Here kotuari

Hoki te wā tuatahi i te ariā taua he Utaina here kotuari rite korero i muri i te whakatuwheratanga o Gilbert Newton Lewis, e whakaahuatia te here rite te whakawhanaunga o nga irahiko e rua. Kua whakaahuatia atu rangahau tata ia parau tumu here kotuari. kia whakaaro ai te kupu kotuari matū rite te kaha wāhanga ngota ki te hanga i here ki ētahi atu ngota.

Tenei ko te tauira:

E rua ngota ki ngā rerekētanga iti i roto i te electronegativity (C ko CL, C me te H). Tikanga, tenei ngota, te hanganga o te anga irahiko i te mea te hanganga rite tata rite taea ki te anga irahiko o te haurehu e mangere.

A, no te tupu enei tikanga karihi attraction o enei ngota ki te rua irahiko, noa mo ratou. I roto i tenei take, e kore e nga kapua irahiko tika īnaki, pera i roto i te hononga ngota. whakarato Irahiko here hononga haumaru o te ngota e rua i te meka i tūariarihia te kiato irahiko kei te ka ke te pūngao o te pūnaha e, meinga nei e "retraction" i roto i te wāhi internuclear kotahi kapua irahiko o tētahi atu ngota. Ko te inaki tahi atu whānui o te kapua irahiko, whakaaro te hononga kei te ki kia atu roa.

No reira, te here kotuari - he mātauranga, i whakatika i roto i te whakawhanaunga tahi o rua ngā irahiko no ki e rua ngota.

Ka rite ki te tikanga, te matū me te mea ripekapeka rāpoi i hanga e te here kotuari. Āhuatanga hanganga rāpoi e ngohe me te kohua i pāmahana iti, memehatanga rawakore wai, me te iti kawe ia hiko. No reira e nehenehe ia tatou e faaoti e te hanganga pūtake o ngā āhuatanga pērā i germanium, silicon, māota, hauwai, - he here kotuari.

Āhuatanga e he angamaheni mo tenei momo o te pūhui:

1. Tōpuni. I raro i tenei taonga te nuinga o matau rite te tau mōrahi o ngā hononga e taea e ratou te whakatū ngota motuhake. Kei te whakaritea te reira e te nui o te katoa maha o aua orbitals i roto i ngota e kia whai wāhi ai i roto i te hanganga o here matū. Ko te valency o te ngota, i te tahi atu te ringa, kia whakaritea e te maha o kua whakamahia hoki tenei orbitals whakaaro.
2. Takotoranga. te ngota katoa ahu ki te hanga i te here taea kaha. tutuki mōrahi kaha i roto i te take o te tāpiritanga o te takotoranga mokowā o nga kapua irahiko o te ngota e rua, kia rite ki te īnaki ratou tahi i te tahi. I tua atu, ko reira he taonga here kotuari rite takotoranga pānga te whakaritenga mokowā o nga rāpoi ngota o mea waro, e te kawenga mō o ratou "āhua āhuahanga".
3. Polarizability. I roto i tenei tūranga e hāngai ana i runga i te whakaaro i reira ko te hononga kotuari o e rua ngā momo:

• pitokore ranei kore-hangarite. Communication o tenei ahua kia hanga ngota anake o ngā momo rerekē, i.e. te hunga nei electronegativity rerekē tino, ranei i roto i te wā i reira wehea asymmetrically te katoa rua irahiko.
• here kotuari nonpolar puta i waenganui i ngā ngota waro, te electronegativity o te mea ngā rite, a ko kākahu te tohatoha irahiko kiato.

I tua atu, i reira e etahi āhuatanga ine o te here kotuari:

• Te pūngao here. Tenei tawhā faaite te hononga poara i roto i ngā o tona kaha. I raro i te pūngao tikanga o te nui o te wera e hiahiatia ana e te ki te wahi i te hononga i waenganui i rua ngota, me te te nui o te wera i e kua tohaina i to ratou komititanga.
• I raro i roa here me te matū rāpoi pā ki te roa o te aho i waenganui i karihi o te ngota e rua. Tenei tawhā faaite hoki te kaha here.
• Ko te kau dipole - he rahinga e faaite i te wehenga tawhiti o te here honohono.