Methods mō te whakaputa konganuku. Momo o alloys. Te faaineineraa o konganuku alkali

tangata Modern i roto i tona ora rā karapotia e te momo o konganuku. Te nuinga o ngā tūemi e whakamahi tatou, e kitea enei matū. A katoa no te mea kua kitea e te iwi ngā huarahi ki te whakaputa i whakarewa.

He aha te mea he whakarewa

Ēnei matū tino mō te iwi mahi i roto i te matū pararopi. Whiwhi konganuku taea te tangata ki te waihanga i tētahi tikanga tino ake, whakapai ake to tatou oraraa. He aha ta ratou tohu? I mua i whakaaro tatou nga tikanga noa o whakaputa konganuku, he mea e tika ana ki te matau ki ta e ratou. Konganuku Ko te rōpū o ngā āhuatanga matū i roto i te puka o matū ohie he āhuatanga āhuatanga:

• waiariki me te kawe ia hiko;

• te kōngohe tiketike;

• whiti.

Ka taea e ngāwari te tangata te wehe ratou i te tahi atu matū. He āhuatanga āhuatanga o konganuku katoa ko te aroaro o te whiti motuhake. mai ia i te whakaata o te hihi marama hinga i runga i te mata e kore e mahue i a ratou. Mōhinuhinu - Ko te taonga noa o konganuku katoa, engari kei te tino mārama whakakitea reira i roto i te hiriwa.

I teie mahana, kitea pūtaiao 96 o enei āhuatanga matū, ahakoa kahore e mohio katoa o ratou i te pūtaiao mōhiohio. E wehea ratou ki ngā rōpū i runga i o ratou āhuatanga āhuatanga tūturu rānei. Ko te kupu ko te whai ake konganuku:

• kawakore - 6;

• kawakore - 6;

• te whakawhiti - 38;

• Kōmāmā - 11;

• semimetals - 7;

• lanthanides - 14;

• actinides - 14.

whiwhi konganuku

I roto i te tikanga ki te fabricate te koranu tuatahi me riro te whakarewa i te ore tūturu. huānga Maori - he matū e kua kitea i roto i te āhua i roto i te āhua noa enei. Ko ētahi o ēnei konukawata, koura, he tine, me te mēkuri. E wehea ratou i poke mihini e tauhohenga matū ranei.

E tangohia e maimoatanga ki te pūhui te toe konganuku. E kitea ratou i roto i ngā kohuke. Ore - tenei kohuke me toka, e roto i pūhui whakarewa rite waikura, pākawa waro, ranei sulfides. Hoki ratou production te whakamahi i maimoatanga matū.

Methods mō te whiwhi konganuku:

• whakaora o waikura waro;

• tine i kohatu tine tangohanga;

• hanga o te maka rino i ore rino ;

• tahunga o pūhui whanariki i roto i oumu motuhake.

Hei whakahaere i konganuku whiwhi i e tapiritia toka ore ki a ratou ngā matū i huaina fluxes. te āwhina ratou tango poke e hiahiatia pērā i paru, pākeho, onepu. Ka rite ki te hua o tenei tukanga huaina hua pūhui fusible para.

I roto i te aroaro o tino moni o poke i mua i tango, whakarewa ore taonga e te tango o te wahi nui o ngā wāhanga faufaa. Ko te tikanga tino whānui whakamahia hoki tenei maimoatanga - tēnei waka, autō, me te tikanga tō.

konganuku alkali

Mass te fariiraa i whakarewa alkali - he tukanga matatini. Ko e tika ana ki te meka e kua kitea e ratou i roto i te āhua anake i roto i te puka o pūhui matū tenei. Mai kei te whakaiti ratou āpiha, ratou faaineineraa tahi e te utu pūngao teitei. He maha ngā huarahi o te whiwhi konganuku alkali:

• Ka taea te rite Li i tona waikura i roto i vacuo i rewanga-iahiko tona pūhaumāota i hanga i roto i te tukanga spodumene ranei.

• konutai tangohia e tahaki ki pungarehu waro i roto i crucibles hiritia pūhaumāota-iahiko o te rewanga ki tua atu o te konupūmā ranei. Ko te tikanga tuatahi, ko te nuinga o te wā-kai.

• pāhare pāporo whiwhi iahiko rewanga ranei ona tai, konutai kohu haere i roto i tona pūhaumāota. Kei te hanga e hoki reira na roto i te tauhohe i te waihā konurehu whakarewa me te konutai wai i te pāmahana o te 440 ° C.

• caesium me rubidium tangohia e whakaora ratou konupūmā pūhaumāota i 700-800 ° C ranei zirconium i 650 ° C. Ko te pūngao tino kaha, me te utu nui faaineineraa o te whakarewa alkali i roto i tenei ara.

Rerekētanga i waenganui i te konganuku me alloys

I roto i te parau tumu, te mārama rohe i waenganui i te konganuku me ratou alloys tata kore-whiwhi, mai ara te parakore tino, matū ohie e te hautanga o poke. Na he aha te te rerekētanga i waenganui ia ratou? Tata ki te katoa konganuku whakamahia i roto i te ahumahi, me te i roto i te tahi atu peka o te ōhanga, e whakamahia i roto i te puka o alloys whiwhi mā te tāpiri pūtake ki te huānga matū matua atu wāhanga.

alloys

Me Technology he momo o ngā rauemi whakarewa. I roto i tenei take, e kore e huānga parakore matū ngā whakamahia no te mea kahore ratou e whai i te āhuatanga e tika ana ki te iwi. Hoki ratou hiahia i whakaaro matou tikanga ngā mō te whakaputa alloys. E pā ana tēnei wā ki te rauemi macroscopically Hürai, e ngā o ngā huānga matū e rua, neke atu rānei. Ai e matua i roto i te koranu te wae konganuku. Tenei taonga he ona ake hanganga. I roto i alloys wehewehe te wāhanga e whai ake nei:

• te turanga, arā, o tetahi atu ranei konganuku;

• tāpiritanga iti o whakakē me alloying huānga;

• poke undeleted (tukanga, māori, tupurangi).

E alloys whakarewa ko te rauemi hanganga matua. I roto i te hangarau, i reira e neke atu i te 5,000.

momo o alloys

Ahakoa tenei momo o alloys, tākaro te nuinga o te iwi uara mo te hunga e e hāngai ana i runga i te rino, me te konumohe. Ko ratou te hunga e tino maha kitea i roto i te ora ia rā. He rerekē ngā momo o alloys. Ano, kei te wehea ratou rite ki te maha paearu. Mai i reira he rerekē ngā tikanga mō te whakaputa alloys. E ai ki tenei paearu, kua wehea ratou ki:

• koranu, e kua whiwhi i te whātioatanga o te rewanga whakaranu wae.

• Paura, mā te whakamahi i te kōpeketanga o te ranunga o puehu me te sintering muri i tiketike pāmahana. A maha wāhanga o taua alloys e kore anake ngā huānga matū ohie, engari o ratou pūhui ngā pērā i carbides o Titanium Tungsten ranei alloys i roto i te totoka. Tāpiri ratou i roto i ngā rahinga rerekē huri ngā āhuatanga o konganuku rauemi.

Kei te wehea Methods mo te faaineineraa o alloys i te puka o te tuhinga oti te workpiece ranei ki:

• maka ana (silumin, maka rino);

• deformable (maitai);

• paura (Titanium Tungsten).

momo o alloys

He rerekē, me te kupu hangaia nama rauemi ki a ratou i āhuatanga rerekē tikanga mō te whakaputa konganuku. I roto i te alloys kāwanatanga totoka e:

• Hürai, (kākahu), arā, o tioata o te momo kotahi. Kei te maha tuku ratou ki rite kotahi-wāhanga.

• heterogeneous (heterogeneous), tuku ki rite maha-wāhanga. A, no te e riro ratou i roto i te turanga o te koranu tangohia te rite te otinga totoka (kopu wāhanga). Composition matū heterogeneous o tenei momo, tei runga i te hanganga o ona huānga matū. kia ngā taua alloys te wāhanga e whai ake nei: rongoā totoka interstitial me substitutional, pūhui matū (carbides, pūhui intermetallic, nitrides), crystallites o matū ohie.

āhuatanga koranu

Noa'tu o te mea tikanga o te whakaputa konganuku me alloys e whakamahia, tino e ratou āhuatanga whakaritea e te hanganga karaihe o nga wāhanga, me te microstructure o enei rauemi. He rerekē ia o ratou. Ko te āhuatanga macroscopic o alloys whakawhirinaki i runga i to ratou microstructure. Ko ratou i roto i tetahi take whakanuia e ratou āhuatanga wāhanga ti'aturi anake i runga i te hanganga karaihe o te rauemi. homogeneity Macroscopic o heterogeneous (multiphase) alloys whiwhi i te tohatoha ōrite o ngā wāhanga i roto i te kopu whakarewa.

Ko te āhuatanga tino nui o te koranu whakaaro te ki weldability. Kore, ko ratou konganuku ōrite. Ko te kupu, nga alloys i kawe ia waiariki, me te hiko, te ukanga me te reflectivity (mōhinuhinu).

alloys momo

Kua whakaaetia ngā tikanga mō te whakaputa alloys he tangata ki te whakaaro ki te maha nui o rauemi konganuku he āhuatanga rerekē me ngā āhuatanga. E ai ki te whakaaro e wehea ratou ki te rōpū e whai ake nei:

• Structural (maitai, duralumin, rino). Kei roto i tēnei rōpū, alloys ki ngā āhuatanga motuhake. Na rerekē ratou āhuatanga pūmau ki haumaru anti-waku ranei. Ko ētahi o ēnei parahi, me te parahi.

• Hei te whakaki i te ahunga (Babbitt).

• No te whakawera hiko, me te taputapu ine (konumāmura, manganin).

• hoki te hanga o te tapahi taputapu (riro).

I roto i te hanga o te iwi whakamahi tahi atu momo o rauemi konganuku pērā i iti-rewa, wera-ātete, te waikura-ātete me alloys amorphous. He whānui hoki aukume whakamahia me thermoelectrics (selenide teluridy me bismuth, mata, kakano me ētahi atu).

ferroalloy

Tata ki te katoa o te rino te kamaka i roto i te ao e whakahaua ki te hanga o ohie me steels koranu. Kei te whakamahia hoki te reira i roto i te hanga o te poaka rino. riro alloys rino ona rongonui tika ki te meka e riro āhuatanga painga mō te tangata. I whiwhi ratou mā te tāpiri ki te huānga matū ohie o te ngā wae. Ko te kupu, ahakoa te meka i hangaia ngā alloys rino i runga i te pūtake o te taonga kotahi, steels me maka rino whai āhuatanga rerekē. Nā ki tenei e ratou ao rerekē o te tono. Te nuinga o steels maro atu i te rino. Various tikanga mō te faaineine enei konganuku tukua ki te whiwhi ngā kōeke rerekē (kōeke) o enei alloys rino.

āhuatanga pai ake o nga alloys

Na roto i alloying konganuku me etahi atu āhuatanga e taea te whiwhi rauemi ki ake āhuatanga. Hei tauira, te tukua kaha o te konumohe parakore ko 35 MPa. I roto i te faaineineraa o te koranu whakarewa ki parahi (1.6%), Zn (5.6%), konupora (2.5%) nui te taupū 500 MPa.

Nā ki te pūhui ōwehenga ngā o matū matū rerekē e taea te whiwhi rauemi konganuku ki ake āhuatanga autō, waiariki hiko ranei. Ko te tūranga matua i roto i tenei tukanga ko te hanganga koranu e tohu ana i te tohatoha o ona tioata me te momo o here i waenganui i te ngā ngota.

Steel me te rino

E whakaputaina e enei alloys pūhui o te rino , me te waro (2%). I roto i te hanga o ngā rauemi kongatia tāpiri ki a ratou i te nika, chromium, vanadium. Kei te wehea katoa o nga momo mua o te parahi ki:

• waro iti (0.25% waro) whakamahia mo te hanga o ngā waihanga;

• tikanga waro teitei (neke atu i te 0.55%) te mo te hanga o te tapahi taputapu.

rama rerekē o steels koranu e whakamahia i roto i te engineering mīhini, me ētahi atu hua.

ka karanga te koranu o te rino ki te waro, i te mea te ōrau o 2-4% te poaka rino. Ko te hanganga o tenei rauemi ngā silicon. O te ngā hua maka rino he āhuatanga aunoa pai.

konganuku kore-ferrous

I tua atu ki te rino, me te tahi atu huānga whakamahia ki te hanga i te momo o ngā rauemi whakarewa. Ka rite ki te hua o to ratou pūhui he alloys kore-ferrous. I roto i te ora, kua kitea te iwi nga rauemi tono nui i runga i te pūtake o:

• Parahi, te parahi i huaina. Kei roto ratou 5-45% konutea. Ki te te ihirangi ko 5-20%, ka karanga whero te parahi, me te mea 20-36% - kōwhai. He alloys parahi ki silicon, he tine, teriuma, konumohe. Ko ratou i huaina bronzes. He maha ngā momo o enei alloys.

• arahina e tohu ana i te tūhoto tikanga (tretnik). I roto i tenei koranu, ki te 1 wahi o te pripadaet matū 2 ngā wāhanga tine. I roto i te hanga o te ahunga Babbitt whakamahia e te mea he koranu o mata, he tine, te ateneke me te kakano.

• konumohe, Titanium, konupora me te teriuma, e he ono tekau alloys kore-ferrous he kaha nui, me te āhuatanga hangarau pai.

Methods mo te faaineineraa

Ko te tikanga matua o te whiwhi konganuku me alloys:

• faaiopoiporaa i ai te solidification o te ranunga ōrite o rerekē wāhanga whakarewa. Hoki alloys whakamahi tikanga pyrometallurgical mō te whiwhi me te konganuku electrometallurgical. whakamahia te whakatinanatanga tuatahi te ki wera pūngao waiariki raw hua i roto i te tukanga ngingiha. Whiwhi e pyrometallurgical maitai i roto i oumu tuwhera-kanga, me te rino i roto i oumu hau. A, no te hana electrometallurgical feedstock tukanga e i roto i te pewa whakauru, ranei oumu hiko. I roto i tenei take, te rasslavlyaetsya rauemi raw rawa hohoro.

• Paura, ai nga puehu o ona wāhanga whakamahia mō te whakaputa i te koranu. Nā ki te pēhi ratou ki te hoatu i te tetahi āhua, a ka sintered i roto i oumu motuhake.