Sofya Kovalevskaya: haurongo, whakaahua me mahi. ahorangi wahine tuatahi o te ao o te pāngarau

whanau Kovalevskaya Sofya Vasilevna i January 3, 1850 i roto i Moscow. Tona whaea ko Elizabeth Schubert. Matua General Korvin-Krukovskiy puhipuhi, i te wa o te whanautanga o tana tamahine i mahi rite rangatira o te whare mata. I ia e ono, mutu ia, ka noho i roto i te whenua te utuafare. A feruri i atu, hanga mōhiotia Sofya Kovalevskaya.

Haurongo: Childhood

Kia te whānau katoa (ngā mātua me te rua nga tamahine) noho i roto i te whenua o tona papa whānau, utua te kotiro kaiako. Ko te ahanoa anake ki nei kihai i whakaaturia te ahorangi o pāngarau heke mai tetahi moni ngā, e kore tetahi mana, ko tauhanga. Heoi, kua puta ke te āhuatanga tino i runga i te wā. Ko te ako o te tauhanga roa tau 10 me te hawhe. I muri, whakaaro Sofia Kovalevskaya e tenei wā, me hoatu ki a ia te turanga o te matauranga katoa. Kei te tino pai te ako i te kotiro ahanoa me hohoro te whakaoti rapanga katoa. Tona kaiako Malevich i mua taurangi tukua ki a ia ako tātai Bourdon (akoranga e rua-rōrahi, i whakaakona i taua wa i roto i te University o Paris). Ko tētahi o nga hoa tata, fakatokanga'i angitu kotiro, tohutohu tona papa ia ki te utu Strannolyubski rūtene manuao mō te haere tonu te mātauranga. kaiako New i runga i te haapiiraa tuatahi o te tuanaki pārōnaki i miharo o te tere ki nei kua ako Sonia te ariā o pārōnaki me te rohe.

faaipoiporaa mea hanga noa

I roto i te 1863, i te Mariinsky Gymnasium whakatuwheratia akoranga whakangungu kaiako e ngā tari-waha, me te taiao-pāngarau. hiahia mau tuahine Anna ko Sofia ki te tiki i reira. Otiia ko te raruraru e kore e kōtiro takakau i roto i te kura whakauru. Na ka takoha ratou ki te tomo ki roto ki te faaipoiporaa. I tīpakohia taumau Anna Vladimir Kovalevsky. Heoi, ko te marena i waenganui ia ratou kihai i tangohia e wahi. I tetahi o nga haerenga ka korerotia e ia Anna e he rite ki te tiki faaipoipo ia, engari tona tuahine, Sonia. Etahi wa i muri mai, i whakawahia e ia ki te whare, a ka anga ki te whakaae o te papa, tuahine tuarua o te tane. I taua wa ko ia 26, a Sophia - 18 tau.

He atamira ora hou

whakaaro No tetahi ka aha mau tamataraa i muri i to ratou marena akakoromaki Sofia Kovalevskaya. Haurongo o tana tahu patua tona manarūtanga o te tangata e mohio ki a ia. ka anga ia ki te whiwhi i te 16 tau, te pūrākau ke whakamaoritia ki kaihokohoko Gostiny Dvor. nohoia Kovalevsky he mahara kōrero, mahi faahiahia me aravihi fakaetangatá. Ia hua'tu i pai ki te mahi uiui, kōwhiri hei utu mo ona mahi whakaputa i roto i St Petersburg. Ko ia te tangata e pato, ka whakawhitia tuhinga, kua nei kua i roto i te tono nui te iwi whakamua o te whenua. I muri neke ki tana tane, me te tuahine i roto i St. Petersburg, timata Sofia Kovalevskaya te haere kauwhau i roto i te ngaro. faaoti ia ki te hoatu i te mana katoa ki te pūtaiao anake. Ko te mea anake e hiahia ana ki te whai wāhi i roto i Sofia Kovalevskaya, - pāngarau. Ka haere te whakamātautau me te riro he tiwhikete o te paari, ka hoki ano ia ki a Strannolyubski. Ki te a ia, ka ako hohonu ia te pūtaiao, te whakamahere ki muri tonu ki te mahi ki waho.

hanganga

I te timatanga o Paenga-whāwhā 1869 Sofia Kovalevskaya ki tona tuahine, me tana tahu haere ki Vienna. He nga tohunga pūtaiao e hiahiatia ana ka Vladimiru Onufrievichu. Heoi, i roto i Vienna reira ko pūtaiao kaha. Na reira whakatau Kovalevskaya ki te haere ki Heidelberg. I roto i tona tāpaetanga, ko reira te whenua i korero ai mo nga ākonga. I muri upooti'araa he maha o fifi i hanga te Kōmihana he tonu Sophia whakarongo ki kauhau i runga i te ahupūngao me te pāngarau. Hoki e toru ava'e, ua haere ia i te akoranga Koenigsberger, whakaako te ariā o ngā mahi Ēripitiki. I tua atu, tae ia kauwhau i runga i te ahupūngao me te pāngarau Kirchhoff, Helmholtz, mahi oki Raymond i te taiwhanga i raro i te aronga o te kēmihi muratahi. Ko enei iwi katoa ka kaiputaiao pai-mohiotia i roto i Germany. Ko te kaiako i nohoia āheinga miharo Kovalevskaya. rawa pakeke mahi Sofya. hohoro ia taukei nga ngā tīmata katoa, i tukua ki a te reira tīmata koutou ake rangahau. riro ia arotake rave hoki ano e Koenigsberger tona kaiwhakaako - he aivanaa nui o taua wa Karl Weitarahāute. to'utangata whakamutunga i huaina "he kaitātari nui."

Te mahi ki a Weitarahāute

Sofia Kovalevskaya i te ingoa o te whakaaro teitei whiriwhiri hinga haere wehi me te mamahu, me te timatanga o Oketopa 1870 ki Berlin. kihai i anga ki te kōrero me te ki te maka o te o te manuhiri Ahorangi Weitarahāute, hoatu ana e ia te maha o ngā mahi i te rohe o ngā mahi pūwerewere, fakaafe'i ia i roto i te wiki. He i te wā ki te wareware e pā ana ki te haerenga, e kore e te pūtaiao titau ki te kite i Kovalevskaya i te wa i whakaritea. puta ia i roto i te kuwaha, a kauwhautia i faatiti'aifarohia nga raruraru katoa. Etahi wa i muri mai tono Weitarahāute hoki i uru e Kovalevskaya ki rongo nga kauwhau pāngarau. Heoi, e kore ia e taea te ki te whakatutuki i te whakaae apooraa teitei. I te University o Berlin kore anake whakaurua ngā ākonga wahine. i kore noa tukua ratou ki haere te kauwhau rite e faaroo noa. Na reira, i Kovalevskaya ki kia iti anake ki ngā wātū tūmataiti ki Weitarahāute. Ka rite ki tuhia e to'ume'á, ko te pūtaiao tairanga te tikanga tāmia e faaroo painga hinengaro. Ko te pākiki me te matewai hoki te matauranga Kovalevskaya ui Weitarahāute nui ake mahi. maha ia ia i ki te whakaoti rapanga rerekē, ki te whakautu tōtika ki ngā pātai rawa matatini o tona tauira. tuhia to'utangatá e ki te hiahia kia whakawhetai Kovalevskaya, no te mea i taea e ki te haere atu i te katinga o Weitarahāute ia.

Ko te mahi motuhake tuatahi

I roto i tona rangahau mo te toenga o mowhiti o Saturn. I mua i te mahi i tenei mahi Kovalevskaya Rāpāra (arorangi French, ahupūngao me te mathematician). I roto i tona pepa, i mahara iho ia Saturn mowhiti i te puka o te matatini o te maha kikokore, kahore e whakaawe tetahi ki tetahi, huānga. I roto i te ako, ka kitea ia e i roto i ripeka-wāhanga tukua atu i roto i te puka o te pororapa. Heoi, ko anake tenei otinga te tuatahi, he tino taurite. I whakaaetia Kovalevskaya ki ako mo te mowhiti equilibration tika atu. Kei te takoto te tikanga i roto i te kotahi wāhanga ripeka me aroaro i roto i te puka o te porotītaha.

tuhinga whakapae

Mai te timatanga o te hotoke 1873 me te puna o 1874 Kovalevskaya mahi i roto i te ako o ngā whārite pārōnaki pärönaki wāhanga. I tūmanakohia te reira ki te tapaea te mahi rite te tatararaa täkutatanga. Kua meinga tona mahi faahiahia i roto i te hapori pūtaiao. A iti i muri mai, Heoi, i kitea ai e kua puritia kē he ako taua Augustin Cauchy - he aivanaa French rongonui. Otiia i hoatu e ia Kovalevskaya puka ture tauwehe, tino i roto i tona tapatahi, nanakia me te pū i roto i tona mahi. Na reira, ka anga te raruraru kia huaina ki "Cauchy-Kovalevskaya ture tauwehe." Kei te whakaurua te reira i roto i akoranga tātari taketake katoa. O ngā moni kei roto i tona tātaritanga o te whārite wera. whakakitea te ako Kovalevskaya te oraraa o te mau huru motuhake. Ko reira faufaa hoki te whakatuwheratanga wā. I roto i tenei wā o tona piatanga mutu. Ko te Kaunihera o te Whare Wānanga o Göttingen ia he toketā i roto i te rapunga whakaaro pāngarau me te Kaiwhakaako o Fine Arts "ki te whakamoemiti teitei" i whakawhiwhia.

Ki te tana tane

I te tau 1874 ka haere mai hoki ki a Russia Sofia Kovalevskaya. Heoi, i te kāinga i taua wa he tikanga whakamataku e kore i taea e tukua e ratou ki a reira whai pūtaiao rite hiahia ia. Na roto i te wa he marena ki tana tane ka te hakari. noho wā tuatahi i roto i Germany, noho ratou i roto i nga pa rerekē, i kuraina i roto i ngā kura rerekē. Communication ki tana tane whakahaeretia i roto i pukapuka. I muri, Heoi, ka mau te hononga te puka rerekē. I roto i te 1878, i te tamahine Kovalevskaya. I muri i whanau ia e pā ana ki te ono marama pau Sophia i te moenga. Doctors i kahore tumanako o te ora. riro tonu te rauropi, engari kua te ngakau kua patua te mate nui.

Ko te tiango o te whānau

Kovalevskaya ko he tane, he tamaiti, he runaruna tino. e mea he e tenei kia kua nui ki te kia tino hari. Otiia ko Kovalevskaya maximalism moku, a tawhio noa. Ia tonu hanga titauraa teitei o te ora, me te ki te hunga katoa a tawhio noa ia. e rongo tonu ia i taurangi toku tahu o te aroha, hiahia e whakakitea te wa katoa e ia ona rongo. Otiia kihai i Kovalevsky. Ko ia he tangata rerekē, rite ki te nui ngākau mō te pūtaiao, me te tana wahine. Whakaotia tiango i roto i whanaunga ka haere mai, ka faaoti ratou ki te tīmata i te pakihi. Heoi, ahakoa tenei, noho pono ki te pūtaiao Kovalevskaya. Otiia kihai i taea e ia tonu ki te mahi i roto i Russia. I muri i te kohuru o te kingi o te āhuatanga i roto i te whenua kua tupuheke tino. haere Sophia me tana tamahine ki Berlin, me tana tane - ki Odessa, tona teina. Heoi, mau Vladimir Onufrievich nui i roto i to ratou mau ohipa pakihi, me i te po o te 15 i runga i April 16, 1883 mahi hoki i te whakamomori. ko Kovalevskaya i Paris, i te ka e ahau te rongo. I muri i te hunaraa, ka hoki ia ki a Berlin, ka haere ia ki Weitarahāute.

University Stockholm

ako Weitarahāute o te mate o tana tahu Kowalewski, e kia tonu mahere Paea ki te hanga pūtaiao te whāinga o te ora katoa, i tuhituhi Mitgag-Leffler, tona hoa. I roto i te pukapuka, korero ia e pā ana ki te meka i teie nei i reira he mea tu ki te tuku i te akonga ki te haere tonu i te mahi. I maoro i taea ki te pai Kovalevskaya whakautu pai i Sweden Weitarahāute. January 30, 1884 lau ia te kauhau tuatahi. Ko te akoranga, i te pānui i roto i Tiamana Kovalevskaya, ko o te āhua tūmataiti. Otiia, i hanga e ia ia he kupu tohutohu pai. I te mutunga o Pipiri 1884, riro ia te rongo i whakaritea ahorangi mo te 5 tau.

mahi hou

faahohonu atu me te ake wahine ahorangi i roto i te rangahau. Na kua ia kua ako i tetahi o nga wero rahi e pā ana ki te hurihanga tinana mārō. whakapono ia e te mea e taea e ia te whakaoti i te reira, ka tona ingoa e tapiritia ki te maha o nga pūtaiao tino o te ao. E ai ki a ia tata, e hiahiatia ana 5 tau ki te whakaoti i te mahi.

tuhituhi auaha

I roto i te puna o 1886 riro Sofya te rongo o te huru nui o tona tuahine. haere ia te kāinga. hoki Kovalevskaya ki Stockholm ki te ngakau taimaha. I roto i tenei ahua, e kore i taea tonu te reira ki te ako. Heoi, ka kitea e ia he ara ki te kōrero e pā ana ki to ratou mau mana'o e pā ana ki a ratou ano, ratou whakaaro. ka mahi tuhituhi tuarua te mea tino nui, mahi nei i roto i Sofia Kovalevskaya. Ko te pukapuka, i tuhituhi ia i te wa ki a Anne-Charlotte Edgren-Leffler, na hopukia reira, te reira i roto i tenei wa e kore i hoki ki te rangahau mai.

kitea hītori

I muri ora i te ru, hoki Kovalevskaya ki mahi pūtaiao. tamata ia ki te whakaoti i te raruraru o te huringa o te tinana mārō huri noa te wāhi pateko taimaha. Te whakaiti i te raruraru ki te tuitui o te pūnaha o ngā whārite e kua tautuhia tonu te wāhi e toru. Kei te tino faatiti'aifarohia te raruraru, i te mea e taea ki te kitea te tuawha. Kua rua i kitea e ia i te aroaro o te whakatuwheratanga o te Kovalevskaya. Scientists e kua ako te raruraru kua Lagrange me Hēura. kitea Kovalevska toru take me te tukunga wāhi tuawha. Te whakatau i roto i tona taatoaraa i tino uaua. I momoho te akakoromaki i te mahi i awhina tino matauranga mahi hyperelliptic. Na inaianei 4 wāhi taurangi te tīariari anake i roto i ngā take e toru: Lagrange, Hēura, ko Kovalevskaya.

Tohu Borden

I roto i te 1888, i runga i te 6 o Hakihea, ka tonoa te Paris Academy he reta Kovalevskaya. I mea te reira e kua whakawhiwhia ia te poari utu. Me mea te reira e runga i te hawhe rau mai i tōna timatanga iho ano o taua te rangatira o te 10 iwi. I roto i tenei take, katoa o enei wa akaaoanga, i kore tino whakawhiwhia reira, engari mo te takitahi, te ngā rongoā. I mua ki te whakatuwheratanga o te taonga Kovalevskaya i whakawhiwhia kahore tetahi mo te toru tau karapīpiti. He wiki i muri i te fariiraa i te rongo, ka haere ia ki Paris. Peresideni o te Academy o Janssen, arorangi me te ahupūngao, popou Sofya Vasilyevna. ka mea ia e no te mea o te mafatukituki o te rangahau reira, nui haere te moni i 3 ki te 5 mano pümautanga.

Award o te Swedish Academy

I muri i te fariiraa i te tohu noho Borden Kovalevskaya tata Paris. Here tonu ia rangahau o te tinana hurihanga mō te whakataetae mo te tohu o Kingi Oscar II o te Swedish Academy. I roto i te ngahuru, i te timatanga o te wāhanga i te whare wānanga, ka hoki ia ki a Stockholm. rawa hohoro te mahi haere. hiahia Kovalevskaya ki te whai wa ki te whakaoti i te ako, ki te tuku mahi mo te whakataetae. Hoki tona mahi riro ia rima rau karauna.

E ngana ana ki te hoki ki Russia

Ahakoa te angitu, kihai i tetahi mea hari Kovalevskaya. haere ia mo te maimoatanga hauora, engari kihai i oti i te reira. I muri i te wa poto, takahi ano tona hauora. I roto i tenei ahua, i taea ki te haere tonu i te ako Kovalevskaya ka tahuri ano ki te tuhinga. Tona hiahia mo Russia, tamata ia ki te tinei, i roto i te kōrero o te iwi, me o ratou whenua tupu. ko ia tino fuu ki te waiho i roto i te whenua ke. Otiia ahakoa te angitu rahi, kihai i reira pea ki te tango i te wahi i roto i te whare wānanga rohe. haere mai Hope ka Whiringa 7, 1888 i pōtitia ia he mema ōrite o te Ahupūngao me te Pāngarau o te Russian Academy. I roto i te April 1890, ka haere ia whare. I tumanako Kovalevskaya e ka whiriwhiri ai i te mema o te Academy e mate hei utu Schwarz. Ko te kupu, i taea whiwhi reira motuhake pūtea, e pai whakatairanga rangahau atu i roto i to ratou whenua.

Ko te tau whakamutunga o tona ora

I roto i te St Petersburg Kovalevskaya i rave rahi taime te toro Peresideni o te Russian Academy. ko tonu Grand Duke Konstantin huatau, me te atawhai ki a ia, e mea ana e e te mea pai ki te hoki mai ia te kāinga. Otira ka hiahia Kovalevskaya ki tapaea rite te mema kaituhi o te Academy i te hui, i whakakahore ia no te mea ko reira "e kore e tikanga". taunu nui i roto i Russia kore i taea tuu i te reira. I roto i te Mahuru, tae hoki Kovalevskaya i Stockholm. January 29, 1891, i mate ia i te tau o 41, te tau o te kore ngakau.

mutunga

Ko Kovalevskaya he tangata faahiahia. i tino ia tono i roto i nga mea katoa e karapotia ia. Ko kahore mathematician noa Russian me kaipūkaha, he kaiputaiao nui, e hoatu ana pūngao katoa ki te pūtaiao tenei. Ko reira pouri ki te ite e i Russia i taua wa kihai i hurihia ei ia e tika ana te aro kua kore i mohio ona hua, ahakoa te rongonui tiketike i roto i porowhita pūtaiao ki waho. E kore e matara atu ana i te nui Riki Museum kei te Sofia Kovalevskaya. Polibino ko tona whenua tuarua, ko te wahi i reira whakakitea e ia tona attraction ki pūtaiao.