Mekameka Respiratory: whākōkī mahi

tauhohe matüora katoa i roto i nga pūtau o tetahi kaiao puta ki whakapaunga pūngao. mekameka Respiratory - he raupapa hanganga motuhake e kua kei i runga i te membrane roto o te pungaraungao me mahi mo te hanganga o ATP. Adenosine Ko te puna pūkenga o te pūngao me te taea whakaemi i te 80 ki te 120 kJ.

mekameka irahiko Respiratory - he aha te mea te reira?

Irahiko me ngā iraoho tākaro he wāhi nui i roto i te mātauranga pūngao. hanga ratou he rerekētanga ngaohiko i te ritenga atu taha o te membrane o te pungaraungao e mahia e te nekehanga whakahaua o te matūriki - nāianei. mekameka Respiratory (reira ETC, irahiko waka mekameka) ko te takawaenga i roto i te whakawhitinga o matūriki pai whakatupato i roto i te wāhi intermembrane me matūriki tōraro i ako i roto i te matotoru o te membrane roto o pungaraungao.

Ko te tūranga matua i roto i te hanganga o te pūngao no ki te ATP-synthase. Tenei huinga matatini o te pūngao ketia te aronga o te nekehanga iraoho i roto i te here pūngao matüora. E te ara, he tata ōrite ki kei te matatini e i roto i te chloroplasts o ngā tipu.

Na complexes o nga whākōkī mekameka romahā

tahi whakawhiti irahiko e tauhohe matüora i te aroaro o te pūnaha whākōkī. Ēnei matū kaha biologically, he maha kape o e hanga hanganga nui matatini, mahi rite takawaenga i roto i te whakawhitinga o ngā irahiko.

Complexes o te mekameka romahā - he wāhanga pokapū o te waka o matūriki i ako. Tapeke i roto i te roto membrane punaraungao 4 Ko o taua hanganga, me te ATP synthase. enei hanganga katoa faaite te whāinga noa - tākainga ETC whakawhiti irahiko o ngā iraoho hauwai i roto i te wāhi intermembrane me, rite te putanga, te kōtuitui o ATP.

Ko te matatini ko te tautau o ngā rāpoi ngota pūmua, i roto i nei i reira he whākōkī, hanganga, me te kïia pūmua. Ia o nga complexes 4 fakahoko ona anake tona āhuatanga, mahi. Kia kite a mahi i roto i te ETC e tapaea enei hanganga.

matatini ahau

takaro te whakawhiti o ngā irahiko i roto i te roto o te membrane punaraungao tūranga matua e te mekameka romahā. Whakakorenga tauhohe o ngā iraoho hauwai me ngā irahiko haere tahi ratou - tetahi o nga tauhohe matua ETC. He huinga tuatahi o te mekameka waka riro muingota o nad * H + (i roto i te kararehe) ranei NADP * H + (tipu), aru i te wāhinga o te iraoho hauwai wha. Mau, e tika ana ki tenei tauhohenga matüora matatini te huaina ano ahau NADH - dehydrogenase (ko whākōkī pokapū).

Ko te hanganga dehydrogenase pūmua rino-whanariki matatini ngā 3 momo, me flavin mononucleotide (FMN).

II matatini

Mahi o tenei matatini e kore e whai wāhi ki te whakawhiti o ngā iraoho hauwai i roto i te wāhi intermembrane. Ko te mahi matua o tenei hanganga ko ki te tuku irahiko atu ki te mekameka irahiko waka i te tikanga o te succinate piti hāora. matatini whākōkī Central - succinate-ubiquinone oxidoreductase, e catalyzes te wāhinga o ngā irahiko i te waikawa succinic me whakawhiti ki te ubiquinone he lipophilic.

Ko hoki kaiwhakarato o ngā iraoho hauwai me ngā irahiko ki te rua i te matatini FAD * H _2. Heoi, flavin kakama adenine dinucleotide iti iho i taua o ona analogues - nad ranei NADP * H * H.

Ko te hanganga II ngā o toru momo o matatini pūmua rino-whanariki, me te pokapū succinate oxidoreductase whākōkī.

III matatini

Ko te wāhanga i muri o te pūkete, ETC ngā o cytochrome b ₅₅₆ b _560, me c _1, me te rino-whanariki pūmua Risk. e pā ana mahi o te toru o nga huinga e ki te whakawhitinga o ngā iraoho hauwai e rua i roto i te wāhi intermembrane, me ngā irahiko i te ubiquinone lipophilic ki cytochrome C.

āhuatanga Risk o te pūmua ko e memeha te reira i roto i te ngako. Ētahi atu pūmua o tenei rōpū i tutaki i nga complexes o te mekameka romahā, te wai-wairewa. pānga ana tēnei āhuatanga i te tūranga o te rāpoi ngota pūmua i roto i te matotoru o te membrane punaraungao roto.

Ko te huinga tuatoru o ngā mahi rite ubiquinone-cytochrome c oxidoreductase.

IV matatini

Ia matatini cytochrome-āpitihāora e ko te ūnga whakamutunga i roto i te ETC. Ko tōna mahi he ki te whakawhiti irahiko i cytochrome c mo te ngota hāora. I muri ka tauhohe tōraro whakatupato e ngota ki te iraoho hauwai ki te hanga i te wai. Ko te whākōkī matua - c cytochrome oxidoreductase hāora.

Ko te hanganga o te wha o nga matatini ngā cytochrome he, he _3, me ngota parahi e rua. Ko te tūranga pokapū i roto i te whakawhitinga o ngā irahiko ki te hāora ka haere cytochrome te _3. tāmia te taunekeneke o enei hanganga te hauota cyanide me te waro hāoratahi, i roto i te tikanga ao, arata'i te reira ki te mutunga o te ATP kōtuitanga me te whakangaromanga.

ubiquinone

Ubiquinone - he taonga huaora-rite, he pūhui lipophilic, e neke noa i roto i te matotoru o te membrane. e kore e taea te mahi i mekameka romahā punaraungao kahore tenei hanganga, arā. k. Ko reira te kawenga mō te waka irahiko i te complexes ahau ko II ki matatini III.

Ubiquinone Ko te pārōnaki benzoquinone. kia tenei hanganga me tuku atu ki roto i te reta kaupapa Q ln haapotohia (ubiquinone lipophilic) ranei. Ko te hāora o te rāpoi ngota arata'i ki te hanganga o te semiquinone - he oxidizer kaha, i te mea pea mōrearea hoki te pūtau.

ATP synthase

Ko te tūranga matua i roto i te hanganga o te pūngao no ki te ATP-synthase. Ka whakamahia e tēnei hanganga pūngao whakahaua nekehanga gribopodobnaya o matūriki (ngā iraoho) ki te tahuri i te reira ki te pūngao matū.

Ko te tukanga taketake e puta puta noa te ETC - he pitihāoratanga. Ko te mekameka romahā te kawenga mō te waka irahiko i roto i te membrane punaraungao nui me to ratou haaputuraa i roto i te kopu. Wä, nga complexes o ahau, III ko IV mäminga te iraoho hauwai i roto i te wāhi intermembrane. tiaki rerekētanga i runga i nga taha o te membrane arata'i ki te kaupapa arotahi o ngā iraoho i roto i te synthase ATP. Mai H + tomo te kopu, kua tutaki irahiko (e kua pā ana ki te hāora) ki te hanga i tētahi taonga kūpapa mo te pūtau - wai.

ngā ATP synthase F0 o me F1 subunits e tahi te hanga i te rāpoi ngota pouara. ngā o e toru e toru Arepa me te beta subunits, e tahi te hanga i te hongere F1. Tenei hongere He rite te taua diameter, e whai he iraoho hauwai. Ki te wahi o matūriki pai whakatupato i roto i te upoko synthase ATP whiria F ₀ rāpoi e 360 nekehanga a tawhio noa tona tuaka. I roto i tenei wa, e piri ki a MAORI ADP (adenozinmono- me diphosphate) ranei toenga Phosphate ki te here nui-pūngao, e karapoti te nui nui o te pūngao.

E kitea ATP synthase i te tinana, kahore anake i roto i te pungaraungao. I roto i te tipu, e tū hoki enei complexes i runga i te membrane o te vacuoles (tonoplast), me te te thylakoids pūkano tipumata.

Hoki i roto i te kararehe pūtau me te whakato ATPases he hakari. E ratou he hanganga rite rite taua o te synthase ATP, engari whakahaua ratou mahi i runga i whakakorenga o ngā toenga Phosphate ki te whakapaunga o te pūngao.

Ko te tikanga koiora o te mekameka romahā

Tuatahi, ko nga tauhohe ETC hua mutunga ko te wai pūkoro pera-ka karanga (300-400 ml ia ra). Tuarua, ko te ariā o te ATP me te pūngao rokiroki i matüora here o te rāpoi ngota. I te ra e synthesized 40-60 kg adenosine, me te taua e whakamahia i roto i enzymatic tauhohe pūtau. Ko te ora o tetahi muingota o ATP ko 1 meneti, kia me mahi te mekameka romahā pai, tika, me te kahore hapa. Te kore, ka mate i te pūtau.

E whakaaro pungaraungao teihana mana o tetahi pūtau. Tei ratou tokomaha i runga i te pūngao e kua hiahiatia hoki etahi mahi. Hei tauira, e taea te tatau neurons ake ki te 1000 pungaraungao e maha hanga he tautau i roto i te synaptic tohu pera-ka karanga.

Rerekētanga i waenganui i te mekameka romahā i roto i ngā tipu me ngā kararehe

I roto i te tipu, he atu "tipu te mana" o te pūtau ko te pūkano tipumata. I runga i te membrane roto o enei organelles e kitea ano ATP synthase, a ko te painga i runga i te pūtau kararehe tenei.

tipu hoki e taea te ora i roto i nohanga tiketike o te waro haukura, hauota, me te cyanide tika ki cyanide-ātete ara i roto i te ETC. mekameka Respiratory kupu mutu i ubiquinone, i nei e tika whakawhiti irahiko ki te ngota hāora. Ka rite ki te hua, iti synthesized ATP te, Heoi, ko te tipu e taea ora ngā āhuatanga kino. Animals i roto i ngā take pēnei, ki te puaretanga auroa mate.

Ka taea e tatou whakarite i te tōtika o Nad, FAD me ara cyanide-ātete i roto i te tohu hanganga ATP ka whakawhiti 1 irahiko.

• ki nad NADP i hanga e 3 ngā rāpoi ngota o ATP ranei;
• i hanga FAD te ki e rua ngā rāpoi ngota o ATP;
• o te cyanide hanga 1 tauwhiro rāpoi ngota ara ATP.

mahu'inga whanaketanga o te ETC

Hoki kaiao eukaryotic katoa, he puna nui o te pūngao, ko te mekameka romahā. Kei te wehea Biochemistry ATP te kōtuitanga i roto i te pūtau ki e rua ngā momo, tïpako phosphorylation me oxidative phosphorylation. whakamahia ETC te i roto i te ariā o te momo tuarua o te pūngao, arā. E. Nā ki, pitihāoratanga tauhohe.

I roto i te kaiao prokaryotic i hanga ATP anake i roto i te phosphorylation tïpako i roto i te atamira glycolysis. huka e ono-waro (he pai te kūhuka i) whai wāhi i roto i te huringa tauhohe, ka e tango te pūtau putanga e rua ngā rāpoi ngota o ATP. whakaaro tenei momo o te pūngao e ki kia te kōtuitui tino tahito, ie. K. Eukaryotes i roto i phosphorylation oxidative i hanga 36 rāpoi ngota ATP.

Heoi, e kore e tenei tikanga e kua ngaro tipu me ngā kararehe o tenei ra te kaha ki te tïpako phosphorylation. Just ko tenei momo o ATP kōtuitanga anake nga tetahi o nga wāhanga e toru o te hanga pūngao i roto i te pūtau.

Glycolysis i roto i eukaryotes e wahi i roto i te cytoplasm o te pūtau. He nga whākōkī tika katoa e taea piri te kūhuka ki rua ngā rāpoi ngota o te waikawa pyruvic ki te hanga i 2 rāpoi ngota o ATP. takahanga muri katoa tango te wahi i roto i te kopu punaraungao. huringa Krebs te huringa waikawa tricarboxylic ranei, pera puta i roto i te pungaraungao. Tenei katia tauhohenga mekameka rite ki te hua o nei synthesize Nad me FAD * H * H2. Ka whakamahia ēnei rāpoi ngota rite te whakapau i roto i ETC.