Lev Semenovich Pontryagin, mathematician Soviet: biography, mahi pūtaiao

ko te uaua, me te rawa ngā te whakarau o tenei pāngarau. I te tau o 13 tau, ngaro te pūtaiao heke mai tona aroaro. kihai i tenei ārai ia ki te hanga e rave rahi ngā āhuatanga nui i roto i te pāngarau. I whakawhiwhia LEV Semenovich Pontryagin te State paraihe o te USSR, me te maha atu tohu. E mohio ana whakatutukitanga ao.

Origin Pontrjagin

LEV Semenovich Pontryagin (1908-1988) i whanau i runga i August 21, 1908 i roto i Moscow, i roto i te hapu o te kaimahi, he kaikaute i te tikanga. I roto i te 1916, ka timata te pūtaiao heke mai ki te farii i te mātauranga tuarua. timata LEV Semenovich Pontryagin ki taa te taketake o Pūtaiao mutunga e tika ana ki te meka i ko rawakore tona utuafare. kihai i ia taea ki te utu mo te whakangungu i roto i te hākinakina Leo (huihuia e tona papa i roto i te hoia noa i roto i te ope).

Mātauranga i roto i te kura, mate o kite

oho LEV Semenovich Pontryagin i roto i te 1917 ki te kura nui-tau iwa, i te katoa mo te katoa. I roto i aua tau, kihai i hiahia te kōwhiringa o te tikanga. whakakitea pūtaiao Future kahore hīa ngā motuhake mō te pāngarau. A, ia ia 13, i roto i tona whare ki reira ko te pahūtanga o te umu karahīni. Ka rite ki te hua o te aituā rawa ngaro tona aroaro LEV Semenovich Pontryagin. Tona tamarikitanga, pea kihai i, ngāwari i muri i te hui. Tona whaea, Tatiana Andreevna (mahi ia rite te tuitui), mau ka hēkeretari o tana tama mō ngā tau ki te haere mai. i roto i te kōeke iwa, ka hiahia i roto i te pāngarau LEV Semenovich Pontryagin. Ka rite ki te puna o te mōhiohio e whakamahia ana e ia tuhinga i te papakupu encyclopedic. Ko reira ka e whakaritea e te pūtaiao heke mai ki te tiki i te tohu i roto i te pāngarau. Ahakoa nga uauatanga e pā ana ki te mate o te kite, i taea ki te whakatinana i tana mahere ia.

Mātauranga i te University o

tomo Pontryagin te Moscow State University, te Ahupūngao me Pāngarau Faculty (makehe - "pāngarau parakore"). puta ia i roto i te 1929. Na ka tonu LEV Semenovich ana akoranga i roto i te kura puta, te whakauru i roto i ngāue i Moscow State University Institute o Pāngarau me Mechanics. kura paetahi puta ia i roto i te tau 1931. ka Kaiako Vygotsky P. S. Aleksandrov. Pontryagin maha nga tau i raro i tona āhuareka nui whaiaro.

mahi pūtaiao

LEV Semenovich i roto i te wā i 1930 ki te 1932 ko ia ahorangi kaiāwhina o taurangi, me te he kaimahi o te Institute o Pāngarau me Mechanics. I roto i te 1932-1933. ko reira he mema, a muia ana i oscillations MSU Laboratory (e pā ana ki te Institute o Physics). Mathematician i 1934 ki te mutunga o tona ora whakaako ia i Moscow State University. I roto i te 1934, i mahi ia orometua, a i roto i te 1935-1938 - Ahorangi o Mechanics me Pāngarau Faculty. I roto i te 1970-1988 gg. ko Pontryagin i tiaki o tetahi o nga tari o te Faculty o Computational Pāngarau me Cybernetics. I roto i te 1935, i waho te parururaa i te tuhinga whakapae, ka whakawhiwhia e ia te tohu o Doctor o Tinana me Mathematical Sciences. I roto i te taua tau, riro Pontryagin te taitara o te orometua.

mahi Mai 1934 me tae noa tona mate LEV Semenovich i te Steklov Mathematical Institute. I roto i te wā i te tau 1934 ki te 1939 ko ia he hoa rangahau matua i konei. E rua tekau nga tau (1939-1959 gg.) I mahi Pontryagin rite upoko o te tari o te āhuahanga, me te āhuawhatunga. Mai 1972, mahi te mathematician me i VINITI, te wahi i te maha o te kairangahau matua tae noa ki 1988. LEV Semenovich ko te mema o "Pāngarau" o te poari ētita i 1974 ki te 1980.

i tutuki Pontryagin

Ko te wāhi matua o te moni rangahau he taurangi o Pontryagin topological me āhuawhatunga, ariā mana me te ariā o te whārite pārōnaki. I roto i te 1932, Lev Semenovich whanake i whakaarohia e Alexander ture whene, kua whakamatauria te ture e i roto i te wāhi Euclidean hono katia rōpū Betty huinga rohea ki te noho katia rōpū Betty huinga tautoko. kitea Pontryagin te raruraru o te tātai i te rōpū Betti.

LEV Semenovich Ko te kaihanga o te taurangi topological. He rohe Ko tōna whakatutukitanga matua rōpū kiato kiato, me te āpiti. Kua ako Scientists ratou hanganga, a ka puritia ano he tātaritanga hawarite. Tukutahi ki te rangahau i runga i whene topological me te ariā o ngā pūāhua kawea atu Pontryagin rua raupapa o mahi - i roto i te ariā homotopy me te ariā o te taha. Kua whakaaturia Scientists (ahakoa Nöbeling, mathematician Tiamana, me te wā kotahi ki) ture tauwehe mohiotia e tetahi n-ahu kiato ki te faatura ki te huinga, i takoto i roto i te Euclidean (2n + 1) huinga -dimensional he homeomorphic.

Mai i 1935 ki te tau 1940, i tuhituhi te kaipūtaiao, he raupapa o ngā pepa i runga i te ariā o ngā hua Tipihori me ariā homotopy. kitea Pontryagin te hono i waenganui i ngā mahi i oti rawa ki maeneene manifolds, me ngā raruraru homotopy. kitea e ia akomanga āhuatanga L. S. Pontryagina, e he invariants o manifolds maheni.

mahi te reira i runga i te ariā o whārite pārōnaki me kēmu

LEV Semenovich mai te tīmatanga o te 1950, ka hiahia i roto i te ariā o whārite pārōnaki. i mahi ia rua huringa o te mahi i roto i tenei rohe. Ko te tuatahi o ratou - he perturbations motuhia, me te tuarua e pā ana ki te ariā o ngā tukanga tino arotau i roto i te pāngarau. whakaaro e LEV Semenovich te kaihanga o te ariā. Kei te hāngai te reira i runga i te mōrahi parau tumu L. S. Pontryagina. Tona kitea ko te hua tino nui o te ako o ngā tukanga tino arotau. E tatou hiahia i roto i te pūtaiao whiwhi hua taketake i roto i ngā wāhi pērā i te ariā o kēmu pārōnaki. Kua hanga e ratou he koha nui ki te ariā o te mana tino arotau.

āhukahuka

I roto i te katoa, i tuhituhi te pūtaiao e pā ana ki toru rau pepa pūtaiao. Ki te awhina o te ariā, i hanga nei e Lev Semenovich, pūtaiao kitea te ara iahiko hiko tino pai, te whakatau i te hōtaka wahie kohi tino pai, a kia ki runga ki. D.

e kore e taea te ui LEV Semenovich mana. i mohio ratou Russia kore anake, engari ano hoki i te hapori pūtaiao ao. karangatia Academic ki whai wāhi i roto i te mau amuiraa whaimana, i kawea ano e ia ki ngā tohu, tae atu ki te USSR State paraihe, a he maha tohu tiketike. Hoki etahi wa ko Pontryagin tetahi o nga kau taki o te International Mathematical Union, atu ïa, tona tumuaki tuarua-peresideni.

ngā mahi Outdoor

Me kï reira e matenui tonu LEV Semenovich ki whai wāhi i roto i te ora tūmatanui. Ko ia he mathematician, ano matapo, pera i taea e ngāwari ia pare ngā mahi pāpori. I roto i ngā, ka meinga reira haumaru. Heoi, kite LEV Semenovich ati. Ia pinepine tohe, ka whakahuatia reo te mea whakaaro ia he tika. Heoi, he ia kahore a o taitara me rarangi. ui nga wa katoa LEV Semenovich maia oti, me te mārama i roto i te hononga i waenganui i hoa. I roto i tona mahi, i aru ia nga faaueraa o hinengaro, maha e kapea whakaaro teka o subordination me te nahanaha i roto i te ao mātauranga, me te ngākau nuitanga rangatōpū. whakaaro te pūtaiao reira tona hopoi'a ki te wawao i roto i ngā hapori nui i roto i te āhua, mai i te whakahou o te mātauranga kura, me te mutu i te kaupapa tahuri awa i roto i Siberia.

Ko te pakanga, i i whai wāhi Pontryagin

I roto i te hononga ki te runga ake, ehara i te mea maere e hanga he mathematician LEV Semenovich Pontryagin i maha hoariri, e tangohia e te whai wāhi ki te riro murua te patu i te academician. Whakapakari i o te kaupapa Zionist, i tangohia e wahi i roto i 1967, i muri i te pakanga Arab-Iseraela, ko te take tonu o te whakaeke. piri USSR ki te tūranga kaha o te kaiwhakahauhau. kua meinga Pontryagin te hoariri matua o nga Zionists, nei i mana nui i roto i te United States me ētahi atu whenua Western.

I roto i te wāhanga o te whawhai ki te Soviet Union i he pakanga ki te pūtaiao o te USSR, kia rite ki te mohiotia ai, kua tonu kua paku ki runga ake i te rahi o ngā māngai o te tahi atu Iwi te rahi o Hurai. mauähara ana te āhuatanga e te meka e haukotia te kāwanatanga Soviet te hekenga o kaimahi i roto i te pūtaiao e nohoia mōhiohio ngaro. I te ngakau o te pakanga i waenganui i te Soviet Union me nga Zionists i roto i 1970 ohorere Pontryagin.

Warewaretanga me te whakaauraki

A, no te haere mai te wa, ko LEV Semenovich te ahua tino tika mo te tūranga o te ārahi anti-Semite roto mathematicians o to tatou whenua. I roto i te whakaaro tūmatanui i runga i te wā, i reira ko tetahi stereotype o whakaaro anti-Semitic Pontryagin. Tenei meinga te rīhainatanga o te pūtaiao ei peresideni o te Mathematical Union. Kua mutu Lenin paraihe toa ki te farii i pōwhiri ki te whai wāhi i roto i te mau amuiraa, a tamata i te ingoa o tona kore ki te whakahua i te taea, ara ki te kōrero o ona whakatutukitanga nui. I muri i 1991, te stereotype e pā ana ki antisemitism academician, ka tino noa i roto i Russia. i roto i nga tau tata nei anake, whakawhetai ki te mau tautooraa o te maha o pūtaiao, i rehabilitated LEV Semenovich ahua.

Ko te pukapuka o pūmahara

Academician o te USSR Academy o L. S. Pontryagin tuhituhi te pukapuka rawa ngā o pukapuka, o te mea e taea ki te mohio ki nga kōrero o te hītori o pāngarau i roto i te USSR te hawhe tuarua o te rau tau 20. E whakaatu ana tēnei pukapuka i te whika o maha pūtaiao pūmanawa - Kolmogorov, Alexandrov, Luzin me etahi atu. Ko te rota tonu o mau heheuraa tupu me ngā whakamārama pai uaua ora whaiaro o Lev Semenovich. I tua atu, parau te pūtaiao ki a ia e pā ana ki etahi o nga āhuatanga o ratou ake whakaaro pūtaiao. Scientist tuhi e pā ana ki te pehea, ki te mahi ki "i roto i te hinengaro" te mahi uaua tino, kahore te whakamahi i tetahi pūtāhuahua. Ko tino nui, pea - ko e hoatu te mau haamana'oraa o te kaipūtaiao katoa o tatou i te tauira o te ora nui, me te vilitakí, rauemi memeha o te roro tangata, te whakamahi i tatou i te whānuitanga iti anake.

Ko te kura pūtaiao o Vygotsky

hoatu Fate te whakamātautau faingataa i roto i te ora Pontryagin - ngaro ia tona titiro. Heoi, e kore tenei i ārai i te pūtaiao ki te whai mātauranga teitei, a ka pai te mahi toku ora katoa pāngarau. I roto i tenei pūtaiao, kua tutuki ia angitu nui. whai wāhi ratou auahatanga katoa LEV Semenovich ki te whanaketanga o pāngarau i roto i to tatou whenua, me huri noa te ao. Ko ia te kaiwhakaū o te kura pūtaiao, e nui te awe te whanaketanga o te ariā mana me te tuanaki o ngā rerekētanga. I roto i te kupu pāngarau, i reira e maha ngā, amo te ingoa o te pūtaiao - te ture Pontryagin Pontryagin wāhi mata Pontryagin et al.

LEV Semenovich ko te kaiako tino. tuhia e ana kauwhau whakaaturanga tika rawa me te mārama i te ākonga. Enei mau huru tuu i roto i te maha pūtaiao ki ana akonga.

I roto i Moscow, Mei 3, 1988, ka mate a Pontryagin Lev Semenovich. Tona haurongo me ki tenei ra faauru maha pūtaiao, me te tawhiti i te tangata o te pūtaiao.