Nahea pūnaha pēke te whenua o: hanganga, mahi, te whanaketanga

Ko te pūnaha pēke - he huinga o te mana me te nama pūtahi e whakahaere i raro i te tikanga kotahi. He huānga matua ko te Bank o Russia (CBR). Ko te mahi o te hanganga katoa whakaritea e te ture "I Banks me Banking Mahi".

momo

Ko te ngako o te pūnaha pēke, te whakaaro o tona hanganga kei roto i te haaputuputuraa o pūtea tuwhene me te tangohanga o te hua i roto i haumi. kawea ana tēnei tukanga i roto i te maha o ngā taumata.

Ngā momo o ngā pūnaha:

• Matarua;
• monobankovskaya;
• pūnaha wehenga.

I roto i te whenua whakawhanakehia, he pūnaha e rua-taumata. Kei te āhuatanga i te reira e te aroaro o te regulator i te mata o te Central Bank, ka whakarongo pūtahi nama arumoni i roto i te taumata tuarua. Ko reira he okotahi. I roto i France, mahi te pūmana mahi te Tāhuhu o Finance. Awhenga ki a ia he pareparenga katoa, tae atu i te Central Bank. Ko te US E whakahaerehia ana tona pūnaha wehenga, i roto i nei te mahi matua o te Reserve Pūnaha Federal. I roto i ngā wā Soviet mahi kaupapa monobankovskaya. Kia kite a pehea te pūnaha pēke o te whenua i tenei ra.

regulator

I hanga te Central Bank o te Russian Federation i te puka o te hinonga ture, engari e kore e whai te reira i te tikanga, me te kore e whakaritea e te mana tāke. Ka taea e puta te reira i te moni, te unu ratou, te tuku i monipuka hou. whakahaua ki te hanganga o rāhui Profit institution, moni whakawhiti ki te pūtea. Rauemi o te moni:

• pānga i runga i hea;
• moni Interest i runga i taurewa me putunga;
• pai i ngā mahi ki te konganuku utu nui, tika rangatōpū, atu peeke, me etahi atu.

whāinga mahi e ki:

• te whakahaere o te pūnaha pēke;
• whakarite i te oranga tonutanga o te moni motu (te mana hoko o te akoranga);
• whakarite mahi pūnaha tōtika.

Instruments:

• reiti o ngā mahi te Central Bank o;
• whakaritenga rahui;
• refinancing;
• mana utu;
• takotoranga o te tupu moni.

I raro i te ture, te whakapaipai mana o te regulator me era atu ona rawa he taonga e hānga ana. Ko te Bank o Russia anake te tuku o ratou. Ko te State me te Central Bank kawenga mo te taunahatanga o tetahi ki tetahi.

Ko te okana nui o te Central Bank - te Poari Whakahaere, e whakatau te aronga o te whare. Kei a ia ko te tiamana me 12 ngā mema o te Central Bank. Bank o te Republic, i he manga regulator rohe e kore e taea te tuku taurangi, fafauraa waho te whakaaetanga o te Poari.

E wehea Banks ki ngā rōpū nui e rua: whakahaere arumoni me ngä pütahi nama pēke-kore. Here te pehea, ki te hanga pūnaha pēke te whenua o roto i te taumata tuatahi.

ngä arumoni

Ko te whakaaro o te oraraa o ngā pūtahi nama - he ki te riro te pai. Hei whai wāhi i roto i ngā mahi me whiwhi ratou he raihana i te regulator. Ka taea te hanga taua pūtahi i roto i ngā rerekē o te taonga: tūmatanui, tūmataiti, terenga, etc ...

E te tika ki te mahi i nga ngā mahi e whai ake nei Banks:

• ki te kukume putunga o takitahi me hinonga ture;
• tohatoha moni i runga i ona mo ake;
• ki te hanga utu mo o ngā rōpū tuatoru;
• kawe i te mahi kohinga;
• whiwhi;
• whakatuwhera me te mau tonu pūkete;
• puta taurangi, me te pera i runga i. d.

Ka taea e Banks tarewa i ia atu, te kawe i roto i tātaitanga i roto i ngā pūkete e hāngai ana, me te mahia whakawhitinga kore e e papā ki te ture. He rite ki te whakahere to tatou kiritaki e pā ana ki 200 ngā momo o ngā ratonga pūtahi Credit huri noa te ao. Ko te ture "I Banks me Banking Ngohe" whakaritea he kanga ki runga ki wha o ratou: arumoni, ahumahi, inihua, heriheri. I raro i te whakamutunga e pā ana ki ngā mahi e hāngai ana i te rāhui whakataetae.

e kore te whare nama taea ano te huri i te reiti i runga i loans, putunga, wā o te kirimana. I te moni me te uara kiritaki taea te mau pu i roto i te kōti. E hanga he whakawa anake i runga i te pūtake o ngā tuhinga whakahaere, me te raupatu - i runga i te pūtake o i tomo ki roto ki te kaha o te kupu marae.

nonbanks

Tenei pūtahi nama e taea te kawe i roto i etahi momo o ngā mahi. Ko ētahi o ēnei ko te whakahaere o:

• taurewa tino;

• te pupuri ngā uara;

• hoko i te taonga waiho.

Whakahoki i te pātai o te pehea, ki te hanga pūnaha pēke te whenua o tenei ra, ka taea e tatou te mea e ngā reira o toru taumata. I tua atu ki te Central Bank me ngä arumoni i roto i te Tuhinga o moni whai wāhi kamupene inihua, haumi me te penihana moni, ētahi atu whare pūtea. Here te pehea, ki te hanga pūnaha pēke te whenua o.

te mau parau tumu o te mahi

1. Mahi i roto i ngā rauemi ngā, tino. Interest moni i runga i taurewa me putunga ko te matua, engari e kore e anake te puna o hua pēke. I roto i te taiao inflationary, te rohe tino pai ko te hokohoko mākete kararehe. whakatairanga Bank whakapaipai nounou. I roto i taua mau huru, kawea whakamahere kei te roto i runga i te pūtake o pūtea tūturu whakaarahia.
2. Fatongia mo te mahi. Te pūnaha pēke i roto i te ōhanga kua he mahi nui - ki te tūari atu moni i waenganui i ngä rängai. He utu ki te whiriwhiri i ratou kiritaki me ngā wāhi haumi pūtahi Credit. Ko te whakatau pareparenga katoa i nga herenga riro e ratou ake tikanga, e kia whakaritea ai he whiu.
3. Organization o te whanaungatanga kiritaki i tikanga mākete. Me i loans, arahina te Bank e tohu o tere, moni, me te mōrea.
4. Ture o te mahi kawea i roto i anake e tikanga autaki. State me ture mahi hanga i te pūtake o te mahi, engari e kore e taea e ratou arataki i te ngā, me ngā mahi.

Banking me te pūnaha pūtea i teie mahana

I roto i nga tau tata nei, ahu pūtahi nama ki te kia tuwhera. Whakamōhiotia ngā hangarau hou (pūnaha utu pēke, kāri nama, pēke kiritaki-t. H.), Various momo o taurewa. Otiia i roto i ngā ōhanga te taumata o te whanaketanga o te pūnaha i roto i Russia lags muri te ao.

I roto i te hanganga o ngā kamupene haumi kimi i te wahi iti o te taurewa - 8-10% (Japan - 65%, EU - 42-45%, USA - 40%). pūkete pēke e 25% mua, me whakamahi kāri kirihou 10 anake%. I roto i te whenua te uru, tata te taupori katoa pakeke i runga i 18 he pūkete, me 1-2 kāri nama.

Pātai waiwai rohe tonu ratonga whakapeka. hāngai te pūnaha pēke Russian matua te i roto i te wāhi tāone. Ki te tiki i te mōkete i te taurewa motokā ranei i roto i te wahi raki me te tonga o te whenua e taea pareparenga kāwanatanga-nona anake.

Ko te take mo te taumata iti o te whanaketanga o te pūnaha e whai ake nei:

• e kore e te kāwanatanga utu nui whakarongo ki tenei rāngai;
• taumata iti o monetization o te ōhanga;
• hanganga rawakore o ratonga pēke;
• he ōwehenga nui o utu moni e kua kawea i roto i waho te pūnaha pēke;
• te kore o te tika te tiaki i te āhua.

"» Bankopad 2015

National Pēke Pūnaha rite o 01.01.2016 ngā nama 681 institution. Rēhita whakahaere 947, engari 266 o ratou whakataka raihana. Ina whakaritea ki 2015, i heke te maha o pareparenga ki 102 wae. Kaitätari matapae e i roto i 2-3 tau, ka maturuturu tenei ahua ki 500.

Ahakoa te raruraru, e kore he hinga te auau o 'horoi' rāngai. Ko te whakahau nui i roto i te tau kua hipa kua he arotake o te raihana i te "Transport" i roto i te hanganga ture kāore anō-ki ture e hānga ana. tata te rōrahi o utu DIA te i te record 39 piriona moni.

Ko te tokomaha o pareparenga i Russia nui nga hiahia o te ōhanga kāwanatanga. Tata 96% o nga mahi whenua e whakatōpū i roto i te tihi pūtahi 200. Ko tonu te wahi o ngā rōpū iti 481 taka 3.5% o ngā rawa. Ka rite ki te roa rite kore e te āhuatanga ōhanga whakapai ake, i te pareparenga iti ka whai raruraru ki te tere me te whakatinanatanga o ngā paerewa. Kōwhiringa ki te whakatutuki e rua anake: ki te hoko rawa ranei waiho mo te whakariterite i.

He uaua ki te kitea pūtea

Banks hiahia ki te noho i roto i te mākete, he rota. I tua atu i ngā kaihoko. Ko te raruraru ko e te utu o te kite o ngā rōpū e rua rerekē. I muri tomo te maha o nga aukati pūtea Western te heke tonu. e rapu ana ratou inaianei mo hoa i roto i te hokohoko Middle me Far Te Tai Rāwhiti.

kia pai kia te mahi o te pūnaha pēke i te utu o 300 pūtahi. Organization o te tuawha i te rangatira o rau o whakarau, mahi te maha anake o hinonga. I roto i te tikanga totonu kahore ratou e whai wāhi i roto i ngā mahi pēke.

Hua o 2015

whakamutunga katoa tau, kua tamata pareparenga ki te mau tonu te moni. Otiia kihai i muri katoa. Ahakoa nga kaitākaro nui i roto i te mākete i whakaaturia te mate record. Ka rite ki te roa rite te whakaaro i te taupori ranei ki te kawe putunga i roto i nga Tiaki Bank o te (mua huringa-moni mo tara), pūtahi nama ite raruraru tere.

I roto i te hononga ki te parariraa o te RUPO, heke haere te kōpaki taurewa e 0.7% mo te taha ki ahau o 2015, te rāhui - e 7.6%, moni te pai ki te katoa o 6 piriona moni. Life kaitiaki akina te Central Bank, i whakaurua te awhina ture. Ka rite ki te hua, te wahi o te regulator tikanga i roto i tae taunahatanga pareparenga 'i te mutunga o Aperira te record tiketike - 10.4%. whakau ana MoE he tahua mō taurewa whakahou i te kaupapa maitai.

Ko te mehua tuarua o te tautoko - pūmatuatanga atu o pareparenga e 830 piriona moni. kaupapa OFZ. roaa te hōtaka anake i roto i te hawhe tuarua o te tau, kia te tino e taea anake te arotakea tona tōtika i te mutunga o 2016-th. Otiia ki te whaowhia whakaaetia pareparenga mau tonu ōwehenga whakapaipai hāngaitanga me te ki kapi rāhui o te taumata tuatahi. Utu mō te tautoko i te fafauraa e kore ki te whakapiki ake i te utu o FOP me ki whakawhāiti pānga mō tau e toru. Ua tauturu mahi CB ake i te wahi o taurewa i 0.7%, putunga - e 10.9%, me te whai pai 265 piriona moni.

Ko te raruraru matua i roto i te 2015

Ko te raruraru matua - te whakaiti i kiritaki tuku e 12% whakaritea ki te tupu o te 8.9% o tona tau whakamutunga. Ka rite ki te hua, paheke te rōpū o pareparenga e motuhake anake i runga i loans tē. kiia tĭtĭ 6 pūtahi nui hoki te 10% o te nama hokohoko, me te 20% o taurewa kino. Ratou tohu rawa raruraru (15%) 2 nga wa nui atu i te toharite i roto i te pūnaha (9%). Hei whakahoki i te tūranga o pareparenga ka whai ki te arotahi anō i runga i te whakarato o ngā ratonga ao.

Ko hoki fifi ohorere te parariraa o te kamupene "Transaero", kua whiwhi 250 piriona moni o te nama. takoto ona raruraru i runga i nga pokohiwi o kaituku nei te parekura i roto i te take o te kaihau o te kawe rangi ka hanga pirioni o moni. E tūmanakohia taunoa i roto i te rängai rangatōpū i roto i 2016. rāngai katoa o te ōhanga i tukua i tono raro. E tumanako hoki tona faaho'iraa mai i roto i te 2016, tata kahore.