Mātauranga me te pūtaiao i roto i te rau tau 19 i roto i Russia

rau tau 19 mo Russia ko te wāhi tahuri, ka i te timatanga o te mana rau haere ki Alexander ahau i muri i te regicide Paora ahau, ka timata te pūtaiao me te mātauranga ki te whakawhanake tere, i hiahiatia he huringa nui. Ka taea te wehea enei huringa katoa o te rau tau 19 ki haurua tuatahi, me te tuarua.

Russia i runga i te paepae o te rau tau 19

ka kāwanatanga te Emepara taitama ai'a, kua oti nei huringa nui he mea whakarite ki wā o mua. Ko taea ki te mōhio i te torutoru āhuatanga nui e tohu hanahana te whenua o:

1. Nui ake wāhi e tika ana ki te mharahara o Crimea, Kazakhstan, te Baltic States, te Matau-Bank Ukraine a Western Peraruhia. Ka rite ki te putanga, a kua meinga te taupori e pā ana ki atu 40 miriona. Tangata, o nei 90% he peasants. nui haere hoki, me te taupori tāone, rawa i roto i St Petersburg ko Moscow, e, o te akoranga, te awe i te whanaketanga o te pūtaiao i roto i te rau tau 19 i roto i Russia.
2. ka Romanov nga rangatira nui, me te whai i etahi motuhake i te tahi atu whenua whenua.
3. nui haere atu i te takitoru e whakaritea ki te rau tau 18 te pūtea.

Heoi, i te wa o te taenga mai o te mana o Alexander ahau, ko Russia he whenua i reira puta te mahere ao hou katoa mō te hao-ake i te utu o to ratou ake iwi, ka kua pūtaiao, mātauranga me te ahurea kua homai iti rawa te wā.

Ko te whanaketanga o te pūtaiao i roto i te hawhe tuatahi o te rau tau 19

Kōrero e pā ana ki te whanaketanga o te pūtaiao i roto i te hawhe tuatahi o te rau tau e taea te whiwhi i runga i te hua mohiotia e pūtaiao i te wa, e tika ana ki nei i tenei ra, ko te reira taea ki te kite i taua whakatutukitanga tino.

Pūtaiao i roto i te rau tau 19 i roto i Russia - ko, ki runga ake te katoa, te pāngarau, te ahupūngao me te matū.

I roto i Kazan University pāngarau ahorangi i taea ki te whakawhanake i tētahi ariā hou i roto i te āhuahanga, i huaina "kore-Euclidean" Nikolai Lobachevsky. i taea e ki te manga atu i roto i te rongoa mo te wa roa i te whakaaro pokanga rata Nikolai Pirogov. i taea ki te faaohipa i te reira i roto i te whawhai ia, whakamahia tuatahi rehunga Etera, me te maka te raima.

I roto i te ahupūngao, ko te hiko te arotahi matua o te ako i tenei wa, a ka ko tenei te wahi i i hanga te kitea. whakatuwheratia Boris Jacobi te tikanga electroforming, a ka hanga e rave rahi motors hiko me terekarawhi. He ahupūngao Vasily Petrov i taea ki te whakaatu pehea koe e taea e te whakamahi i te hiko mō te rama, me te whakarewa kahiwi, whakawakia te pewa, me te tiaki i roto i te hau rarefied.

whakawhanakehia te reira i roto i tenei wā, me te pūtaiao, tātai arorangi, reira, ka tuwhera i roto i te 1839, Pulkovo Observatory, te wahi mahi ia arorangi Vasily Struve, e kitea te kukū o whetu i roto i te manureva Milky Way.

Kura me ngä whare wänanga

I te timatanga o te pūtaiao me te mātauranga o te rau tau 19 i roto i Russia kua puta ke, a i roto i te 1803 puta te tikanga ki te wehe i te whenua ki ono rohe mātauranga, ia o nei i ki te hanga i te whare wānanga. Heoi, i kitea ai i runga i te 20 nga tau e toru noa ngä pütahitanga mätauranga teitei, tae atu Moscow, Kazan ko St Petersburg University. Nicholas ahau kihai i tautoko i te whakaaro o te mātauranga, me kahore i tuwhera i raro i tona tikanga kahore whare wānanga. I tua atu, e whakapono ana ia e kore e kia whakaakona ngā tamariki serfs rite ki te katoa.

Ka taea te whiwhi te mātauranga pai, engari te rangatira anake i roto i te mata, pērā i Tsarskoye selo tata St. Petersburg, ko Demidov, ko wai i roto i Yaroslavl.

nga mea pai ki nga whare mātauranga o te kōtaha hangarau. I te timatanga o te rau tau, i kitea i te reira anake Mountain Institute, he iti muri puta te ngahere Institute. Nicholas ahau pai ki engineering me te mātauranga hōia, na ki te he reira tuwhera pūtahi hangarau i roto i te St. Petersburg ko Moscow, rite pai rite te Artillery me Engineering Academy.

Mātauranga mō wahine

He hehema pai ki te whakaaro i te haere tonu o te mātauranga o te wahine, i whakatakotoria i Ekaterina II, ki te ngaki pai, a pai wahine me metua vahine. Na reira, kua whakatuwheratia pūtahi i roto i nga pa maha mō ngā kōtiro o te take mai rangatira: Nizhny Novgorod, Astrakhan, Saratov, Irkutsk, o te akoranga, Moscow ko St Petersburg.

reia

Humanities 19 rautau i Russia, i roto i te hawhe tuatahi, ki te moni tūmatanui tiketike timata ki te whanake i roto i te hītori, a ka whakapumautia e te Moscow Society o History me Antiquities. Hoki o te moni i whakaaturia ki te hītori whānui me wetereo, tae atu Slavonic, Akoranga Hainamana, i ko te whakarewatanga o te hanga o ngā pukapuka me hautaka.

riro Whakaputa kua tino paingia, a i roto i 1809 paaki 68 makasini o ngā kaupapa rerekē, me te 9 niupepa. i reira ko te mahi translation, me tangata ke tau maheni mo tuhinga ke rite ki te hua o te kitenga, me te whanaketanga o te tā.

kia whakahua hoki tatou i te tuhinga Russian, ka ako te whenua e pā ana ki Pushkin, Nekrasov ko Turgenev. I roto i tenei wā, i whakaarahia take pērā i te ati o te tangata iti i te mau piha haapiiraa o raro, engari i te wa ano, waiata tuku iho iwi i roto i te puka-waha, me te tuhituhi.

Pūtaiao, mātauranga (rau 19, te hawhe tuarua, Russia)

Te hawhe tuarua, ka hoatu feudalism ara ki te moni, titau te taumata teitei o te whanaketanga, i roto i te iwi mātauranga kore anake, engari ano hoki i roto i nga kaimahi noa, me te mātauranga i roto i te wahi tuatahi i ki te pa ki i runga i te hunga rāngai e kua e pā ana ki te ora tonu.

Heoi, puritia te whanaketanga i roto i ngā āhuatanga uaua, i tiaki ai te wahi e ara feudalism, i whakatoia e te autocracy, a ki te tino pakeke te mahi kaipūtaiao Russian, kaituhi me toi i.

E tano ia tapao e kua awhinatia te kaupapa pāhoro ki te kōkiri i te pūtaiao tawhiti i mua, no te takatakahi Chernyshevsky, Dobrolyubov, Herzen me, te reira te wā ki te wewete iwi i serfdom. Kua kipaina tenei katoa pūtaiao ki te whakahura i ngā āhuatanga nui mo te painga o te iwi.

kaipūtaiao rongonui

āhuatanga te hawhe tuarua o te rau tau 19 kei te i te wāhi o te tirohanga o te pūtaiao rite te whanaketanga o te pūtaiao taiao, pērā i te ahupūngao, pāngarau, te matū, kararehe, me te matawhenua. takoto taua hiahia e nga hiahia o te ora, ao hou o te hanga, me te hiahia ki te whakakororia i te whakatutukitanga kaimātai pūtaiao kāwanatanga me ngā āhuatanga e ko reira ko te kōrero o te pūtaiao Russian tenei. rau tau 19, te tuatahi o te katoa, "te aroaro o te" pūtaiao pērā i Pafnutii Chebyshev, e tamata ki hono nga raruraru o pāngarau me te pūtaiao māori i hanga te kitea o te ariā o mihini me tikanga.

He māngai nui o te ao o te kaipūtaiao ko tetahi wahine, Sofia Kovalevskaya, e kore i taea e te tangata e whiwhi i te mātauranga tika i roto i Russia, a haere ana ki waho, i reira riro ia he toketā i roto i te pāngarau. Heoi, fakafofonga'i ia Russia, a kua kua mohio ona mahi huri noa i te ao.

Kua tutuki Pūtaiao i roto i te rau tau 19 i roto i Russia angitu anaana i roto i te ahupūngao, whakawhetai ki pūtaiao rite Alexander Stoletov, e ako aukumetanga me ari-hiko, me te mahi kia rite ki te kaiako mō runga i toru tekau nga tau, upoko o te Tari o Moscow State University.

kia whakahua hoki tatou kēmihi Russian Dmitri Mendeleev, te pūtaiao e kitea te ture wā o ngā huānga matū.

Hanganga i te mātauranga

Kia i te whenua, i reira e maha ngā tipu me ngā wheketere, i hiahiatia iwi mātau te hunga e taea ana ki te pānui i, tuhituhi, matau nga mihini huringa e hiahiatia ana i roto i te mātauranga.

kawea he maha o whakahounga i roto i, i awhinatia ki te waihanga i roto i ngā kura hahi, tau-rua, me te-tau e wha kura tuatahi. whakatuwheratia ano Zemsky kura tuatahi, te wahi i reira ko te hōtaka atu whānui o ako, me kura Rātapu mō ngā pakeke e kua ako te pukapuka i muri i te mahi.

Ko te pūtaiao o te hawhe tuarua o te rau tau 19 i roto i Russia ka karanga hoki roha o te whatunga o te whakangungu i roto i ngā pūtahi tuarua, me te tuatoru. I roto i nga pa (Tomsk, Odessa, Riga, Kharkov, Kiev) i whakatuwheratia whare wānanga, pūtahi hangarau, me te maha o ngā pukenga ahuwhenua.

Otiia arai te kāwanatanga tsarist mātauranga, me iti rawa i tuwhera, ara i roto i ngā kura tuatahi, na ko Russia tetahi o nga wahi whakamutunga i runga i te reo matatini. Na roto i te mutunga o te auau matatini rau o te% 28 anake, i roto i nga wahine i reira 17 anake%.

Kura mō te wahine

Ka rite ki whakahuatia i runga ake, riro nga māngai anake o te hanahana i roto i te hawhe tuatahi o te rau tau i te iti rawa etahi mātauranga, te wahi i whakaakona ratou nga reo, nga tikanga pai, me te riko. ko Pūtaiao i roto i te rau tau 19 i roto i Russia mō wahine te tahi mea mariko me te hano tatau, ko rawa hoki ratou - ki te ako ki te pānui i, tuhituhi, a ka whakahuatia nehenehe.

kura tuatahi, me te tuarua hoki wahine mau e kore whakaritea i te tīariari tae noa te-doma 60. timata pūtahi mātauranga ki te puta i roto i te 70, engari rawa pōturi, me whakauru ki ngā whare wānanga i tino katia ki nga wahine o tetahi piha haapiiraa.

Nā ki te kaupapa pāpori, i whakatuwheratia ai ngā kura teitei e rave rahi o te wahine, akoranga hauora, engari i mua i te takanga o nga wahine rau tau 20 e kore i roto i te tūranga rite.

Ko te whanaketanga o te momo i roto i te rau tau 19 Russia

He āhuatanga i rawe ki o te whenua i taua i roto i te papamuri o te nuinga illiteracy o te taupori i te auau tiketike o te whanaketanga o te pūtaiao, te wahi i reira i whakatuwheratanga tino ki te ao i roto i te whānui.

Ko te mea matua i kua meatia kua i roto i te momo, i te mea he te hanganga o ngā kohinga o mahi i runga i te hītori o Russia i nga wa onamata ki te wa nei (te hawhe tuarua o te rau tau 19), i whakapumautia e academician Sergeem Solovevym, i roto i te 29 buka. Tenei kohinga , a tenei ra ko te whānui tino i runga i te hītori o te whenua.

I roto i tenei wā, i reira i mohiotia ki te katoa Dictionary Vladimira Dalya, kua whakaarahia nei e neke atu i te 200,000 ngā kupu. I tua atu ki te kupu i roto i te pukapuka e ngā whakatauki me kupu, kia rite ki te pai kia rite ki te kupu motuhake.

whai wāhi te haapiiraa i tuhinga Russian kaituhi AN riro Afanasiev rongo me te mahi o te philosopho Russian, nei hoki haapii te tuhinga tawhito Russian me pakiwaitara, te academician Buslaeva.

ka haere mai Humanities i roto i te rau tau 19 i roto i Russia i raro i te mana o te matatini o ngā tukanga-pāpori, ka reira ko tapepe tōrangapū, malu'aki mai i te huringa o te kāwanatanga, ka i rapu te iwi mō te huarahi o te whanaketanga atu o te whenua, i i kitea i roto i te tuhinga, kua wehea nei ki ngā wāhi e toru: talena tino, tuhinga proletarian me Modernism .

Hua o te rau tau 19

Hoki Russia, ko te rau tau 19 he rahi, rawa kanorau, heterogeneous me te whakahē i roto i ao katoa o te ora, i te ora o nga peasants, nei ka noa anake ki te mutunga o te rau tau, me te mutu ki te kingitanga o nga kingi e wha, ia i roto i te tahi mea pai mahi, engari i roto i te tahi mea ko reira he kore oti. Heoi, ko te pūtaiao o te hawhe tuatahi o te rau tau 19 i roto i Russia, me te te tuarua, āhuatanga e te hiahia o pūtaiao ki te tae tiketike tuatahi, ahakoa nga fifi katoa i raruraru te whanaketanga. I roto i te rau tau ki te whakahura i ngā āhuatanga e hanga i tenei ra i roto i ngā wāhanga katoa o te hangarau kei i te taumata teitei.