritia ia, Heoi, na maha kōrero, ngā whakamārama me te whakatikatika, rite ki te hua o ko 5 wa ki runga ake i te taketake pukapuka "Artillery" (1745) i te rōrahi.

Ko te rua-rōrahi "Introduction ki tātari ore" (1748), mathematician Hēura tātaritanga tūnga hei ako motuhake, whakarāpopoto ana maha ngā āhuatanga i roto i te mara o te raupapa mure ore, hua mure me te hautau tonu. whakawhanake te reira i te mahi kitenga mārama o ngā uara tūturu me matatini, me te haapapû te tūranga taketake i roto i te tātari o te e tau, taup me ngā taupū kōaro. Kei te whakatapua e te rōrahi tuarua ki te āhuahanga tātari: ariā o ngā ānau taurangi me papa.

"Tuanaki Pārōnaki" ngā ano o rua nga wahi, oti rawa te tuatahi o nei ki te tātai o ngā rerekētanga me Pārōnaki, me te tuarua - te ariā o te raupapa mana tātai aofangatuku me ki te maha nui o tauira. Here, ratau, i roto i te tā tuatahi raupapa Fourier.

Ko te toru-rōrahi "tuanaki Integral" mathematician Hēura whakaaro quadrature (m. E. whitiauau Lauikuonga) mahi timatanga me te hangarau ki te kawe ia ratou whārite pārōnaki rārangi, he whakamārama taipitopito o te ariā o ngā whārite pārōnaki rārangi o te tikanga tuarua.

Puta noa i te tau i roto i Berlin, a muri ako Leonard tuku kōrero āhuahanga. Ana tuhinga, me ngā pukapuka i runga i te tumu parau, tae atu ki te rahi e toru-rōrahi "Dioptrics" moni ki whitu rōrahi o Opera Whakaahua katoa. Ko te kaupapa pokapū o tenei mahi ko ki te whakapai ake i te mea whatu pērā i whātata me whārahi, me pehea ki te whakaoti i te aberration chromatic me porohita i roto i te pūnaha matatini o tīwhana, me te whakakiia fluids.

Hēura (mathematician): Facts Interesting o te wā St. Petersburg tuarua

Ko te wa tino hua, i roto i nei kua whakaputaina te kaipūtaiao neke atu i te 400 pepa i runga i ngā kaupapa kua whakahuatia, me te āhuahanga, tūponotanga ariā me tatauranga, mahere, a tae noa moni penihana mo nga pouaru me te ahuwhenua. O ratou e taea te wehea ki e toru Ngā tuhinga whakapae i runga i taurangi, te ariā o te marama me te pūtaiao manuao, me te i runga i te ariā o ngā tau, kaupapa tūturu me dioptrics.

Here ka haere mai tetahi o ana "bestseller" - "Algebra." Ingoa mathematician Hēura whakapaipai tenei mahi 500-whārangi, e te tuhituhi ki te whakaaro o te ako, ko te ki te whakaako i te tīmatanga tūturu. mangai e ia te pukapuka ki te pia taitamariki, i kawea mai ki a ia i Berlin, a ka oti te mahi i, matau ia katoa i runga i ka i taea ki te whakaoti rawa ngāwari raruraru taurangi fai ki a ia.

"Ko te ariā tuarua o kaipuke" i hangaia ano hoki te iwi kahore nei e matau o te pāngarau, ara - te heramana. Ehara i te mea maere e ua te mahi kua whakawhetai rawa angitu ki te faahiahia pūkenga Makiri o te kaituhi. whakaarohia Minita o te Moana, me te Wīwī Finance Anne-Robert Turgot ki te Kingi Louis XVI ki rapu utu ngā ākonga katoa o ngā kura moana me te pū ki te ako pukapuka o Hēura. Ko reira tino pea e tahuri tetahi o te ākonga i roto i ki Napoleon Bonaparte. ara utua e te kingi 1,000 moni pāngarau mo te haamaitairaa o republishing te mahi, me te Empress Catherine II, e kore e hiahia ki te hoatu i roto i ki te kingi, kua tuaruatia te nui, me te mathematician nui Leonhard Hēura ato'a riro 2000 moni!