Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich, a People Commissar: biography, tohu, whakaahua

ko Litvinov o te People Commissar mo Foreign Affairs o te USSR i 1930-1939 tau. I roto i tenei wā, kua meinga e te Soviet Union he āhukahuka whakamutunga o te hapori te ao.

tau wawe

o te People heke mai Commissar Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich i whanau i runga i Hōngongoi 17, 1876 ki te whānau Hurai. ka tamaiti Mātauranga ki te kura tino o Białystok. I aru tenei e rima tau o te taviniraa i roto i te ope. Maori ki Litvinov ka te 17 o wiki hōia Caucasian e tu i roto i te Baku.

I roto i te 1898 aru ia i Tuhinga. Na ka piri Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich RSDLP. Tae i roto i Kiev, ka ia he mema o te komiti rōpū rohe. He wāhanga nui o te mahi i roto i te whakatakoto ake Litvinov ko te whare tā ture, i tāngia rauemi pakanga. Mātārere me puka tikanga mo nga kaimahi rohe me peasants.

Te hopu me te mawhiti i Russia

I roto i te 1901, nekeneke nga pirihimana ngaro tsarist mahi Kiev Socialists tā rauemi ture. Aru e Tuhinga. ko Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich i te whare herehere. Otiia i roto i te muri, i roto i 1902, ia, tahi ki tetahi 10 hoa mawhiti i te whare herehere. Kia free, pāhoro, heke ki Switzerland tawhiti, e na reira i riro he kāinga ki he kau taki maha o te rōpū. I reira rave Litvinov i matarohia. riro ia tetahi o nga Distributors matua o te niupepa "Iskra" i roto i Russia.

I te tau 1903 i reira ko te rongonui II Party Congress, i nei e wahia te rōpū, kia rua nga - te Bolshevik me Menshevik. piri Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich Lenin me ana kaitautoko. I te wa ano tonu ia auhoaraa me māua ki etahi Mensheviks, tae atu i te Vera Zasulich, Leon Trotsky, Yuliem Martovym, a na i runga i. D.

Ko te revolution tuatahi

I maoro te revolution Russian roa-tatali. I roto i 1905, kua whakaritea nga mua i te utu o te moni ke te supply o patu rōpū proletarian whakahe ki nga mana i roto i Russia. arahina tenei mahi ki tae atu Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich. functionary rōpū haurongo poto i te wa ko te tauira o te tangata whai wāhi i roto i te rota o rerekē ohipa whakahaere.

Kua whakaaetia wheako Rich Litvinov i te heke mai kia i roto i te whiriwhiri tino faingamālie e kingi te āhua Soviet i runga i nga tika o te "mana ngā". Kei te tuku ringa ki Russia ko te mahi meá. E rua kaipuke, hoki i whakairi i te taputapu Litvinov, faifai oma papakirua, ka i mua i te taenga o te tauranga.

I roto i te UK,

Ka rite ki te kaiwhakahaere rōpū mahi Litvinov ki Camo. Ko te mua i roto i te Revolution Russian tuatahi ko ano hoki te kawenga mō te supply o ringa. A, no te mea kua tae mai te whakatikanga ake rongonui ki noa iho, whai wāhi Kamo ka i roto i ritenga mo ano pakihi ture. whakakiia e ia kēmu moni e tika ana ki te pahua o pūtahi kāwanatanga. Heoi whakaritea Tiflis expropriation i roto i 1907. whai wāhi te reira i Koba - Stalin heke mai.

Litvinov, me te tahi atu hoa i roto i te rōpū oaoa te moni pahuatia i roto i ngā tahataha Russian. I roto i te 1908, i hopukina ia i roto i France. Ko te take mo te mau herehere ko te tahae o te pire e whai ai ki te huri i te Bolshevik. Kua peia France Litvinov i te UK. Ko te tekau tau i muri mai, tae noa ki te revolution muri, noho Litvinov i London.

Tīmata o te mahi takawaenga

I muri ka haere mai nga mua ki te mana, te hapori ao ko ähua rangirua ki te kāwanatanga Russian hou. kihai Ingarangi ki ite i te tikanga Soviet. Heoi, e kore tenei i te ārai whenua i roto i ngā māngai whakapā ōpaki. I roto i London ka Accredited Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich. Komihana, upoko mua o te Soviet Foreign Tāhuhu i te 30raa, ka anga ia tona mahi takawaenga i te wa.

Litvinov ko te whiriwhiri arorau. ora ia hoki nga tau maha i roto i London, i mohio te reo Ingarihi me mau rohe. E kore te kāwanatanga o Ingarangi i whakapā ia tika i roto i nga whare kāwanatanga, engari ki te hoatu ki te roanga o te mōhiohio motuhake Russian. Mai i tonu haere i roto i Europa i te pakanga i runga i waenganui i nga whenua o te Entente ko Germany, i nga mana ki te kia tino ki te mohio te mea kei te haere i runga i roto i mua ko Moscow.

Case Lockhart

Communicating ki Pirimia Arthur Balfour roto i te tirotiro o te tangata, e Maksim Maksimovich Litvinov ia e pā ana ki Lenin me nga whakatau Rōpū. Ko te takawaenga i roto i te whae e tika ana ki te meka i te hou kāwanatanga Soviet i korero te taupori ao ohorere, i te auraa haina i te tiriti motuhake ki nga Tiamana. Otiia i te tuatahi ko tino hoa te huru o te mua i roto i London.

I roto i te Hānuere 1918, ka tono tangata Ingarangi ki Russia o tona māngai hou. riro ratou Robert Lockhart. Litvinov, tutaki ki a ia i roto i London, ka hoatu e ia he tuhipoka tahi te ingoa o Trotsky, i korero pai e pā ana ki tenei karere. A marama torutoru i muri i hopukina te Briton ka peia i te whenua mo te torotoro. Tona take, me ki te nganatanga i runga i Lenin, ko te take mo te tīmatanga o te wehi Whero. Te kāwanatanga o Ingarangi, i roto i te whakautu ki te hopu o tona karere hopukina Litvinov. pau ia 10 ra i roto i te whare herehere, i muri nei i whakawhiti humarie ia mo Lockhart.

o nga People Commissariat mo Foreign Affairs

Hoki i Russia, timata Maksim Maksimovich Litvinov ki te mahi tika i roto i te Commissariat o Foreign Affairs. Kua roa kua tona rangatira te matenga o tenei tari, Georgy Chicherin. Kua whai wāhi Ambassador i maha ngā whiriwhiringa ki te whenua mua. tamata ia ki whakapumautia whanaunga ki enei whenua i muri i hainatia te kāwanatanga Soviet motuhake te rongo Brest ki Germany o te Kaiser. withdrawal Early i te whawhai i roto i te noa'tu o herenga ona hoa mo te wa roa i pakaru te ingoa o nga mua i roto i te kanohi o whenua capitalist Western.

I roto i te 1920, i whakaritea Lenin te māngai hou Soviet plenipotentiary i Estonia. riro ratou Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich. ki tonu o katoa o ngā haerenga i te haurongo o tenei tangata i. āhua Paratiki i muri i te Pakanga Civil i Russia, tutuki motuhake. Na e hiahia ana tatou ki te hanga Litvinov ko tetahi o ratou hononga tino hou, kahore he whakaaro ki te mua emepaea.

kawana Chicherina

I roto i nga ra wawe o te hautoa Soviet i roto i ona tau i torutoru matā pērā i Maksim Maksimovich Litvinov. Pāhoro, takawaenga, he tangata o te matauranga whānui - ko reira te "tawhito" Bolshevik ka koa nui whakawhirinaki o ārahitanga te whenua o. Ehara i te mea maere i whakaritea e ia Tuarua People o Commissar mo Foreign Affairs i roto i 1921.

a Litvinov whanaunga uaua ki teitei tana Chicherin. Rua nga mema o te o te Politburo me te runga hui kaiārahi Soviet maha whakahē whakatau o ia atu. tuhituhi katoa functionary tuhipoka whai take ngautuara i runga i tona hoariri.

Whakaaetanga o te whaitake o te Soviet Union

I roto i te tau 1922, i te whenua Western, tahi ki te RSFSR tū te Conference Genoa, i timata te tukanga o te āhukahuka me te tuitui o te kāwanatanga Soviet i roto i ngā mahi tōrangapū o te ao. Ko tētahi o nga mema o o te tira i Moscow ko Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich. haurongo Poto o tenei tangata ko te tauira o te tauira 20-30th wā takawaenga Soviet.

I muri i te amuiraa i roto i Genoa tuarua commissar hanga te tiamana o te Conference Moscow i Disarmament i muri i te tīmatanga o te ao, i tae e ngā māngai o te whenua tata - Finland, Poland, Lithuania, Estonia me Latvia. Podnatorevshy Litvinov i roto i tenei mea, i roto i te tua, ka anga ki te mahi i roto i te League o Nations. A, no te i te mutunga mohio te Soviet Union i te hapori o te ao, Litvinov, ka anga te taha Soviet ki te arahi i te Komihana International i runga i Disarmament i roto i tenei tinana nui - mua o te UN.

a Stalin Commissar

I te tau 1930 i tonoa Chicherin i te pou o Minita o Foreign Affairs o te USSR. I nohoia tenei pou i tona tuarua Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich. tamata o nga People Commissar Stalin era ki te whai i te kaupapa here o te detente ki te Te Hau-ā-uru. i tahuri te reira i roto i rite rite te roa rite faaoti Stalin i ko reira te wa ki te neke ofi ange ki Hitler.

Stalin i te tīmatanga o te 30raa hiahiatia tino he takawaenga ataahua, Litvinov Maxim. Photo Commissar tonu whiwhi i roto i ngā nūpepa Western i roto i ona haerenga auau ki waho. Ia haere wā ki te United States, e rapu whakaaetanga o te whaitake o te Soviet Union o Washington. I te pae hopea i roto i te 1933, te whakawhetai ki te mau tautooraa o te commissar o te iwi, i whakapumautia nga whanaunga Soviet-American mōhiohio.

Writer me te kairīpoata

He aha atu te mahi rite upoko o hautoa Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich? Books e o People Commissar i roto i te rota o te tuhituhi i roto i nga 30raa, mea ratou i ko ia he theorist mātanga. Ko ia te kaituhi o maha pānui whakamārama me tuhinga.

tuhituhi Litvinov kore anake ia, engari mana ano hoki te whakaputanga o etahi te kōwarotanga. I roto i te 1931, ka whakaekea nga Japanese Haina, a nga Iwi Commissar "puritia" i roto i te "News" whiti anti-militarist Demian rawakore. kihai i rite ki tenei kaupapa Stalin, kihai i nei ano e matau ana ki te tango i te rawa o te āhuatanga o nāianei i roto i te Far Te Tai Rāwhiti. I muri i tenei wāhanga, whakahe i te Politburo te whakatau, i loto ka mau Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich. hainatia Works tona ingoa i muri i te raruraru, kua whakaputaina i muri anake whakaaro ki te whakaaro o te rangatira.

Pārāwai

Kei te tata te reira i te whawhai, a i roto i te wā, tū Stalin he horoi papatipu i roto i te ārahitanga kāwanatanga teitei. Tata i te hopoia hopukina, ka mahi i ngā kōmihana motu katoa. ko Litvinov waimarie - ora ia, ngaro tona pou anake. I te tau 1939 i ia he pakanga ki a Vyacheslav Molotov - Peresideni o te Kawanatanga, me te ringa matau o Stalin. A, no te tukunga o te whakamutunga Litvinov, tona wahi ko Molotov, e haina hohoro te kawenata fakaaoao-kore ki Nasí Germany.

I roto i te Pakanga nui Patriotic, rite karere ki te United States me Cuba ko Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich. haaraa a te People Commissariat me ona diplomats ki te US ka piri ia i te whawhai ki a Germany. Kua tuhia ētahi kairangahau e timata reira he pakanga patu ki Hitler, whakaorangia Litvinov i hopu me te mahi. Kua kore i kawea mai te NKVD me te mahi tona mea, engari reira ki te mutunga.

Litvinov me wehi

I reira kua tetahi ki te mahi ki te wehi Stalinist iho Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich? "Fāmilí" o nga mua wahia i roto i nga 20, a ka tautoko te Commissar heke mai Stalin, a ko te kupu i taea ki te piki i te arawhata rangatōpū.

Na, mo te tauira, ka i roto i 1934 rāhuitia Stalin ka haere mai te tuku o te whenua i te UK pūtaiao Petra Kapitsu, e tuhituhi pukapuka Litvinov ki Cambridge, whakatika tona otinga whakahaere. a People Commissar ko whakahaere uaua o te pai ai o te rangatira, i runga i to ratou tūranga me te mana.

mutu te takawaenga mahi kaha i roto i 1946, ka i tonoa atu ai ia. noho ahau i roto i Moscow. Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich, tohu e ngā te Order o Lenin me te Order o te Banner Whero o Reipa, ko te uara Union mutu. mate ia Hakihea 31, 1951 o te whakaeke ngakau.