Kura Economic me ratou whanaketanga

hapori rātau e pā ana ki te whakatinanatanga o te rauemi, me ngā hiahia tangata fakalaumālie. Me utu ko te tumu matua o te whai wāhi o te iwi i roto i whanaunga ahumahi me te turanga o te whanaketanga ōhanga.

Ko te hiahia uara

hiahia te tangata peia iwi ki te mahi. Hiahia te tīariari i roto i te taha ki te tikanga e ai ki te utu o ratou. Enei "taputapu" e hanga e tika i roto i te rerengamahi. Reipa - mahi pūtake ana. faaite te reira iho matua i roto i te kaha tangata ki te hanga i ngā me te tikanga o te hanga rauemi. I roto i te hanganga o te pokapū taonga ki paingia te taumahi o ngā rauemi mahi.

moni ohaoha

Puta te reira i runga i te pūtake o te momo o ngā hiahia. Economic ngākau nuitanga - te tumu tino nui o te mahi. A, no te faarahi production whakapai ake te maha o ngā hiahia. Ratou, i roto i te tahuri, whai wāhi ki te whanaketanga atu o te ōhanga. Me Hanganga, i roto i era atu mea, tei runga i ngā āhuatanga tuakiri. Enei matua ngā nga reka me hehema o te tangata, nga hiahia wairua o te takitahi, whaiaroaro me āhuatanga hinengaro, me te tikanga iwi me peu. I roto i te hononga ki tenei puka i raro nei i akina nga tikanga e te tangata ki te whakatū i te uara o ngā ratonga taonga ranei.

mahi production

Kei te kawea te reira i roto i ki te awhina o te pūnaha ōhanga. Ko te whakamutunga, ko te he tikanga whakahaere tūmatanui-motuhake. Nā ki te iti rauemi e wātea ana, te whakatutuki i te hiahia o ngā mema katoa o te hapori e taea kore te tutuki. Heoi, e whangai civilisation ki taua taumu'a hei pai. ai tenei e fa'ahinga ki te whakawhanake i te whānuitanga o ngā taputapu, e pai tukua ki te whakatinana i tenei mahi. Ka rite ki mahi tetahi o taua tikanga ohaoha.

huānga tuatahi

E kitea ana te tohu tuatahi o te whakaaro ohaoha i roto i nga mahi o te whakaaro o Ihipa i tahito ra, me te i roto i Ngā tuhinga whakapae Inia tahito. mau faaueraa faufaa mo whakahaere, he hakari i roto i te Bibilia hoki. Ka rite ki te aronga pūtaiao timata ariā ōhanga ki te puta mārama ake i roto i nga mahi o te mau philosopho Kariki onamata. Ko te whakaaro tuatahi whakatakoto e Xenophon, Aristotle, Plato. Ko ratou te hunga whakaurua te wā "penapena", te faataa ia ratou i te parau haapiiraa o te hanganga me te tiaki o te whare i roto i te tikanga pononga. hāngai ana tēnei aronga i runga i nga āhuatanga o te mahi tūturu, me te mākete.

Ko te whanaketanga o ngā kura ōhanga

ka Works o whakaaro Kariki onamata te turanga mo te whanaketanga atu o te whakaako. Te reira i muri mai wahia ki te maha ngā tohutohu. Ka rite ki te hua, i hanga e whai ake nei i nga kura ōhanga nui:

• Mercantilism.
• Marxism.
• Physiocrats.
• Kura Classical o Economics.
• Keynesianism.
• kura neoclassical.
• Monetarism.
• Marginalism me te kura o mua.
• Institutionalism.
• kōtuitanga neoclassical.
• kura maui tuwhena.
• Neoliberalism.
• tuku te kura te ariā o te ōhanga.

āhuatanga General o te wāhi tuku iho

i te awe e te tirohanga rerekē o ngā pūkenga rerekē nga kura ōhanga matua. He tūranga tino i roto i te whanaketanga o te ako tuku iho i takaro e taua whika rite F. Quesnay, William Petit, Arama Smith, e Rawiri Ricardo, DS Miles, Jean-Baptiste Mea. A, no te te rerekētanga i waenganui i te whakaaro ngā ratou e rave rahi whakaaro noa, i hanga e runga i te kaupapa o te kura ōhanga puāwaitanga. Tuatahi o te katoa, ko enei kaituhi katoa kaitautoko o te liberalism ōhanga. Kei te maha whakahuatia tona ngako e te parau laissez faire, e mooni tikanga "kia mahi". I whakatakoto te parau tumu o tenei hiahia tōrangapū i te Physiocrats. Ko te whakaaro ko ki te whakarato i te tino haere noa ōhanga o te takitahi me te whakataetae, wawao a te kāwanatanga mutunga. i titiro ēnei kura ōhanga rua tangata rite te "hinonga pakihi". Ko te hiahia o te tangata takitahi ki te whakarea o tona taonga whai wāhi ki taua o te hapori katoa. Aunoa tikanga whaiaro whakarerekētanga-( "ringa kitea," rite karangatia e Smith ia) whakahaua nga mahi rerekē o kiritaki me ngā kia whakapumautia tauritenga wā roa-te i roto i te pūnaha katoa. I roto i tenei take, te oraraa tonu i roto i te underproduction reira, production perevyrabotki me te kore mahi, ko te taea. Kua hanga nga kaituhi o enei whakaaro he wāhi nui ki te hanganga o te kura o te ohaoha. I muri, kua oti whakamahia ratou, ka pai ake. hanga tokomaha ngā kura ōhanga ratou tāpiritanga ki enei whakaaro. Ka rite ki te hua, i hanga e matou he pūnaha e tuhituhi reta ana ki te wāhanga ngā o te hanganga o te hapori. Heoi i reira ko, hei tauira, kura pāpori-ōhanga.

whakaaro o Smith

I runga i te pūtake o te kura o te ohaoha, i ko he kaitautoko o tenei ahua, kua whakawhanakehia te ariā o te utu mahi kua. whakapono Smith me ana kau muimuí e kawea whakapaipai hanganga i roto i roto i te ahuwhenua e kore anake. I roto i tenei tukanga, faufaa ngā he mahi me ētahi atu rāngai o te taupori, te iwi ano he katoa. Kua tohe kaiwhakahau o tenei kura o ariā ōhanga e na roto i te whai wāhi i roto i te tukanga whakaputa, haere mai nga kaimahi o nga taumata katoa ki tahi-mahi, tahi-mahi, i roto i te tahuri faaore i tetahi puta ke i waenganui i hua, me te "pakoko" mahi. Ko te whai hua tino tenei pāhekoheko ina kawea atu i roto i te puka o te mākete koloa.

Kura Economic: Mercantilism me Physiocrats

Enei mau haapiiraa, te whakaahuatanga i runga, vai i roto i te 18-19 senituli. Ēnei kura ōhanga i whakaaro rerekē i runga i te hanga o te taonga pāpori. Ko te kupu, puritia mercantilism whakaaro e tu te pūtake o te hokohoko. Hei whakanui i te nui o taonga pāpori i te tikanga katoa me tautoko i te kāwanatanga ngā kaiwhakanao kāinga me kaihoko, te ārai i ngā mahi ke. whakapono Physiocrats e te pūtake ōhanga ko te ahuwhenua. Society, i wehea e ratou ki akomanga e toru: te tangata, ngā, me te huakore. Hei wāhanga o tenei tepu kua whakatakoto ako, e, i roto i te tahuri, ka te pūtake mo te hanganga o te tauira o te toenga interbranch.

Ētahi atu ngā ūnga 18-19 tenetere

Marginalism - he kura Austria, piri ki te whakaaro o te whaipainga haurokuroku. He ahua ārahi i roto i tenei mara ko Carl Menger. Māngai o tenei kura faataa te ariā o "uara" i te tirohanga o te kiritaki hinengaro. tamata ratou ki te utu turanga ko kore i runga i ngā utu production, engari i runga i te aromatawai tuakiri o te uara o taonga hokona, ka hokona. kura neoclassical, māngai o nei ko Alfred Marshall, whakawhanakehia te ariā o te whanaungatanga mahi. Pāngarau i he kaitautoko Leon Valras. te āhuatanga i ia te ōhanga mākete rite te hanganga e he taea ki te whakatutuki i te toenga i te pāhekoheko o te supply, me te tono. taurite ratou i whakawhanakehia te ariā mākete whānui.

Keynesians me institutionalists

e hāngai ana Keynes ana whakaaro i runga i te aro mātai o te pūnaha ōhanga katoa rite te katoa. E ai ki a ia, Ko te tīmatanga te hanganga mākete kore i roto i te taurite. I roto i tenei whakaaro, taunaki ia ture kāwanatanga tino o te hokohoko. Supporters institutionalism, Earhart ko Galbraith, whakaaro e kore e taea te tātari o te hinonga ōhanga kahore tango ki pūkete te hanganga o te taiao. fokotu'u ratou he ako whānui o te pūnaha ōhanga i roto i te akiaki o te kukuwhatanga.

Marxism

hāngai ana tēnei aronga i runga i te ariā o te uara toenga me te parau tumu o te hanganga whakaritea o te ōhanga ā-motu. He ahua ārahi i roto i te parau haapiiraa taunaki Karl Tohu. i whakawhanakehia ana mahi i muri mai i roto i nga mahi o Plekhanov, Engels, Lenin, me ētahi atu soko. Etahi o nga tikanga hoatu mua e Marx, i hou "revisionists". Ko ētahi o ēnei, i roto i ngā, he pērā whika rite Bernstein, Sombart, Tugan-Baranovsky, me ētahi atu. I roto i ngā wā Soviet, mahi Marxism rite te pūtake o te mātauranga ōhanga me te aronga pūtaiao tika anake.

Russia Modern: te HSE

Kura o Economics ko te evanelia rangahau e te mauria atu te kaupapa, mātauranga, ngā mahi pāpori-ahurea, me te mohio-tātari. Kei te hāngai te reira i runga i ngā paerewa o te ao. Kura Higher o Economics, mahi hei wāhanga o te hapori mātauranga, he huānga matua o ratou mahi whakaaro ki te kia whai wāhi i roto i te mahi whare wānanga ao, pātuitanga ki pūtahi ke. Te riroraa i te whare wānanga Russian he kautaha, mahi mo te pai o te whenua, me ona taupori. Ko te ahunga matua o te HSE - rangahau hōhonu, me ariā me te whakahörapa o te matauranga. e kore e whakaako i te University iti ki te raupapa faufaa.