Meiji Fakafoki - he matatini o whakahounga tōrangapū, hōia, me te pāpori-ohaoha i roto i Japan

Meiji Fakafoki i Japan - te matatini o ngā mahi kāwanatanga kawea atu i roto i te 1868-1889 tau. Kei te hono te reira ki te hanganga o te kingitanga hou o te pūnaha. Events whakaaetia ki te wahi i te ara tuku iho o te ora o te taupori, me te tere whakatinana i te whakatutukitanga o te Te Hau-ā-uru. Whakaaroa atu pehea te Faaho'i-Meiji.

Hanganga o te kāwanatanga hou

I muri ka hoki te Shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu te mana ki te Hiha, kua te kāwanatanga hou kua hanga e. I te timatanga o Hānuere 1868 i karangatia ai he tikanga i runga i te tīmatanga o huringa whakahaere. E ai ki te tuhinga, mutu te Tokugawa Shogunate ki te tīariari. mana kāwanatanga, ko te kupu kē ki te emepera me tona kāwanatanga. I te hui, ka whakaritea e te reira ki te faaere i te Shogun mua te nuinga o nga taitara whenua me rarangi. i hanga e kaitautoko o te kāwanatanga o mua ki te tikanga taua. Ka rite ki te hua, wahia te āhua kia rua nga wahi. timata te pakanga kaiākiri te whenua.

ātete

I roto i te mutunga o Hānuere, kaitautoko o te shogunate mua i te whakamātau ki te hopu Kyoto ki whakahokia ratou ture. Ki a ratou i roto i te torutoru, engari fakaeonopooni ope o te Hiha. patua 27-30 Kohitātea 1868 te tutu i i te Battle o Toba-Fushimi. Ko te emepaea ope oho ki te raki-rawhiti. I roto i Mei 1868 te tuatahi tukua Edo. I roto i te raumati, me te ngahuru o ngā hōia e whawhai ana i roto i te wahi raki o te kāwanatanga ki te Alliance Northern, e hoki i mahi i te taha o te shogunate mua. Otiia i roto i te Ātete Army o Whiringa i te mutunga pakaru ki te tuku o te whare rangatira o Aizu-Wakamatsu.

I muri i te hurihanga o Yoshinobu, ka mohiotia e te nuinga o nga whenua te mana emepaea. Heoi, tonu te matua o nga kaitautoko mua o te shogunate, i arahina e te hapu Aizu, te parenga. ka mau Battle wahi, i roa te marama. Ko te mutunga o Hepetema 23, 1868 Aizu kīia hinga, i muri i nei te nuinga o te taitamariki samurai rōpū "Ko te White Tiger" mahi hoki i te mate whakamomori. He marama i muri mai, ka whakaingoatia Edo Tokyo. Mai i taua wa i timata ai te hītori o te Meiji.

anga o te kāwanatanga

Te mana emepaea i roto i te ātete ā kia whakatau ona ake paerewa tōrangapū. I roto i te Hui-tanguru o 1868 ua faaite te kāwanatanga ona māngai tika o āhua ke. Ka rite ki te matenga o te whenua mahi i runga i, te kingi. I ia te tika ki te kawe i roto i te kaupapa here ke, ki te whakatū i whanaunga takawaenga. I roto i te tīmatanga o Paenga-whāwhā, i whakaputaina tūtohinga Fakapapau. E whakatakoto ana te reira i roto i te mau parau tumu taketake, e kia tika te Faaho'i-Meiji i Japan. I roto i enei whakarato rima kōwae:

1. Te noho ture.
2. Whai wāhi i roto i ngā māngai whakatau-hanga o ngā akomanga katoa.
3. Tuhinga o whakatoihara iwi.
4. Tautukunga ki ngā tikanga ture o te ao.
5. kī i te maia o te ao i roto i te tikanga ki te whiwhi i te matauranga e tika ana ki te whakapakari i te whakahaere.

I roto i te Hune 1868 noa i whakaaetia te ture o gosustroystve hanganga käwanatanga hou. I mohiotia tenei e rite te Chamber o te State Kaunihera o te nui. tono Kāwanatanga te parau tumu ōkawa o te wehenga o mana i runga i te māngai o te manga United States Constitution, ture, me te whakahaere. I runga i te mōhiohio e waha ana i te mau ohipa i te reira e anō-pōtitia ki o ratou pou kotahi i roto i te 4 tau. Ko te hanganga o te tari pokapū o te ratonga matua kua whakaaetia. whakamana ratou te mahi o nga minitatanga. Ko te rohe i hanga e e te mahi o raro, e tohu ana i te mana pokapū i roto i te wae whakahaere-rohe. I muri i te hopu o Edo me whakaingoa i te reira i roto i Tokyo, i roto i te Oketopa whāngai i te parau tumu hou o Meiji. riro Japan he whakapaipai hou.

Announcements mo te iwi whānui

Ahakoa te meka e kua tino whakahoutia te pūnaha mana, ki te kāwanatanga i roto i kore hohoro kawe i whakahounga pāpori-ohaoha. I roto i te tīmatanga o Paenga-whāwhā i whakaputaina 1868 5 fanongonongo tūmatanui ki te tangata. whakaturia ratou i roto hoki i te mau parau tumu tuku iho o te ture era o mua. I hāngai ratou i runga i morare Confucian. Kua tohe te kāwanatanga tangata ki te whakarongo ki rangatira, ki te kia pono ki o ratou hoa faaipoipo, ki faatura ratou kaumatua me ngā mātua. I te wa ano pohewatia matou me fakangatangata. Heoi, e kore e tukua rallies me whakahe, rōpū tūmatanui, te whaki o Karaitiana.

huringa whakahaere

Ka rite tetahi o nga tikanga mo te hanga i te pūrere whakakorenga mua āhua kotahitanga whakamana. wae Whakahaere-rohe i nga kawanatanga motuhake, te mana nei e te daimyo. I roto i te Pakanga Civil, raupatutia te kāwanatanga taonga o te shogunate me wehea ki prefectures. I te wa ano i mahue matou te rohe, e kore e nei i te mana tika i te emepera.

Meiji kingitanga o te ariki e whakaarohia ki te hoia e wha rangatiratanga Khan. Daimyo o Satsuma, Hizen, Choshu me Tosa i whakaaetia ai ki reira. ka hoki ratou ki to ratou whenua ki te iwi ki te āhua. Na puritia ana e ratou i te Hiha. whakahau Meiji kāwanatanga ki te mahi i nga rangatiratanga ano, me te tahi atu. I roto i te nuinga o te wā, ka mau te whakawhitinga kāwanatanga o mana wahi hohoro a noa. 12 anake rangatira a Ātete. Heoi, i takoha ratou ki te whakawhiti i te registries whenua me te iwi whānui i runga i te whakahau. I roto i te hokinga mai, ka te daimyo nga upoko o tari ä-rohe, ka timata ki te farii i utu kāwanatanga.

Ahakoa te whakawhiti ōkawa o whenua ki te kāwanatanga, kihai i nga khans ratou whakakorea. puritia ratou daimyo te tika ki te kohikohi takoha, ki te hanga i nga hoia i runga i o ratou rohe i faataahia. Ko te kupu, ko te whakahaere noho rohe āhua-motuhake.

Heoi, kua meinga te hawhe taua o nga whakahounga Meiji whakaahunga i roto i te iwi. Hoki te whakawhiti whakamutunga ki te ahua kotahitanga o te pūrere i te mutunga o Akuhata 1871 ua faaite te Kāwanatanga he whakakorenga whānui o Khans me te whakatū o prefectures. i whakawhiti daimyo mua ki Tokyo. I roto i to ratou wahi, i whakaritea te kāwanatanga kawana o prefectures, ti'aturi i runga i te pokapū. Tae noa 1888 i heke te maha o ngā rohe i 306 ki te 47. Ka rite ki tautuhia he rohe motuhake i Hokkaido. Na roto i te prefectures i rite me nga pa nui o Osaka, Kyoto ko Tokyo.

Huringa i roto i te kāwanatanga

Ka rite ki te pūtake o te peka whakahaere i mahi te hanganga whakahaere o te rau tau 8. Ka rite ki te hua o te whakahou kāwanatanga Meiji te wehea ki ruma e toru: te tika, te maui, me te matua. takaro te whakamutunga te tūranga o te rūnanga. Kei roto te reira i āhua reira, te matau, me te mahue minita me kaiwhakatakoto whakaaro. mahi te ruma mahue rite te tinana hanganga ture. ngā te peka matau o 8 manatü, te kaiārahi o i kawea atu e minita me ariki. i noho te nuinga o nga pou i roto i te kāwanatanga i uri o nga rangatiratanga mua-tīariari. hanga e ratou "Khan totohe." no tari Main ki te kāhui tāone.

ao hōu ope

Ko reira tetahi o nga mahi matua o te kāwanatanga i roto i te wā Meiji. ngā te hōia o te rangatiratanga mua-tīariari o samurai. Heoi, kua whakakorea ēnei wāhanga, ka haere te ope i tāpaetanga o te Pakanga Tāhuhu. I roto i te Hānuere 1873 i te kaupapa o te mahi hōia ao Yamagata Aritomo me Ōmura Masujirō i whakaurua e te kāwanatanga. Mai i taua wa nga tangata katoa e kua tae e rua tekau nga tau, e tika ki te mahi i roto i te ope, ahakoa o ratou mana pāpori. Takunga i herenga hōia, me te riro te matenga o nga kainga o te mau utuafare, ngā ākonga, āpiha a te kāwanatanga me te takitahi ki te utu i te mahi tohu o 270 yen. ko te ope hou te nuinga peasants.

i haere tahi Meiji Revolution kore anake e huringa i roto i te ope patu o te kāwanatanga. Wehe, i hanga e wae pirihimana i te ope. i subordinated ratou ki te Tāhū o te Ture tae noa ki 1872, ka ki te whakawhitinga i muri i roto i te whakahaere o te Tāhuhu o Interior. i whakaritea wae uruhi ture o te whakapaipai ki te Tari motuhake o te Pirihimana o Tokyo.

whenua

pa Meiji Revolution me taupori o te kāwanatanga. Na roto i te mutunga o Pipiri 1869 te Kāwanatanga 2 hanahana faingamālie i hanga e: kazoku (rangatira) me shizoku (Untitled). Ko te tuatahi ngā whakapaipai tika ki nga rangatira daimyos liquidated Khans rangatiratanga. Ko te gentry ki samurai iti, me te reo. hāngai ana te piha Meiji Fakafoki i ki te whakatutuki i te pakanga mau tonu i waenganui i te aristocrats me te samurai. rapu te kāwanatanga ki te whakakore i Pharoah i roto i te hapori, me te ki te whakakore i te tauira wharekarakia o hanga whanaungatanga, "Mr. - he pononga." Me ki tenei haere tahi te piha Meiji Fakafoki i te taha o te karanga o te ōritetanga o peasants, kaihokohoko me kaimahi, ahakoa o ratou tūranga, me te mahi. huaina katoa o ratou i heymin (iwi noa). I roto i te piha haapiiraa i taua i roto i te tau 1871 ngā te pariah, ki te kia aukatia ki i roto i te wā Edo. te iwi noa katoa i ki te whai i te ingoa (i mua i ratou samurai anake). Untitled me hanahana ui i whakawhiwhia he mau faaipoiporaa mezhsoslovnye. whakarato hoki Meiji Fakafoki mo te whakakāhoretanga o ngā here i runga i te hokohoko me te huringa haere. I te timatanga o Paenga-whāwhā 1871 i puta ai i te Kawanatanga o te ture i runga i te rēhitatanga o tangata. Te tau e whai ake nei, i tomo ratou i roto i te pukapuka rēhita posemeynye i runga ki te whenua.

Raruraru o te ōhanga

ko Gentry i te tautoko kāwanatanga tonu. Māngai o tenei piha e tango te penihana ā-tau o te 30% o te pūtea katoa. Hei faaiti i tēnei pikaunga tūmatanui i roto i 1873, haere te kāwanatanga he ture i raro i nei i te penihana hoki ki te ariki. I raro i ona tikanga, i te rangatira ki te hoatu ake nga utu whakapumautia mua i roto i te manakohia o te moni kotahi-wā. Tenei, Heoi, e kore e whakaoti i te raruraru ngā. nui haere te nama motu i runga i utu o penihana tamau.

I roto i tenei horopaki, i roto i te 1876 hopea whakarerea te kāwanatanga te mahi. I roto i te taua tau i riria te samurai ki kakahu katana. Ka rite ki te hua o te Faaho'i-Meiji arahina ki te ngaro o te rerekētanga ture i waenganui i te samurai me te iwi noa. Ki te whakarite ka haere tona wahi ora o te piha haapiiraa haamaitaihia ki te mahi ā-iwi. Citizens ka kaiako, rangatira pirihimana me kalake kāwanatanga. E rave rahi i timata ki te whai wāhi i roto i ngā mahi ahuwhenua. Ko te wahi nui o te piha haapiiraa i okioki ki te rakahinonga. Heoi, tokomaha o ratou hohoro haere kaihau, mai i ratou kahore wheako arumoni. i whakaritea e te Kawanatanga o te samurai ki tautoko i karaati. Kua whakatenatena ano nga mana ratou ki te whakawhanake i te Hokkaido āhua-mohoao. Ko te mehua tangohia e te kāwanatanga e kore i kawea mai te pānga e hiahiatia, i ko te tikanga matua mō te pōuri heke mai.

mātauranga

Kura mātauranga kua hoki pehia tuwhena huringa. I te 1871 ka hanga e te reira e te whare pokapū kawenga mō te kaupapa here mātauranga. Te tau e whai ake nei, 1872, kua tangohia tenei mahi minita he taumira whakaae te kura o te tauira French. I roto i runga ki te pūnaha o waru rohe wānanga whakapumautia i hanga e te reira. i taea kua ia o ratou 32 kura me 1 wānanga. I roto i te taumata tohanga waenganui ki te waihanga wāhi motuhake. i ia o ratou ki te whakahaere 210 kura timatanga.

Kua te whakatinanatanga o tenei ture i roto i te mahi kua pā ana ki te maha o ngā raruraru. Te nuinga kihai i whakaaro te Tāhuhu nga taea tūturu o tangata me ngā kaiako. I roto i tenei whakaaro, i roto i te 1879-m i puta ture, rite takiwa ki i whakakorea te pūnaha i. I whāiti te whakangungu tuatahi ki te kura i runga i te tauira Tiamana. timata hoki te wa tuatahi ki te puta pūtahi, i roto i nei tamaroa e tamahine i whakaakona tahi.

whare wānanga

hanga te āhua kua mau tautooraa nui hoki to ratou whanaketanga. Na, ka mea whakau ki roto i 1877. Ko te Whare Wānanga o Tokyo. mahi te reira i te rota o tohunga ke, i karangatia e te kāwanatanga. Ko te prefectures i hanga i ngā whare ako, me ngä whare wänanga mō wahine. kaha tautoko kau taki Hapori kaupapa o te kāwanatanga i roto i te mara o te mātauranga. Hei tauira, whakapumautia Fukuzawa Yukichi tūmataiti Keio University me te kura e heke mai. I te tau 1880 kua tangohia etahi ture kāwanatanga e pā ana ki te whare wānanga, te mātauranga teitei, mātauranga tuatahi, me te tuarua.

huringa ahurea

hāngai ana te kāwanatanga i i te ao hou, o te kāwanatanga i roto i ao katoa o te ora. hāpai Power te whakataki o whakaaro Western auaha me ngā tauira. ka mau te nuinga ngā mema o te wahi hinengaro o te taupori he tirohanga pai o enei huringa. Ngā mihi ki te mau tautooraa o ngā kairīpoata, e whānui ka whakanekehia whakaaro hou i roto i te iwi whānui. I roto i te whenua i reira ko te ahua mo te Western, ahu whakamua, me te huatau katoa. Kua riro huringa taketake wahi i roto i te ara tuku iho o te ora o te taupori. Ko te pokapū tino matatau o te parahi Kobe, Tokyo, Osaka, Yokohama me ētahi atu pa nui. ka karanga ao hou o te ahurea i tarahu i te whakatutukitanga o Europe i te taha o te peha ka rongonui o "ao, me te fakamaama".

rapunga whakaaro

I roto i tenei rohe, rite te Māoritanga tino timata te raveraa i individualism Western me liberalism. te mau parau tumu morare, me te matatika tuku iho, e hāngai ana i runga i te Confucianism whakaaro i tawhitotia. I roto i te tuhinga, ka anga whakamāoritanga ki puta tohi o Darwin, Spencer, Rousseau, Hegel. I runga i te pūtake o enei akoranga timata Japan whakaaro ki te whakawhanake i te ariā o ngā tika tūturu ki te oaoa, herekore, taurite. Ēnei whakaaro horahia Nakamura Masanao me Fukuzawa Yukichi. Mahi i hanga e enei kaituhi, kua riro bestsellers. whai wāhi ratou mahi ki te whakangaromanga o te ao tuku iho me te hanganga o te mahara motu hou.

karakia

Kia i roto i 1868. I karangatia te akoranga i runga i te whakahokinga mai o te tufaa tawhito, faaoti te kāwanatanga ki te hanga i te karakia etene rohe o kāwanatanga Shinto. I taua tau i whakaaetia ai e te ture delimiting Buddhism me Shinto. i wehea wahi tapu etene i te monasteries. I te taua wa he tokomaha Putihi mau hiero ahiri te wāwāhitanga. Nga porowhita e pā ana, te piha haapiiraa waenganui, me pūkenga i hanga kaupapa anti-Putihi. I te tau 1870 i karangatia te whakapuakanga, kia rite ki nei, ka Shinto te haapa'oraa kāwanatanga mōhiohio. i hanumi i te wahi tapu ke katoa ki te whakahaere kotahi. ka tona matenga emepera rite te tohunga Shinto. Ka rite ki whakapuakina he hararei tūmatanui i arii ra o te whanau me te rā o te turanga o te āhua hou.

te ora

ao hou, Universal nui ke te ara tuku iho o te ora o te taupori. Ko te pa ka anga ki kākahu poto roru me Western kakahu. I te tīmatanga, horahia tenei ahua nga pononga hōia, me te ture i roto i. Ko te wā, ka tomo ia me nga tini whanui o te taupori. Āta ea utu i roto i Japan mo ngā taonga. I roto i Yokohama ko Tokyo timata ki te hanga i te whare tuatahi o te pereki, ki te hanga i te hau-rama. He he he waka hou - rickshaw. ka anga te reira i te whanaketanga o ngā ahumahi. Kua te hanga whakaurua hangarau uru. Kei te whakaaetia te reira ki te hanga i te utu e wātea ana i roto i Siapani mo te akomanga faingamālie kore anake, engari ano hoki mo te iwi noa. Tino pai ake waka, me te whakaputa. Ki te to ratou whanaketanga o ahua mo taonga Western tomo te kawanatanga.

Heoi, ahakoa whakapai ake nui, kua meinga te whakamohoa kino nui ki ngā uara wairua tuku iho o te taupori. i tangohia atu te rota o urupa ahurea rite paru i waho te āhua. noho ratou i roto i taonga me ngā kohinga tūmataiti i roto i te UK, France, USA.

uara

he tere te tipu ōhanga o Japan. ngā te āhua i roto i te wā hou. Kua pāngia huringa uruhi nga pokapū uruhi ture ope, me te kore anake. Kua tīmata te whenua ki te waihanga i tētahi tāruru tonu. Huringa i roto i te pūnaha mana, i roto i te, te ora ōhanga pāpori, te makanga o whaiaro wehe-i hanga he whenua hua mo te hanganga o te kāwanatanga whakataetae. tenei katoa, i runga i te ringa kotahi, kia taea te whakakore i te mōrea o te whiwhi ki ti'aturiraa tōrangapū i runga i te US me mana Pākehā. O te whakamutunga, te tata ki a Japan ko Russia. Heoi, kihai i te Kāwanatanga te whakamahi tikanga taiwhenua o te kaupapa here ke. I te tahi atu te ringa, Japan, tae atu i roto i te iwi ki a Europe, i taea kua haere tawhiti i mua i roto i te rite ki ētahi atu āhua Pākehā Eastern.

mutunga

timata Meiji Fakafoki te whakawhitinga i te tikanga whakahaere samurai i te mata o te shogunate ki whakatika pūnaha monarchical i te mata o Mutsuhito me tona kāwanatanga. i tenei kaupapa kua he pānga nui i runga i ture, hanganga kāwanatanga, te hanganga o te marae. pāngia nga huringa te whakahaere porowini, te pūnaha pūtea, hautoa, ahumahi, te karakia, ngā kaiako, me ētahi atu wāhi. Ko te matatini o mehua tangohia e te kāwanatanga whakangaromia te roa-tu tuku iho outlook, i takea mai i te kaha motuhake. Ka rite ki te hua o tenei mahi puta āhua iwi radically hou. auaha whakatere i te Te Hau-ā-uru i āwhina ki te ū te ao pūtea, me te ōhanga, timata ratou hōrapatanga, ngā whakapai ake. Kua wā whakahou kua he wa ahurei mo te kāwanatanga. Kua tukua e ia e kore anake ki te ū te āhua ā-o tata ao katoa o te ora, engari ano ki te tomo pai te ao ao, me te whawhai mo te taitara ki ētahi atu whenua matatau.