Kōpeke ana maitai rite te ahua o te maimoatanga wera. hangarau whakarewa

Ko te hanganga o ngā rauemi hou, me te whakahaere o ratou āhuatanga - ko te toi o te hangarau whakarewa. Ko tētahi o ona taputapu ko te maimoatanga wera. Ēnei tukanga hanga reira taea ki te huri i te āhuatanga, me te, i runga i, te hōkai o te whakamahi o alloys. Kōpeke ana o maitai - te kōwhiringa whānui mō te whakakore hē hokohoko i roto i ngā hua, te whakanui ake ratou kaha me te tika.

Tūmahi tukanga me ona rerekē

E whakamana ngā mahi kōpeke ana i roto i te tikanga ki:

• hanganga intracrystalline arotautanga, te tikanga o nga mea timatanga alloying;
• whakaiti taumahatanga ā-me distortions tika ki tere rerekētanga pāmahana hangarau;
• ahanoa te whakanui ake köpëĢ mō machining muri.

i huaina mahi Classical ko "kōpeke ana tonu", engari i reira e he maha o ona rerekētanga, i runga i nga āhuatanga e hiahiatia ana me ngā āhuatanga o te mahi rānei: oti, tūringiringi iti (homogenization), isothermal, recrystallization, Whakapūnoa. He rite i roto i te parau tumu katoa, engari nga aratau o maimoatanga wera maitai e tino rerekē.

maimoatanga Heat i runga i ngā hoahoa

panoni katoa i roto i te ahumahi maitai, e hāngai ana ki te kēmu o pāmahana mārama hāngai ki te hoahoa o alloys rino-waro. Ko te hoho'a ki te whakatau i te microstructure o steels waro maka rino ranei, me te ngā o ngā hanganga panoni me ratou āhuatanga i raro i te mana o te whakawera tautauā ranei.

hangarau Metal regulates tenei kauwhata momo katoa o kōpeke ana steels waro. Hoki i oti, iti, me te recrystallization "tīmata" uara pāmahana raina ko PSK, ara tona mata tino _Ac1. kōpeke ana tonu me te Whakapūnoa maitai ngāwhā hoahoa raina GSE te haamo'eraa, tona mata tino me te Ac ₃ Ac _m. te tūtohi hoki mārama whakau ana te tikanga hononga maimoatanga wera tohua ki te rauemi i runga i te ihirangi waro me te taea o tona pupuri tika mo te koranu ngā.

kōpeke ana tonu

Ahanoa: castings me forgings o koranu pro-eutectoid, kia whakakiia ai te hanganga maitai te waro i roto i te nui ake ki te 0.8%.

whāinga:

• huringa mōrahi i roto i te microstructure o te maka hua me wera pēhanga actuation nonuniform hanganga ferrite-pearlite pokepoke i roto i te pai-baked ōrite;
• whakaiti pakeke me te whakapiki ake i te kōngohe mō machining muri.

Hangarau. Kōpeke ana maitai i te pāmahana i runga i te wāhi tino 30-50˚S _Ac3. Ki runga ki pa i te āhuatanga waiariki tomu'a o te whakarewa tautoko ratou i tenei taumata mo etahi wa, ka taea ki a koe te whakaoti i te panoni e tika katoa. pearlite nui me purapura ferrite tino puta ki austenite. Ko te atamira i muri - te tautauā puhoi i roto i te oumu, i roto i nei kitea ano tukanga i te ferrite austenite me pearlite he witi pai, me te hanganga ōrite.

Full maitai kōpeke ana faaore hē ā-tino matatini, Heoi, ko te kai rawa roa, me te pūngao.

kōpeke ana ngohengohe

Ahanoa: hypoeutectoid maitai, kore-nui kōtītiti ā.

Ko te whakaaro o te whakaiti rahi me te mitigation o nga purapura pearlite, i waho te huri i te tïpako ferrite.

Hangarau. Whakawera i te whakarewa ki te pāmahana hinga i roto i te wahi pakaru i waenganui i te ngā tino _Ac1 me _Ac3. Mārakerake o reni i roto i te oumu, me ngā āhuatanga pūmau whakahaere whakaoti i te tukanga e tika ana. whakamana tautauā te āta, me te oumu. I te putanga hoatu te hanganga pearlitic-ferritic pai-baked taua. Ki te te tahuri te taua mana waiariki ki pearlite pai, e noho tonu te karaihe ferrite, a taea anake te ke te hanganga, i orohina ai hoki.

kōpeke ana Soft o maitai āhei ki te taurite te āhua ā-me ngā āhuatanga o ngā ohie, he reira iti pūngao kaha.

He kōpeke ana iti (recrystallization)

Ahanoa: momo katoa o hurihia waro maitai, koranu maitai ki te ihirangi waro i waenganui i 0,65% (hei tauira, pōro amo), me ngā wāhanga pātea hanga o konganuku nonferrous kore e e roto i te hē ā-wā roa-, engari e rapu ako pūngao-kore.

whāinga:

• tango o taumahatanga ā-me te manga pakeke pānga e tika ana ki te deformation e rua matao, me te wera;
• te whakakorenga o nga pānga kino o te tautauā pāhiwihiwi o ngā hanganga paiherea, nui haere te ukanga me te kaha o hononga;
• homogenizing te microstructure o metallurgy kore-ferrous;
• spheroidization pearlite lamellar - hoatu reira he puka potakataka.

Hangarau.

Whakawera o ngā wāhanga whakaputaina i runga i 50-100˚S raro _Ac1 wāhi tino. I raro i te mana o enei pānga e whakakorea huringa ā-iti. Ko te tukanga katoa e pā ana ki 1-1.5 haora. pāmahana uara āwhiwhi turanga etahi rauemi:

1. Waro rino me te parahi alloys - 600-700˚S.
2. alloys nika - 800-1200˚S.
3. alloys konumohe - 300-450˚S.

whakamana tautauā te i roto i te rangi. whakarato hangarau whakarewa Martensitic me steels bainitic he ingoa rerekē mō tenei tukanga - he hararei tiketike. Ko reira he ara ohie, me te utu ki te whakapai ake i te āhuatanga o ngā wāhanga me ngā hanganga.

Homogenization (tūringiringi kōpeke ana)

Whakaurunga: hua makanga nui, rawa o maka he kowiri tira.

Taumu'a: tohatoha ōrite o ngā huānga alloying ngota o te wini whakakahokaho karaihe me te rōrahi katoa o te Ingot rite ki te hua o te tūringiringi pāmahana tiketike; fakamolū te hanganga preform, whakaiti tona pakeke i mua i tana hainatanga i te muri ngā mahi tukanga.

Hangarau. Whakawera i te rauemi ki te whakaputa i 1000-1200˚S pāmahana teitei. kia puritia āhuatanga waiariki kainga mo te wa roa - e pā ana ki 10-15 haora, i runga i te rahi me te matatini o te hanganga maka rānei. whai tautauā puhoi te otinga o ngā wāhanga katoa o nga tauhohe tiketike-pāmahana.

Time-kai, engari tukanga tino whai hua o te aifaitoraa o te microstructure o ngā hanganga nui.

kōpeke ana isothermal

Ahanoa: waro maitai paraharaha awhiowhio, tuhinga o patu, me te tiketike-koranu.

Whāinga: Hei whakapai ake i te microstructure, te tango o hē ā-i roto i iti iho te wā.

Hangarau. Metal tīmatanga wera tae noa oti pāmahana kōpeke ana, ka pupuri i te wa e hiahiatia ana mo te huringa o ngā hanganga tīariari ki austenite. Next te āta matao e rumaki i roto i te tahunga tote. Na roto i te whakatutuki i te wera 50-100˚S ki raro whakanohoia te wāhi _Ac1 te i roto i te oumu i roto i te tikanga ki te mau tonu i te reira i tenei taumata i roto i te wa e tika ana mo te huringa oti o austenite ki pearlite me cementite. kawea te tautauā whakamutunga i roto i roto i te hau.

taea te tikanga ki te whakatutuki i nga āhuatanga e hiahiatia ana o workpieces parahi kongatia, i te wa tiaki rite whakaritea ki kōpeke ana tonu.

māori

Ahanoa: castings, forgings me ngawari, o te reo, me te iti-kongatia maitai.

Whāinga: Hei streamline āhua ā-, hoatu te pakeke e hiahiatia ana me te kaha, whakapai ake o te kāwanatanga ā-i mua i te wāhanga o muri o te maimoatanga wera, me te machining.

Hangarau. Steel te tahu ki te pāmahana e te hunga paku i runga i te aho GSE me ona ngā tino, a rongoatia ki te matao o roto i te hau. Ko te kupu, ko te tere o te oti o ngā tukanga faarahi. Heoi, mā te whakamahi i tenei tukanga ki te whakatutuki i te hanganga māhorahora kouma anake i roto i te take i reira tautuhia te hanganga maitai waro i roto i te nui o kore ake atu i te 0.4%. Ki te whakanui ake moni o te waro i reira he he hua i roto i te pakeke. Ko te taua maitai i muri māori he pakeke nui ki kaupae nga tikanga witi iti. tino taea e te tikanga ake i te whatinga resistance me alloys te kōngohe tukatuka tapahi.

hē pea kōpeke ana

I roto i te mahia o ngā mahi maimoatanga wera e tika ana ki te piri ki këtia aratau pāmahana whakawera me te tautauā. I roto i te take o te ofatiraa o ngā hē kia puta ngā whakaritenga.

1. Hāora o te apa mata, me te hanganga o te tauine. I roto i te mahi tauhohe whakarewa whakarewa ki rangi hāora, e arata'i ki te hanganga o te tauine i runga i te mata workpiece. Kaupapa ki te purenga e te tikanga pūkaha mā te whakamahi i tauhohenga matū motuhake ranei.
2. haki waro. puta hoki reira rite ki te hua o te pānga o te hāora i runga i te whakarewa wera. Whakaiti i te nui o waro i roto i te apa mata whakaiti ona āhuatanga hangarau me te hangarau. I roto i te tikanga ki te ārai i enei tukanga, kia whakamana i kōpeke ana maitai i roto i te whakarara ki te wāhi o te oumu roto te hau paruru nei mahi matua - ki te aukati i koranu taunekeneke ki te hāora.
3. Pukā. Ko te putanga o te hoholo roa i roto i te oumu i tiketike pāmahana. Hua i roto i te tupu witi nui, te rironga o te kākahu-kore hanganga witi matotoru, nui haere fragility. Te whakamamaetia ako mā te raveraa i te tahi atu a tawhio o kōpeke ana oti.
4. Tahuna te. Puta rite ki te hua o te uara whakawera impermissibly nui me te tere marumaru, arata'i te reira ki te whakangaromanga o here i waenganui i etahi purapura tino taonga te hanganga whakarewa katoa, me te kore e waiho i raro ki te ako.

Hei ārai i malfunctions he mea nui ki te tino whai i te maimoatanga o te raruraru wera, i nga pūkenga, me te tino whakahaere i te tukanga.

Kōpeke ana maitai microstructure he nui-pānga hangarau peia o ngā wāhanga o tetahi matatini, me te hanganga tino pai, me te hanganga ā-rite hiahiatia hoki nga wāhanga muri o te mau mana waiariki, machining me te whakauru hanganga ki te mahi.