Ko te wāhanga tuatahi o te whanaketanga o te ora i runga i te whenua

E hangaia sciences Natural ki te āwhina i te taata ki te mohio rite tatou me te ao huri noa ia tatou, me te, o te akoranga, ki te kitea i roto i pehea i runga i to tatou paraneta ahu ora i roto i ona ahua katoa, me mau faaiteraa. Te kore te haere ki roto ki te pono mārika fakalotu o te hanganga o te ope wairua rawa - te Atua, ka ako tatou i te whakapae o te takenga o te mea ora, e whakahaere koiora. E tauturu i te wāhanga matua o te whanaketanga o te ora i runga i te whenua ia tatou ki te whakakitea te raruraru o tona takenga me te faaiteraa i roto i te ao.

kaipūtaiao Māngai e pā ana ki te kunenga mai o te kararehe

Ki te huihuia tatou tahi katoa nga momo o kaiao, e rua hou, me te ngaro, whiwhi koe he maha arorangi - kotahi piriona momo. Ehara i te mea maere e pūtaiao, e noho i roto i nga wa rerekē, rapu ki te tautuhi i te wāhanga matua o te whanaketanga o te ora i runga i te whenua, ārahi ki te putanga o enei momo o kaiao ora, me te ki te hanganga o te pikitia hou o te natura. Kaiwhakatū o taxonomy Karl Linney i te rau tau 18 e hāngai ana i runga i te mau parau tumu o tenei pūtaiao "ora i te ora," i tohe e anake e taea whakatika ora i-ngā mua taonga ora. kihai i Linnaeus tukua ara he tīwhiri o te whakatupuranga noa pera-ka karanga o kaiao. kaikoiora German Ernst Haeckel fokotu'u tuatahi te whakaaro o te monophyletic - te takenga o kaiao ora katoa i te tupuna kotahi. awhina hoki Jean-Baptiste Lamarck te whakaaro o te puka tupuna rauropi pūtau, te takanga o i puta i roto i te tīmatanga o te whanaketanga o te ora i runga i te whenua. Whakarāpopoto i te runga ake katoa, e taea te tohe i te reira e te pūtaiao ngā i runga i te whakapae te takenga o te ora e whakarōpūtia ki e rua ngā rōpū. Tuatahi - abiogenic, ngā reira whakaaro e pā ana ki te hanganga o te mea ora i te natura popohe (Alexander Oparin, Haldane, D., S. Miller). Ētahi atu - biogenic, ngā te whakaaro o te ahua o nga mea ora anake e ratou ake ahua (Virchow, Linnaeus, Darwin).

Ahakoa i nga kaiao tuatahi he puka tupuna noa

Ko te wāhanga tuatahi o te whanaketanga o te ora i runga i te whenua, a reira abiotic (matū), ka te wā o te ahua o biopolymers (pūmua me waikawa karihi) ka karanga prebiological me, hopea, te wā o te kukuwhatanga koiora (hanganga o kaiao tuatahi pūtau-tahi). i hanumi ratou, ka ko biopoeza. Ētahi kairangahau (hei tauira, D. Bernal, S. Miller) e whakaarohia ana te whakaaro o te progenote - tupuna, i nei te archaea, eubacteria, pūtau nucleated. Etahi kairangahau whakapono e kore ka whakatika eukaryotes i progenote, a ko te hua o te symbiosis, ranei i hanga rite ki te hua o huringa i roto i protobionts membrane waho. Whakaaroa tenei whakapae i roto i te taipitopito atu.

Ko te whakapae o Oparin - Haldane

I roto i te maha putanga pūtaiao, e ngana ana ki te whakamārama i te tītohunga, mohiotia ki te pūtaiao rite te wā o te whanaketanga o te ao ora i mua-koiora, makaka coacervate whakapae tino hira. Kei te whakatakoto te reira e Russian pūtaiao A. I. Oparinym. i whakahuatia e te kairangahau Ingarangi D. Haldane whakaaro e rite. na'u Scientists whakaaro ki te roa-mohiotia i roto i te koiora whakapae o whakatupuranga māhorahora o te ora.

Ko te ngako o te whakapae o coacervates

fokotu'u academician Oparin e taea e te rōpū o ngā rāpoi ngota o ngā pūhui matū waro, hua i te tukanga atamira matū waihanga i tētahi kiri makona mātotoru. Ko te kupu, i wehea e ratou i te hupa primordial - taiao wai o te moana tahito. ka karanga enei rōpū o ngā rāpoi ngota pūtaiao coacervates. i nehenehe o te oraraa motuhake ratou, tonu te tiritiri o te otinga tuatahi. Hoki rawa nui, kia rite ki Oparin, nga āhuatanga o coacervates peratia ratou kaha ki te tupu me te wehewehenga (uri). D. Haldane, i okioki i runga i ngā wheako Miller-Jüri, e experimentally i whiwhi matū organic matatini i te ranunga o te mewaro, haukini, hauwai, me te hauhā. Tuhinga reira o ngā rāpoi ngota waikawa amino me huka ohie. Kua arahina tenei ki te taea o ngā hanganga motuhake - probiontov.

E ai ki a Oparin ko Haldane, nga wāhanga tuatahi o te whanaketanga o te ora i runga i te whenua, ārahi ki te hanganga o complexes tuatahi - pūtau tupuna, ngā te pūtake mo te tukanga atu o te kukuwhatanga o te mea ora. Me kï reira e mo nga ngā kua pai te whakataruna kaiputaiao nga tikanga ka taea e ai kia i te huru me te moana i roto i te tuatahi, ara tiketike pāmahana me te pēhanga, ionizing radiation me tukunga hiko.

Probionty me o ratou āhuatanga

Ko te wāhanga tuatahi o te whanaketanga o te ora i runga i te Whenua - te Hadean, Archean me ka, tohua te whakawhitinga i coacervates whaiaro-whakarite (probiontov) ki te pūtau ora tuatahi. I hanga e ia taea i te āhuatanga ahurei probiontov: te kaha ki te hanga i kiriuhi taratahi, taea o nga puka māmā o uri, whakawhiti taketake ki te tukanga taiao o waho. rāpoi whaiaro-whakaritea nucleoprotein, hua i te atamira matū, ngā i probiontov whakakitenga o te āhuatanga tino nui o te mea ora - te kaha ki te whakawhiti mōhiohio iranga.

Ngā āhuatanga o te kaiao ora tuatahi

Hoki te wa roa (e pā ana ki 3.5 piriona tau ki muri) i hanga e para i roto i nei kāmataga o te ora waro i kitea. Ko ratou i roto i te puka o te cyanobacteria me anga calcareous toenga mureinovyh taiepa pūtau kitakita. tikanga Geochemical i roto i te lithosphere era Archean te rerekē haere tonu, kia ki nga prokaryotes rauwiringa kaiao tuatahi urutau ki a ratou e te haaputuputuraa o maha rerekē tohuāhua. kawea ahotakakame i roto i te pükohu puru-matomato (cyanobacteria), kua whakaratohia he huringa taketake i roto i te hanganga hau o te huru primordial o te whenua, tuku hoki atu taata putanga o te nohonga moana i runga i te whenua. Mahi tuatahi kaiao prokaryotic, a ko ratou te nuinga whanariki, me te rino huakita, hua i roto i te hanganga e kore anake o te waipara, engari kia rite ki te hinu, me te hau tūturu.

He aha i hanga taea te putanga o ngā pūtau eukaryotic

Ka rite ki whakahuatia matou mua, te mahi photosynthetic o huakita whanariki matomato, me te papura, me te huakita rino whai wāhi ki te hanganga o te whakangungu rakau o te apa Ozone me te putanga o ngā pūtau eukaryotic takohe. I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, te 3 ngā wāhanga tuatahi o te ora o te ao arahina ki te hanganga o te biocenosis kei roto kaiao eukaryotic rauropi pūtau me te multicellular. Te nuinga o kaipūtaiao ahu ki te whakapono e puta ratou ahua e pā ana ki 600 miriona tau ki muri. I te tīmatanga i māngai e te puka flagellate pūtau-tahi kaiao karihi. Ka rite ki te hua o te hahiraa o ratou ka haere mai nga otaota tuatahi - pükohu me te kararehe pūtau me te harore. He whakaaro ngā o te tahi mau kairangahau e prokaryotes he he kunenga mate-mutunga, no te mea ratou kihai i puta ke nui i roto i te tīmatanga o te whanaketanga o te ora i runga i te whenua. e Biology whakamua e rua ngā take mo te kore o te whanaketanga kunenga o kaiao kore-karihi.

Ko te tuatahi o ratou mo te ngoikore o ngā pūtau prokaryotic ki te whakapai ake i te whakahaere me te pārōnaki. Ko te take tuarua - pakeke mārō prokaryotes rauemi tuku tuku anake rāpoi ngota pītauira porohita, ka karanga te plasmid.

Symbiosis, i arahina ki huringa hou i roto i te āhua

Ahua o ngā pūtau nucleated i roto i ngā porowhita pūtaiao ki te whakamārama i te symbiogenesis tūranga - ariā whakaarohia e A. Shimperom. Mai te hanganga o te karihi pūtau, te aroaro o e ko te āhuatanga matua o eukaryotes, me te te hanganga o pungaraungao me chloroplasts i hanga taea e huringa o etahi huakita takohe. Infiltrating te pūtau tuatahi ki te membrane motuhake taonga ira, kua tukutahitia te huakita tona pākia ki te pūtau ope. Ka rite ki te hua, kua ngaro ratou i te kaha mo te oraraa motuhake waho te pūtau, a ka anga ona organelles whakahauanga. Taa'eraa Ko te whakapae e whakamārama te ahua o chloroplasts. e kore koe e taea e wareware e te takenga o enei organelles whakarite tītohunga kai tōtika autotrophic me te ahotakakame. I muri A. Shimperom taua pai-mohiotia pūtaiao Russian rite KS Merezhkovsky, BM Kozo-Polyansky me etahi kumea ana whakarongo ki te rōpū o te huakita photosynthetic e taea o te symbiosis ki ngā pūtau heterotrophic. Kia i roto i te cytoplasm, ratou āhua whakaritea ki te pākia pūtau me te mahi rite organelles maitai, i muri mai i huaina chloroplasts. Ratou pūtau heterotrophic mutate ki te pükohu matomato pūtau-tahi, hoko i te eukaryotes autotrophic tuatahi.

Biogeocoenoses Vendian

Na reira, ko te coexistence o te maha ngā momo o kaiao kore-karihi - huakita - taea arahi ki te hanganga o te pūnaha ora hou - te pūtau eukaryotic. Tonu ki te ako i te tīmatanga o te whanaketanga o te ora i runga i te whenua, kia tatou Vendian Proterozoic tau, i whakakapi i te Archean. I roto i te taiao rōwai, - te pouraka matua o te ora i runga i te ao, i hanga te biogeocoenoses tuatahi. Ngä ratou huakita photosynthetic me pükohu matomato rauropi pūtau me te koroni.

i tawhiti ratou hāora, synthesized matū pararopi whakamahia e kaiao heterotrophic: hātare rauropi pūtau me ngā puka multicellular: coelenterates me trilobites. wā Vendian whakamutu i te wāhanga tuatahi o te whanaketanga o te ora i runga i te whenua. Eram me te wā e whai ake nei i te reira, i ki te whakatinana atu i te tukanga o te kukuwhatanga o te natura ora, e hāngai ana katoa i runga i te rerekētanga ā-ira, me te kōwhiringa tūturu.