Ngā momo o matū waro poinanahatanga

Poinanahatanga - he āhuatanga kaua nui o nga matū, no te mea te hanganga, me te takotoranga o te rāpoi ngota, tei runga i ona āhuatanga. Ngā momo o ngā poinanaha me te he hanganga āhuatanga o ngā matū e kaha ako ki tenei ra.

Poinanaha me isomerization: he aha te mea te reira?

I mua i whakaaro nga momo matua o te poinanahatanga, he mea e tika ana ki te kitea i roto i te mea te tikanga te wā. Kei te whakaaro te reira e te poinanahatanga ko te āhuatanga e ina e āhuatanga te pūhui matū (ranei poinanaha) hanganga rerekē, me te whakaritenga o ngota, engari ahakoa i te hanganga taua, me te taimaha rāpoi.

I roto i te meka, puta te wā "isomerization" i roto i te pūtaiao e kore te mea pera roa i mua. E rave rahi mau tenetere i ma'iri, i kitea ai e etahi o nga matū ki te taua tawhā o taimaha rāpoi rerekē me te huinga ano o ngota i roto i ratou āhuatanga.

Ka rite ki te tauira, karepe, me te waikawa tātariki. I tua atu, i te timatanga o te rautau tekau ma iwa i waenganui i pūtaiao J. von Liebig me Friedrich Wohler kōrero papatu. I roto i te maha ngā, i takoto te tikanga i reira e rua nga tu o taonga ki AgCNO tātai - detonating tsianovokisloe me te hiriwa, i, ahakoa te hanganga ano, whai āhuatanga rerekē. Kua i te 1830, whakaurua te ariā i roto i te isomerization o pūtaiao.

I roto i te heke mai, faataa whakawhetai ki te mahi o A. Butlerov ko J. van't Hoff i te āhuatanga o ngā poinanaha mokowā, me te hanganga.

Isomerization - he tauhohenga motuhake, i roto i nei i reira ko te huringa o ngā poinanaha hanganga o tetahi ki tetahi. Ka rite ki te tauira e taea te tango tatou i te mea o te raupapa o waiwaro. momo hanganga o te poinanahatanga o waiwaro tukua etahi matū ki te taui i ki isoalkanes. Ko te kupu, faarahi i roto i te ahumahi wāwaro wahie. Ko reira utu te whakahua e taua āhuatanga e o faufaa nui mo te whanaketanga o te ahumahi.

Ka taea te wehea momo o te poinanahatanga ki ngā rōpū nui e rua.

poinanaha hanganga me ona rerekē

Ko te poinanahatanga hanganga - he āhuatanga i roto i nei rerekē te poinanaha i roto i te hanganga matū. He Kua tāutuhia te maha o etahi momo o

1. poinanahatanga o te kōhiwi waro. he angamaheni mo te waro hei āhua peheé, me te pā ana ki te tikanga rerekē o here i waenganui i ngā ngota waro.

2. poinanaha i runga i te Tūnga o te rōpū mahi. Tenei āhuatanga Ko e tika ana ki te tūranga rerekē o te rōpū mahi ngā rōpū ranei i roto i te rāpoi ngota. Ka rite ki te tauira, 4-a 2-hlorbutanovuyu waikawa hlorbutanovuyu.

3. poinanaha o maha here. E te ara, i konei ngā nga momo tino noa o te poinanahatanga o ngā waiwaro rua. rerekē te poinanaha i te tūranga o te here hamanga.

4. poinanahatanga o rōpū mahi. I roto i tenei take, kua puritia te katoa o te taonga, engari puta ke nga āhuatanga me te āhua o te nuinga o ngā rōpū mahi. Ka rite ki te tauira, dimethyl Etere , me te waihā.

momo mokowā o te poinanahatanga

Stereoisomers (wāhi) e pā ana ki orientations rerekē o ngā rāpoi ngota o te hanganga taua.

1. Ko te poinanaha optical (poinanaha). hono ana tēnei puka i te te huringa o te rōpū mahi huri noa i te kōrero hangarite. I roto i te nuinga o te wā i te taonga he ngota waro hangarite herea ia e te ki e wha substituents. Ko te kupu, he huringa o te waka rererangi o te vahiraa o te marama. hua tenei Antipodes whakaata me poinanaha pera-ka karanga. Te mea faahiahia, e āhuatanga te whakamutunga i te nuinga te taua āhuatanga.

2. diastereomers. E pā ana tēnei wā ki te poinanahatanga mokowā, rite ki te hua o nei i kore e te matū i hanga Antipodes.

E tano ia tapao e te aroaro o ngā poinanaha taea he matua e tika ana ki te maha o here waro. Ko te roa te kōhiwi waro, kia kia hanga e te rahi te maha o ngā poinanaha.