Spacesuits astronauts: pūrere taumahi. Ko te take tuatahi

astronauts Spacesuits - e kore te reira tika whakakakahu i hoki misioni i roto i te ohuraa. Ko te tuatahi o enei ka puta i roto i te tīmatanga o te rau tau rua tekau. Ko te wa ka ki runga ki te rere wāhi i tata te hawhe te rau. Heoi, te kitenga o pūtaiao e te whanaketanga o te wāhi extraterrestrial, nga ngā o e rerekē i to tatou mua, mooni. Ko te aha hoki misioni heke mai ka haere ake te pūeru vavā, i te mea e taea ki te tiaki i te tangata i te taiao whakamate hoki ia.

Ko te ariā o te spacesuit

He aha te mea te taputapu mo te haere wāhi? Spacesuit - Ko te ahua o te semeio o te hangarau. Ko te teihana wāhi iti replicating te āhua o te tinana tangata.

Ko te spacesuit hou rawa ki te pūnaha tautoko kaipōkai ora katoa. Otiia ahakoa te matatini o te pūrere, he kiato, me te wa kei mea katoa i roto i reira.

History o hanga

Ko te kupu "take" he pakiaka French. E tomo te ariā e whakaarohia i roto i te 1775 Abbot mathematician Zhan Batist De Pas Chapelle. O te akoranga, i te mutunga o te rau tau 18 o rere ki wāhi, tangata noa moe o. Ko te kupu "take", i roto i te tikanga Kariki "poti-iwi", ka whakaritea e te reira ki te tono ki te taputapu ruku.

Ki te taeraa mai o te wāhi tau whakamahia tenei ariā i roto i te reo Rusia. Anake i konei kua riro te reira i te tikanga paku rerekē. timata te tangata ki te piki teitei me te teitei. I roto i tenei hononga i reira ko he hiahia mo te taputapu motuhake. Na, i te teitei o e whitu kiromita reira mahana kakahu, me te hāora kanohi. Tawhiti i roto i te whānuitanga o tekau mano mita e tika ana ki te maturuturunga iho pēhanga rapu i te fare pressurized me te take paremata. Kore, ka e mutu pairati marama depressurization ki te takanga mai te hāora. Well, ki te haere koe i ara teitei? I roto i tenei take, ka hiahia koe i te take wāhi. Me kia ia rawa raru. A, no te e whakaora i te pēhanga ā-i roto i te take (te nuinga i roto i 40 ōrau o kōhauhau) ora kaiurungi.

I roto i te 1920, he maha o ngā tuhinga o te physiologist English Dzhona Holdena. I roto i a ratou ka ui te kaituhi i ki te whakamahi i whakawa maha o ki te tiaki i te hauora me te ora o balloonists. tamata noa ia ki te whakatinana i ō rātou whakaaro. hanga e ia he take taua a tamata i te reira i roto i te ruma pēhanga, te wahi i kitea ai te pēhanga hāngai ki te teitei o 25.6 km. Heoi, ko te hanga o te poihau e taea whakatika ki te kōhaupapa - e kore te pai cheap. Na te tikanga i te balloonist American Mark Ridge, hoki i whakamahia te kākahu ahurei,, kāore, e kore e kohia. Ko Ko te aha e kore i te hūtu Holden i mahi i whakamatauria.

Whanaketanga o kaipūtaiao Soviet

I roto i to tatou whenua whai wāhi i roto i te mataaro spacesuit Evgeniy Chertovsky, nei ko te mema o te Institute o Aviation Medicine. Hoki iwa nga tau, i te tau 1931 ki te 1940, whakawhanakehia e ia 7 tauira o taputapu hiri. faaoti kaipūkaha Soviet tuatahi o te ao nekeneke raruraru. Ko te take i te ara ki te tetahi spacesuit teitei ballooned. I muri i taua, takoha te pairati i ki kia mau tautooraa noa nui ki whakapiko noa te waewae ringa ranei. Ko te aha i hangaia te tauira B-2 rite he kaipūkaha ki te inihi.

I roto i te 1936, he putanga hou o te taputapu wāhi. Ko te tauira B-3, kei roto tata katoa te kōrero reira i roto i whakawa hou e whakamahi i te cosmonauts Russian. Whakamatautau tenei kōwhiringa, ka mau taputapu motuhake wahi 19.05.1937 I roto i te rererangi taimaha i whakamahia TB-3 rite te waka.

Mai 1936, i whakawhanakehia te whakawa wāhi astronauts me Engineers taitamariki o te Central hydrodynamic Institute. E tenei ratou ue'i tuatahitia tuuaki-fi kiriata "Space Haerenga", hanga i roto i te mahi tahi ki a Konstantin Tsiolkovsky.

Ko te take tuatahi ki te taupū SK-UP-1 taitamariki Engineers i hangaia, hangaia, ka whakamatautau i roto i te tika 1937 ongo ara waho o tenei taputapu tohu tona ūnga extraterrestrial. I roto i te tauira tuatahi mō te tūhono i te wahi o raro, me te runga o te whitiki i whakaratohia tūhono. Whakarato nui hononga nekeneke pokohiwi. hanga ana tēnei koti take e o te rua-apa papanga rubberized.

He rerekē aroaro pūnaha take ahua atu houtanga motuhake, hangaia hoki 6 haora o te mahi tonu. SK-TAAHIRAA-8 - I te tau 1940, i hanga te spacesuit Soviet mua-te pakanga whakamutunga. Whakamātautau o te taputapu kawea i runga i te toa-153.

Creation o te hanga motuhake

I roto i nga tau vahaataimi, te kaupapa ki te hoahoa whakawa wāhi haukotia Flight Research Institute. Kua riro ona tohunga te mahi o te hoahoa kākahu, hangaia hoki kaiurungi rererangi, ki te wikitoria tere hou, me te teitei. Heoi, no te hanga papatipu o te whare kotahi kihai i reira nui. Ko te aha i roto i Oketopa 1952 i hanga he tari motuhake he kaipūkaha Aleksandrom Boyko. Ko ia i roto i te Tomilino tāone, te tau tipu 918. I teie mahana, i huaina te tipu ko NPP "Zvezda". I reira i te wa te take Gagarin i hanga.

Flying i roto i te wāhi

I roto i te mutunga o nga 1950, he wā hou o te whanaketanga o te wāhi extraterrestrial. Ko reira i roto i tenei wā o Engineers hoahoa Soviet tīmata te hoahoa i te "Vostok" - te waka wāhi tuatahi. Heoi, i te tīmatanga whakaritea ai e tika te wāhi e kore e nga astronauts kia tika hoki tenei tākirirangi. I mahara te pairati ki kia i roto i te ipu piri motuhake, i te mea ki te e wehea mai i te taunga o te capsule uri. Heoi, whakamatauria tenei kaupapa ki te kia tino cumbersome me, ano, ka ui whakamātautau wā roa-whakahaere. Ko Ko te aha te whakaritenga ā-o te "Te Tai Rāwhiti" i roto i August 1960, kua waihanga.

Kua puta ke Sergei Korolev Bureau tohunga te ipu i runga i te nohoanga ejection. I roto i tenei whakaaro, e hiahiatia ana astronauts heke mai tiaki i roto i te hui o te depressurization. A ko reira te take. Heoi, ko te wa hoki tona tauranga ki te pūnaha rererangi hapa. I roto i tenei whakaaro, katoa i he tika mo te oranga o te pairati, whakanohoia tika i roto i te parahiraa.

i huaina nga spacesuits tuatahi astronauts SC-1. Kua ratou take turanga teitei, "Vorkuta" Kua riro, hangaia hoki toa-Interceptor Su-9 kaiurungi. Whakaotia anō i raro potae anake. whakatūria te reira i te tikanga e whakahaere te pūoko. Ki te te pēhanga i roto i te take slams tonu te visor mārama.

Taputapu mō astronauts hanga i runga i ngā paerewa takitahi. Hoki te rere tuatahi i hanga ai mo te hunga e whakakitea te taumata pai o whakangungu. Tenei tokotoru o te feia faatere, i ngā Yuri Gagarin, Tiamana Titov ko Grigory Nelyubov.

Te mea faahiahia, te astronauts i roto i te wāhi i muri tae mai te take. kua Ko tētahi o nga whakawa motuhake SC-1 waitohu kua tonoa ki te ohuraa i roto i rua rōnihi whakamātautau unmanned o te "Vostok" waka ātea, puritia i roto i te Maehe 1961. I tua atu ki te i aia atu whakamātautau i runga i te poari, ko te ropi pūeru "Ivan Ivanovich", kakahu i roto i te take. I roto i te uma o tenei tangata horihori tāuta te whare herehere ki te poaka hereni i me kiore. A i roto i te tikanga ki ū ki te kaiwhakaatu wā ruarua kihai i manako ki "Ivan Ivanovich" mo te manene, whakanohoia te papa i raro i te visor o tona take ki te tuhituhinga "Tahora".

Nga SC-1 whakamahia hoki whati topu e rima o te "Vostok". Heoi, astronauts wahine taea rere i roto i a ratou. Hoki ratou, ka hanga te tauira SC-2. I kitea tuatahi te reira i ona whakamahi i roto i te rere o te "Vostok-6". hangaia matou te take, tango ki pūkete nga peculiarities o te hanganga tinana wahine, mo Valentina Tereshkova.

Whanaketanga o ngā tohunga American

I roto i te whakatinana i te hōtaka etehi "Mercury" US kaihoahoa mo nga Engineers Soviet, ko te kupu hanga ratou tono. Na, ko te take wāhi American tuatahi ki pūkete te meka e te astronauts i te wāhi i roto i te heke mai ka waiho roa i roto i te ohuraa.

hanga Designer Rassel Kolli kua he motuhake ahu Navy Mark, tikanga tuatahi mo te rerenga nga kaiurungi o te rererangi manuao. Rerekē te tahi atu tauira, i ngāwari tenei take, me te i te taimaha āhua iti. Hei whakamahi i tēnei kōwhiringa i roto i ngā hōtaka wāhi i roto i te hoahoa kua maha ngā whakarerekētanga e pānga matua te pūrere potae.

Ko te whakawa Ameliká kua kï ratou tika. Anake kotahi, ka te capsule "Mercury-4" taraiwa, ka timata te totohu, tata pakura, te take te vavā Virgil Grissona. papaki ana te whakahaere i te pairati ki te tiki atu, na kia pehea te roa e kore i taea te momotu i te pūnaha ora-tautoko onboard.

Waihanga whakawa tu-anake

Nā ki te tere tere o te whanaketanga o te wāhi e hiahiatia ana ki te hanga i te kākahu motuhake hou. I muri i te katoa, ko nga tauira tuatahi faaoraraa anake. Nā ki te meka e kua piri ratou ki te pūnaha tautoko ora o te waka ātea topu, e kore i taea e astronauts i roto i te wāhi i roto i taua taputapu haere. Hei putaatu te wāhi extraterrestrial tuwhera i tika ki te hanga i te take wāhi whaiaro-roto. mahi ēnei kaihoahoa o te USSR me te USA.

Ameliká raro i tona hōtaka wāhi "Gemini" waihanga putanga hou o whakawa G3C, G4C, me g5c. tikanga te tuarua o ratou i hoki spacewalks. Ahakoa te meka i hono spacesuits US katoa ki te pūnaha ora-tautoko onboard, i hanga wae whaiaro-roto ki roto ratou. Ki te tika, e te mea rauemi rawa nui ki te tautoko i te ora kaipōkai i roto i te hawhe haora.

tukua te G4C hūtu 03.06.1965 i roto i tuwhera wāhi American Edvard Uayt. Heoi, kihai i ia he pionie. No te marama e rua, me te hawhe te aroaro o reira i muri ki te kaipuke haere i roto i te wāhi Alexei Leonov. Hoki tenei rere hītori, whakawhanakehia Engineers Soviet te take o "Berkut". taa ê te reira i i NC-1 i te aroaro o te rua te raunga. I tua atu, i te take Zaplechny peketua, rite rawa ki te ipurau hāora, me i tona potae tāmau tātari.

I roto i te marae e hono te tangata ki te taura poti e whitu-mita, hei wāhanga o i i te pūrere damping, waea hiko, waea rino me te ngongo hoki supply hāora whawhati tata. ka mau Historic roto i te wāhi extraterrestrial wahi i runga i 18.03.1965, ko Alexei Leonov waho te waka ātea mō te 23 meneti. 41 hēk.

Ko te whakawa mo te tūhura o te Moon

I muri i te whanaketanga o te ohuraa tangata o te whenua kokiri. Na ko tona whāinga tuatahi ki te whakahaere misioni ki te marama. Otiia e hiahiatia ana tenei whakawa wāhi motuhake motuhake, e pai kia waho i te kaipuke mo te ruarua haora. i hanga e ratou i nga Ameliká i roto i te "Apollo" whanaketanga hōtaka. whakarato ēnei whakawa tiaki mo nga astronauts i pukā solar me i micrometeorites. Ko te putanga tuatahi whakawhanakehia spacesuits kaupeka huaina A5L. I muri mai, Heoi, reira kua pai ake. Ko te putanga hou A6L whakaratohia mātao wera koti. Putanga A7L ko ahua fireproof.

spacesuits Marama Ko te wāhi kākahu maha-paparanga, i hononga ngāwari i hanga o rapa. Holy me kara he mowhiti konganuku mō te āpitihanga hiri karapu me te potae. whakawa buttoned te whakamahi i kumemau poutū tuia i te tapatapa ki te kaki.

whakatakotoria Ameliká waewae i runga i te marama 21.07.1969, te I roto i tenei rere, kitea te whakamahi o te A7L whakawa.

Kei te haere tatou ki te marama, me cosmonauts Soviet. Hoki tenei misioni ko ki te waihanga spacesuits "Merlin." Ko te putanga āhua-mārō o te take, e i te tatau motuhake hoki. i te kaipōkai ki piki ki reira, kakahu kupu i roto i te taputapu. kati e ahau te tatau i te roto. Kua hoki tenei whakaaro kua whakaratohia he hua taha me te kaupapa matatini o taura. Roto te take i, me te pūnaha ora-tautoko. Kia aroha mai, te toronga i runga i te marama i te cosmonauts Soviet ka rahua. Ko hangaia ki te hāngai i muri whakamahia i roto i te whanaketanga o ētahi atu tauira taua flights.

Taputapu mo te kaipuke hōu

whakarewatanga o "Soyuz" Timata i 1967, ka anga te Soviet Union. nga waka hangaia mo te hanganga o teihana orbital enei. Wā poto ki runga ki a ratou astronauts wā nui haere.

"Union" i hanga take "Hawk" mo e rere i te kaipuke. Ko tōna rerekētanga i te "Berkut" ka mau wahi i roto i te hoahoa pūnaha tautoko ora. Ki te tona awhina te tohanga o te ranunga manawa i hanga i roto i te take. Here, kua horoia reira o paranga me te hauhā me te ka te matao o.

Ko te take faaora hou "Sokol-K" whakamahia i roto i te rere o "Soyuz-12" i roto i te Mahuru 1973, hokona tauira atu matatau o te kakahu paruru noa hoko māngai i roto i China. Ko e me'a mālie ia ka rere koutou i te waka ātea topu e "Shanchzhou" astronauts i roto i i taka ana e ia i roto i te taputapu, he reira rawa haamana'oraa o te tauira Russian.

Hoki spacewalk Kua hanga kaihoahoa Soviet te take wāhi "Orlan". Ko te taputapu motuhake āhua-mārō, rite ki te kaupeka "gyrfalcon". Hoatu ki runga i te reira mai ano i roto i te kuwaha i roto i te hoki. Ko, i rite ki te "Krechet", i te ao "ekara". Ana, karekau me waewae kihakiha ngāwari whakaritea ki te tiketike e hiahiatia ana.

Ko te spacesuits "Orlan" Kei te kore rere cosmonauts Russian anake. I muri i te tauira o te taputapu kua hanga nga Hainamana ratou "Feitian". I roto i a ratou, ka haere ratou ki waho ki te marae.

Nga o te heke mai

Ki te rā, kei te whakawhanake i NASA tētahi hōtaka wāhi hou. Ēnei ngā rerenga ki Asteroids, te marama, me te ope ki a Matawhero. Ko te aha ki te whanaketanga tonu o akatuke'anga hou ki nga whakawa, e i roto i te heke mai, ka whai te hono ki nga mau huru pai katoa o whakawa mahi me te taputapu faaora. I te aha kē e mutu ngā, he unknown tonu reira.

Pea ka waiho hei patu pakeke uaua e tiaki te tangata i te awenga waho kino katoa, pea, tukua hangarau hou ki te hanga i tētahi anga ao, huatau kia e ka mauruuru e te astronauts wahine heke mai.