Mura: hanganga pāmahana kaupapa whakaahuatanga

I roto i te tukanga ngingiha kua hanga e te mura, meinga te hanganga o nei i te matū hohe. Kei te wehea tōna hanganga ki ngā wāhanga i runga i te āhuatanga pāmahana rānei.

whakamāramatanga

ka karanga Auahi te haurehu wera i roto i te puka i roto i nei e reira i roto i te wē ranei matū marara puka totoka nga wae. E kawea ratou ki waho tinana, me te momo faafariuraa matū tahi e luminescence, tuku wera me te whakawera.

Te aroaro i roto i te matūriki reo me te katote tuwhena haurehu waihā āhuatanga e tona kawe ia hiko, me te i roto i ngā te whanonga o te mara hiko.

He aha te mea te mura

Tikanga pā reira ki te tukanga e pā ana ki parariraa. Ina whakaritea ki te hau, Ko iti te kiato hau, engari meinga mahi pāmahana nui o toronga hau. A hua e te hunga roa poto ranei mura. E mea pinepine i reira he ano he whakawhitinga maeneene o tetahi ahua ki tetahi.

Mura: Hanganga me te Hanganga

Hei whakatau i te ahua o te tītohunga whakaahuatia he rawaka ki te whakakā i te pūwera hau. e kore e taea te whakaaro puta mura nonluminous kākahu. Whatu, i reira e toru ngā wāhi matua o tona. Ratau, te ako o te hanganga mura whakaatu e kua tahuna matū rerekē ki te hanga i ngā momo o te mura.

A, no te tahu i te ranunga o te hau, me te rangi puta te tīmatanga hanga he mura poto, e kua he tae puru, me kara papura. Ka taea te kite te reira i te matua - matomato, me te puru rite te tihi. A feruri i te mura. Kei te wehea te hanganga o taua mea ki rohe e toru:

1. Tohatoha wāhi faaineineraa i roto i nei te whakawera o te ranunga o te hau, me te rangi i te putanga o nga tatau pūwera.
2. aru ana tēnei e te rohe i roto i nei puta parariraa. ni'ai te reira i te tihi o te koeko.
3. A, no te reira te mea he kore o te rere o te hau, te kaitahu hau incompletely. Engari divalent te waro haukura me moieties hauwai. Ratou i muri i-tahunga e wahi i roto i te wāhi toru te wahi i reira he hāora e wātea ana.

Na whakaaroa wehe nga tukanga ngingiha rerekē.

tahunga rama

He wera rama rite tahu kēmu pùahi ranei. He hanganga rama mura rite te awa hau whero-wera unuhia e te ake e tika ana ki ope puāwai. haamata te tukanga ki te para i te muka, aru i te whakaetonga o te ware pi.

rohe Lowermost kei roto, me te tata ki te kakawaea, ka karanga rohe tuatahi. He he luminescence puru iti tika ki te nui nui o te wahie, engari he rōrahi iti o te ranunga hāora. He te whakamana he tukanga o matū ngingiha otikore ki wehenga o te waro haukura, muri te nei oxidized.

karapotia ana te rohe tuatahi e te anga tuarua luminous, e faaite i te hanganga o te mura rama. Ka whiwhi te reira i te nui o te hāora, e arata'i ki te haere tonu o te tauhohe pitihāoratanga me te rāpoi ngota wahie. Temperature pānuitanga konei e kia teitei ake i roto i te rohe pouri, engari iti hoki te whāwehe whakamutunga. Ko roto i te wāhi tuatahi e rua ki rūrūtia whakawera kaha o unburned wahie, me te waro matūriki reira ko te pānga mura.

karapotia ana te rohe tuarua e te koture mai ki uara tiketike pāmahana whakauaua detectable. mai te reira ki te rota o ngā rāpoi ngota hāora e whakatairanga tonu matūriki afterburner wahie. I muri i te hāora o ngā matū i roto i te toru o rohe pānga luminous kore te kitea.

kanohi hoahoa

Hoki mārama, tapaea matou ki tou aro te whakapakoko o kānara tahu. mura ara iahiko ngā:

1. Ko te tuatahi te rohe pouri ranei.
2. He wāhi whakaputa tūrama tuarua.
3. He tuatoru anga mārama.

e kore he kaupapa ki tahu me te charring anake te mutunga takai miro te korakora.

tahu rama wairua

Hoki ngā matū maha whakamahi ipu iti ki waipiro. E huaina ratou waipiro umu. Ka moe waipuke pūwera muka ki wahie wai i roto i te orifice. whakahaerehia ana tēnei e te pēhanga capillary. Ki runga ki pa te tihi o te muka noa, ka tīmata waipiro ki whakaeto. I roto i te wāhanga kohu te mura reira, a pau i te pāmahana e kore rawa 900 ° C.

Mura o te rama waipiro kua te puka mua, he reira tata te huitahi, ki te urukehu iti o puru. e kore te mea pera mārama kitea tona rohe, rite te rama.

I roto i te pūwera waipiro, ko muri i te pūtaiao Barthel, kei te timatanga o te ahi kei te runga ake te pūwera koroka. penetration mura taua whakaiti i te tihi i roto pouri, me te haere i roto i te poka wahi takawaenga, whakaaro nei ko te rawa.

āhuatanga tae

tae rerekē mura radiation meinga e whakawhitinga hiko. e karangatia hoki ratou te wera. Ko te kupu, kia rite ki te hua o te ngingiha o te wāhanga pūwaro i roto i te rangi, e tika ana ki te tuku o puru pūhui mura HC. Otira ka tae matūriki CC radiation rama te tae karaka-whero.

He uaua ki te kite i te hanganga o te mura, te matū o e kei te pūhui o te wai, te hauhā me te waro hāoratahi, kōrero OH. Ko tōna reo ngā huitahi, mai te korakora i runga i roto i parariraa emit radiation hihi katinga me pōkākā.

faatanohia te pani mura ki tohu pāmahana, ki te aroaro o ngā momo ngota e no ki te tūāwhiorangi paheke motuhake whatu ranei. Ko te kupu, ngingiha o etahi o nga mea timatanga ai huringa tae i roto i te mura pūwera. Rerekētanga i roto i te poke o te rama e pā ana ki ngā āhuatanga kei roto i ngā rōpū rerekē o te pūnaha wā.

Ahi i roto i te aroaro o te radiation, e pā ana ki te tūāwhiorangi kitea, ako wete hihi. Kua kitea te reira e te taonga ohie o subgroups katoa, me te whai taua tae mura. Hoki mārama ngingiha te whakamahi i konutai rite te whakarewa mātātoa whakamātautau. Ki te hanga koe i te reira ki te mura, he kanapa kōwhai reo. I runga i te pūtake o ngā āhuatanga tae o raina konutai ora ake i roto i te tūāwhiorangi tukunga.

Hoki alkali whakarewa taonga āhuatanga o tere tukunga excitation marama o matūriki ngota. A, no te hanga pūhui pähekeheke o taua āhuatanga i roto i te muratahi he mura muratahi ko tona kara.

E whakaatu ana whakamātautau Spectroscopic rārangi āhuatanga i roto i te rohe kitea ki te mata tangata. Ko te tere o te excitation marama, me te tukunga hanganga ohie spectral pā tata ki te konganuku electropositive tiketike āhuatanga.

āhuatanga

I te ngakau o te whakarōpūtanga mura i runga i te āhuatanga e whai ake nei:

• āhua o pūhui whakahiato tahunga. Ko ratou haurehu waihā aerodisperse, mārō, me te wai puka;
• momo o te radiation, e taea e te huitahi, tae, me te whakaputa tūrama;
• tere Distribution. He tūringiringi nohopuku me te puhoi;
• Ko te teitei mura. Ka taea e te hanganga e poto, me te roa;
• kaupapa pūāhua te tauhohe i ranunga. Emit pumanawa laminar, kaupapa ririhau;
• perception ataata. tahu matū ki tohatoha sooting, tae mura mārama ranei;
• tawhā pāmahana. Ka taea e te mura e te pāmahana iti, pāmahana matao, me te tiketike.
• āhua wāhanga o te wahie - kaiwhakahohe oxidizing.

Ignition puta i te tūringiringi mā te mua-te ranu i te wae hohe ranei.

Oxidizing me te whakaiti i te rohe

puta te hāora i roto i te rohe ngoikore. Ko te reira i te nui rawa ana, a kei te kei i te tihi. Te reira i matūriki wahie mamae parariraa oti. Na te aroaro o te taikaha hāora me te wahie kaimahi arata'i ki te tukanga pitihāoratanga kaha. kia whakamahia tēnei āhuatanga, ka te hana o ngā runga ake te pūwera. Ko te aha rumakina te rauemi i roto i te wahi o runga o te mura. puta nui tere taua parariraa.

tauhohe whakaiti tango i te wahi i roto i te wahi pokapū, me raro o te mura. Oku i ai e he supply nui o matū combustible me te nui iti o te e ₂ rāpoi ngota e mau ana parariraa. A, no te tono ki ēnei wāhanga oxygenate wāhinga he e huānga kawea.

Ka rite ki te tauira, whakamahia te mura whakaiti ko te tukanga o te wāhinga o divalent rino pūkawa. I muri i whakapā ki FeSO ₄ i roto i te wahi pokapū o te mura pūwera, i reira te mea he whakawera tuatahi reira a ka te whāwehe ki waikura ferric, me te pūngāwhā hāora rua anhydride. I roto i tēnei tauhohenga puta ki te tiaki S whakaora o +6 me +4.

kakano ia mura

Tenei momo o te mura i hanga e parariraa o te hau ranunga ranei wai ki steam hāora parakore.

He tauira ko te hanganga o te mura hāora-acetylene. Kei te taratahi te reira:

• rohe matua;
• Tuarua rohe whakaora;
• rohe mumura tino.

Na he tokomaha tahu ranunga hau-hāora. Rerekētanga i roto i te ōwehenga o acetylene me mata ki rerekē momo āpitihāora mura. pea te reira noa, carburizing (atsetilenistogo) me te hanganga oxidative.

Takahi, e taea te whakaahuatia te tukanga o te ngingiha otikore o acetylene i roto i te hāora parakore i te whārite e whai ake nei: HCCH + e ₂ → H ₂ + CO + CO (mo titau te tauhohenga kotahi kamiriona o e _2).

Whiwhi rite hauwai rāpoi, me te waro hāoratahi ariu ki rangi hāora. Ko te hua whakamutunga, ko te wai me te tetravalent haukino. Ko te whārite ko e whai ake: CO + CO ₂ + H + 1½O ₂ → CO ₂ + CO ₂ + H ₂ O. ki tenei tauhohenga titau 1.5 kiore o te hāora. I roto i te aofangatuku whiwhi e ₂ te e pau 2.5 kamiriona ia 1 kamiriona HCCH. A i roto i te mahi mai he reira uaua ki te kitea i te hāora parakore tino (maha kua he contamination iti rawa o poke), te ōwehenga o te e ₂ ki te HCCH he 1.10 ki te 1.20.

A, no te ki te rahi o te hāora acetylene uara iti iho i te 1.10, i reira te mea he mura carburizing. Kua nui haere te hanganga ona matua, hei te peroo ona ngaahi fokotu'utu'u. Mai i tenei ngarahu tohaina ahi e tika ana ki te kore o ngā rāpoi ngota hāora.

Ki te te ōwehenga o te hau nui atu i 1.20, whiwhi i te mura oxidizing te ki te taikaha o te hāora. Faufaa tona rāpoi ngota whakangaro ngota o rino, me te tahi atu wāhanga maitai o te pūwera. riro poto tenei wahi karihi mura, me te he kiore.

pānuitanga pāmahana

Ia rohe o te mura pūwera o te rama ranei kua ona uara e tika ana ki rāpoi ngota hāora te horomanga. tuwhera pāmahana mura i roto i ona wahi ngā pae i 300 ° C ki te 1600 ° C.

He tauira ko te tūringiringi mura me te laminar, i hanga nei e i roto i toru nga matā. Kei a ia ko tihi wahi pouri ki pāmahana ki runga ki te 360 ° C, me te kore o te kaihoko oxidizing. Runga ake reira ko te rohe mura. awhe tōna pāmahana i 550 ki te 850 ° C, e whakatairanga whāwehe waiariki o te ranunga combustible me tona parariraa.

wāhi waho e papaki kite. mai te reira mura pāmahana ki 1560 ° C, meinga nei e te āhuatanga tūturu o te rāpoi ngota wahie, me te oioi o te taenga o te kaihoko oxidizing. Here, te parariraa tino maia.

mura taonga i ngā āhuatanga pāmahana rerekē. Hei tauira, te kaitahu konupora konganuku anake i 2210 ° C. He tokomaha hoki totoka mura pāmahana o e pā ana ki 350 ° C. Pātīmata kēmu me karahīni i 800 ° C i te rakau ka taea - i 850 ° C ki te 950 ° C.

tahuna te hikareti te mura, i te pāmahana o e rerekē i 690 ki te 790 ° C me te ranunga pōwaro-pūwaro - i 790 ° C ki te 1960 ° C. mura penehīni i 1350 ° C. Mura o tahu waipiro ko i te pāmahana e kore rawa 900 ° C.