Launchers tākirirangi - i "Katyusha" ki "Tūāwhiowhio"

Ka taea te whakaaro te forerunners o launchers tākirirangi hou patu i China. Ka taea e anga hipokina te tawhiti o 1.6 km, tuku i roto i te whāinga i te maha nui o pere. I roto i te Te Hau-ā-uru, kua puta taua whakaaro i muri i anake 400 tau.

History o nga anga tākirirangi

i anake e tika ana ki te ahua o te paura, i i whakaaro i roto i China te missiles tuatahi. Alchemists whakatūwhera mai tēnei tūemi i te aituā, ka hua te elixir mo te ora tonu. I roto i te rau tau XI i poma paura tuatahi whakamahia, i tonoa nei ki te ūnga o catapults. Ko te patu tuatahi te huarahi o e rite te launchers tākirirangi.

Rockets tīmata i roto i Haina i roto i 1400 ko te rite te nuinga ki mea hou. Ko te whānuitanga o ratou rere i neke atu i te 1.5 km. Ko ratou e rua missiles, rite rawa ki te engines. I mua ka mau atu te hinga o ratou he nui nui o pere. I muri ka puta China taua patu i roto i India, ka hoki ki Ingarangi ka.

General Congreve i 1799 i runga i te pūtake o ratou whakawhanake i tētahi momo hou o anga paura. i tangohia tonu ratou ki te mahi i roto i te ope o Ingarangi. Na i reira nga pū nui, e hua missiles i te tawhiti o 1.6 km.

Ahakoa mua, i roto i 1516, te tea Zaporozhye Cossacks tata Belgorod i te whakangaromanga o nga mano tini Tatar o te Crimean Khan Giray Melik tono launchers tākirirangi ara auaha ake. Ngā mihi ki te patu hou i taea ki te hinga te ope Tatar, i nui atu te maha Cossack ratou. Kia aroha mai, ka mau te ngaro o tona whanaketanga nga Cossacks ki a ratou, mate i roto i nga whawhai o muri.

I tutuki A. Zasyadko

He pakaruhanga nui i roto i te hanga o launchers i hanga i Aleksandrom Dmitrievichem Zasyadko. Ko ia te tangata e whakaaro me pai whakatinana te RCD tuatahi - launchers tākirirangi maha. taea te tukua te reira i tata te wā kotahi i te iti rawa 6 missiles o tetahi taua hanganga. Installations i taimaha iti, hanga reira taea ki te whakawhiti ratou ki tetahi wahi watea. whanaketanga Zasyadko i tino maioha e te Grand Duke Constantine, teina o te kingi. I roto i tona pūrongo ki Alexander ahau, e rapu ana ia i te ohipa o te ana'iraa Kanara Zasyadko o whānui nui.

Whanaketanga o launchers tākirirangi i roto i te rau tau XIX-XX.

I roto i te rau tau XIX timata te hanga o tākirirangi i runga i nitroporohe (auahi paura) ki te whai wāhi i roto i NI Tikhomirov VA Artemyev. Ko te whakarewatanga tuatahi o te pere taua pupuhi i roto i te USSR i 1928. Anga i hinga i te tawhiti o 5-6 km.

Ngā mihi ki te takoha o Ahorangi KE Tsiolkovsky pūtaiao Russian i RNII II Gvaya, VN Galkovskii, AP Pavlenko AS puta Popov bit-maha tākirirangi Pūwhakarewa RS-M13 i te tau 1938-1941, me te tāutanga o te BM-13. I te wa ano, te hanga kaipūtaiao Russian missiles. Enei missiles - "eresy" - ka waiho i te wahi matua o te roa-defunct "Katyusha". Ka mahi i te torutoru ake nga tau ki runga ake i tona hanganga.

Tautuhi i te "Katyusha"

Ka rite ki tahuri reira i roto i, ra e rima i mua i te whakaekenga Tiamana i runga i te rōpū USSR LE whakakitea Schwartz i roto i te rohe Moscow he taputapu hou i huaina "Katyusha". i huaina Rocket Pūwhakarewa BM-13 i i te wa. whakahaere whakamātautau i Pipiri 17, 1941 i runga i te tanú Sofrinsky whai wāhi tino o ngā kaimahi GK Zhukov, Commissar a tangata o Paruru, kariri me patu, a te tahi atu māngai o te Army Whero. Kua mahue Hōngongoi 1 tenei taputapu hōia i Moscou ki te mua. A i roto i te rua wiki, "Katyusha" tae mai te iriiri tuatahi o te ahi. patua Hitler i roto i te ru ki te ako e pā ana ki te whai huatanga o te Pūwhakarewa tākirirangi.

i wehi o pu nga Tiamana, a, i te ngana ki te hopu ia ranei patua. Whakamātau ki te waihanga i te kaihoahoa i roto i Germany kore he angitu te patu ano. kihai i nga anga riro te tere, i matou he ara rere huru, me te kore i patua i te ūnga. Paura production Soviet ko mārama o te kounga rerekē, hoki kua pau ona whanaketanga tekau tau. kihai i taea e ritenga Tiamana whakakapi reira, e tika ana ki te paura iu.

Ko te hanganga o tenei patu kaha whakatuwheratia he whārangi hou i roto i te aamu o te whanaketanga o patu pū. ka anga paoro "Katyusha" ki kakahu te taitara hōnore o "toa patu."

āhuatanga whanaketanga

launchers Rocket BM-13 ngā o te hoahoa motuhake e ono-wira me wha-wira puku taraka. I muri i whakaritea te pailati pūnaha mo te whakarewatanga pere i runga i te turanga, ka rite ki whakaturia i roto i reira. ara Special ara hydraulically te wahi mua o te taputapu i te koki o 45 nekehanga. I te tīmatanga neke ki te matau, ki ranei te tüäpapa maui kua kore i whakaratohia. Na reira, e hiahiatia ana mo te aronga ki te tino hora i te taraka katoa. pupuhi 16 ngā tākirirangi i te tipu, e rere ana i te ara noa ki te wahi o te kimi i te hoariri. hanga te waka whakarerekētanga noa ka pupuhi. Na tawhiti, whakarereke atu matatau o te patu e whakamahia ana e te ope i roto i te tahi mau whenua.

I roto i te wahi o te BM-13 i roto i te 1950 ka haere urupare pakunga-ahi pūnaha (MLRS) BM-14.

launchers Rocket "Grad"

I muri whakarerekē o te pūnaha, ko te "Grad". I hanga pūnaha pere mo te whakaaro ano rite te tauira rite o mua. uaua anake te mahi mō ngā. Ko te whānuitanga puhipuhi i ki kia i te iti rawa 20 km.

Whanaketanga o missiles hou mahi i roto i SRI 147, e tae noa ka kihai i hanga taua patu. I roto i te 1958, i raro i te aronga o te A. Ganicheva ki te tautoko o te Komiti State mo Defense Technology mahi i runga i te whanaketanga o te pere i whakarewahia mo te akatuke'anga tāutanga hou. Hei waihanga ahumahi pū anga hangarau ka whakamahia. hanga kuhunga mā te whakamahi i te tikanga o wera-tuhi. Stabilization o te tītere puta tika ki te hiku, me te hurihanga.

I muri maha ngā i roto i te tākirirangi "Grad" i whakamahia tuatahi huruhuru o wha matatahi piko, nei te whakapuaki mai i te tīmatanga. Ko te kupu, AN Ganichev taea ki te āta whakarite i te ko te wahi o te aratohu tubular nui te pere, a ka he pai mō te awhe shooting tona pūnaha rere stabilization i 20km. Ko te kaihanga parahi matua RI-147, RI-6, 47-GSKB, sKP-203.

whakahaeretia te whakamātautau i i te pae "Rzhevka" e tata ana Leningrad March 1, 1962 me te tau i muri mai, March 28, 1963, tangohia tangohia te whenua i te "Grad". i hoatu Rocket Pūwhakarewa ki production January 29, 1964

Ko te hanganga o te "Castle"

SZO MB 21 ngā te huānga e whai ake nei:

- pere Pūwhakarewa, eke nei i runga i te tahuhu kai "Ural-375" o te motokā;

- Ko te pūnaha mana ahi me te waka me te utanga waka 9T254 i runga i te pūtake o "ZIL-131";

- e toru-mita 40 i roto i te puka o ngongo aratohu eke i runga i te turanga, e huri i roto i te manureva whakapae, me te poutū piri.

kawea te whāinga i roto i ā na te mana hiko ranei. Tohutohutia tāutanga ā. Ka taea e te waka kei taea te i ako. Shooting he pakunga matā kotahi ranei. Ki te pāngia tetahi salvo te kaha faufaa i roto i te rohe o 1046 mita pūrua i roto i 40 rauna. m.

Anga mō te "Castle"

Hei te ahi, ka taea e koe te whakamahi i ngā momo rerekē o missiles. rerekē ratou i roto i te whānuitanga puhipuhi, te whakangaromanga papatipu o te ūnga. E whakamahia ratou ki te whai wāhi hōpuni, waka Armoured, pākahiko kumete, rererangi me topatopa i runga i te whenua, keri, tāutanga o mata paowa, whakararu reo irirangi, poisoning i ngā matū matū.

Whakarerekētanga o te pūnaha "Grad" he nui nui. kei roto i te taviniraa huri noa i te ao katoa o ratou.

MLRS-whānui roa "Uragan"

Tukutahi ki te whanaketanga o "Castle" te Soviet Union i mahi i roto i te hanga o te roa-whānui jet maha pūnaha whakarewatanga tākirirangi (MLRS). I mua i te taeraa mai o "Hurricane" launchers tākirirangi mātanga P-103, P-110 "Teal", "Korshun". i aro mātaitia katoa o ratou pai, engari ehara i te mea kaha nui, a i ona drawbacks.

I roto i te mutunga o 1968 ka timata ia ako o roa-whānui 220-mm NWB. Tuatahi i huaina ai "Castle-3». He whānui tonu o te pūnaha hou kua riro kua i roto i te whanaketanga o rongoā i muri i te Tāhuhu o Defence Ahumahi o te USSR i runga i Maehe 31, 1969. Ko te Perm te tau pū wheketere 172 i roto i te Hui-tanguru 1972 hua MLRS "Uragan" tauira. i tangohia Rocket Pūwhakarewa e 18 Maehe 1975. I muri 15 tau i roto i te Soviet Union kei i 10 Tuhinga tākirirangi pū MLRS "Uragan" me kotahi artbrigady urupare.

I roto i te 2001, kua rite pūnaha "Hurricane" Kua i te taviniraa i roto i te whenua o te mua Soviet Union:

- Russia - 800;

- Kazakhstan - 50;

- Moldova - 15;

- Tajikistan - 12;

- Turkmenistan - 54;

- Uzbekistan - 48;

- Ukraine - 139.

Anga ki te "Hurricanes" Ko te tino rite ki te paura ki te "Grad". wāhanga ōrite he wahi o te utu tākirirangi propellant me 9M27 9H164. Ki te whakaiti i te whānuitanga mahi kakahu ano ratou te mowhiti wahia. Ratou roa ko 4832-5178 mm, me te taimaha - 271-280 kg. Kōrere i roto i te reo oneone kiato he diameter o 8 mita me te hohonu o te 3 mita. Pupuhi whānui o 10-35 km. Kongakonga i whawhati anga i te tawhiti o te 10 m taea te Kilisimasi 6 mm maitai arai.

Eaha te mau tumu e pūnaha "Hurricane"? hangaia Rocket Pūwhakarewa te ki ngā hōpuni, waka Armoured, artpodrazeleny, missiles rauhanga, ngā pūnaha rangi korero, waka topatopa i roto i rota waka, kōrero pokapū me ngā whāinga hōia-ahumahi.

MLRS pau "Smerch"

Ko te ahurei o te pūnaha, ko te huinga o tohu pērā i te mana, ngā me te tika. MLRS tuatahi o te ao ki te projectiles te mana tītaka - he Pūwhakarewa tākirirangi "Smerch", e kua tonu kahore analogues i roto i te ao. Ka taea e ona missiles tae nga pito o ngā whāinga, i te mea 70 km atu i te pū. Kua whāngai MRL New i roto i te USSR 19 Whiringa 1987.

I roto i te tau 2001, "Hurricane," Ko te pūnaha i roto i whenua pērā (mua Soviet Union):

- Russia - 300 waka;

- Peraruhia - 48 cars;

- Ukraine - 94 mihini.

Ko te tītere He roa 7600 mm o. Ko tōna taimaha 800 kg. momo katoa i te pānga whakapōrearea me te totohu nui. Mate o te pūhiko ora "Hurricane" me "Huripari" e rite ki nga mahi o rauhanga patu karihi. Heoi, e kore te ratou whakamahi te ao whakaaro rite na kino. E aifaito ratou ki patu pērā i pu tāke ranei.

Pono me te kaha "Topol"

I te tau 1975, i te Institute o Thermal Technology Moscow tīmata ki te whakawhanake i te pūnaha pūkoro taea o whakarewa tākirirangi i wāhi rerekē. Ko Na matatini te pūnaha pere "Topol". Ko te whakautu ki te putanga o te Soviet Union, whakahaere e te US fakavaha'akonitinēnití missiles ballistic (kua whāngai ratou i roto i te US i 1959).

ka mau te whakamātautau tuatahi wahi Hakihea 23, 1983. I roto i mau ana i roto i te raupapa o rōnihi pere whakakitea iho rite te patu pono, me te kaha.

Kei 360 "Topol" complexes i roto i 1999, he wāhi kotahi tekau-tūranga.

Katoa tau i roto i te Russia whakarewa i te kotahi "Topol" missiles. Mai kawea te hanganga o te matatini i roto i a tawhio 50 whakamātautau. haere ratou katoa atu, kahore tetahi raruraru. tohu tenei te tika teitei.

I whakawhanakehia kara o Pūwhakarewa tākirirangi "Tochka-U" i roto i te Soviet Union ki te whakangaro ngā taumata iti. Mahi i runga i te hanganga o tenei pu timata March 4, 1968 i te ta o te Kaunihera o Minita. Kaikirimana ko Kolomenskoye KB. Kaihoahoa nui - SP Ore. Hoki te pūnaha mana pere haepapa CRI AG. whakaputaina Pūwhakarewa Volgograd.

He aha te mea SAM

Whakatakotoria he o ngā tikanga hōia, me te hangarau, e kua hono tahi ki te mahi ki nga tikanga o te whakaeke hoariri i te rangi me te wāhi, ka karanga te pūnaha pere anti-rererangi (ADMS).

Whakaröpütia ratou rite ki te wahi o te mahi hōia, nekeneke, rite ki te tikanga o te kaupapa, me te whai, i runga i te awhe mahi. Ko ētahi o ēnei pūnaha pere "Būk" me "ngira", "wāpu" me etahi atu. He aha te mea te rerekētanga i waenganui i te hoahoa o tenei momo? Anti-rererangi pere Pūwhakarewa ngā tikanga mō te tūhura me te transportation, ūnga aunoa aroturuki irirangi, te Pūwhakarewa mata-ki-rangi pere, he kōwae mana tākirirangi me tona tautoko, i runga i nga tikanga mana taputapu.