Ko te hanganga matū o matū

Hoki kua tamata i te pūtaiao wa roa ki te kawe i te ariā kotahi e whakamārama te hanganga o ngā rāpoi ngota, kua whakaahuatia ratou āhuatanga i roto i te pā ana ki ētahi atu matū. Ki te mahi i tenei i ratou ki te whakaahua i te āhua me te hanganga o te ngota, ki te whakauru i te "honohono, o te" ariā "kiato irahiko" me te tini ke atu.

He whakamārama i runga i te ariā

Ko te matū hanganga o te matū tuatahi hiahia Italian Amadeus Avogadro. ka anga ia ki te ako i te taimaha o ngā haurehu rāpoi, me te i runga i te pūtake o ratou kitenga hoatu mua te whakapae e pā ana ki to ratou hanganga. Otiia e kore e te tuatahi ki te pūrongo i runga i ka ai, ka tatari noa ana hoa whiwhi hua rite. I muri iho, ki te tikanga whiwhi te taimaha o ka mohiotia rite te haurehu rāpoi ture o Avogadro.

Kua ākina te ariā hou atu nga kaiputaiao ki te ako. I roto ia ratou ko Lomonosov, Dalton, Lavoisier, Proust, Mendeleyev ko Butlerov.

ariā Butlerova

Ko te parau "te ariā o te hanganga matū" puta tuatahi i roto i te pūrongo i runga i te hanganga o ngā matū, i roto i 1861 māngai Germany Butlerov. tomo ia tonu i roto i ngā tānga muri, me te pare i roto i nga meatanga o te hītori o te pūtaiao. Ko reira he tīwaiwaka o te torutoru ariā hou. I roto i tona pepa, kī te pūtaiao tona tirohanga ake i runga i te hanganga matū o matū. Tenei ko etahi o tona otinga:

- ngota i roto i ngā rāpoi ngota hono ki tetahi ki tetahi i runga i te maha o ngā irahiko i roto i ratou orbitals waho;
- te huri i te raupapa o hononga o ngota ai te huringa i roto i te āhuatanga o te rāpoi ngota, me te ahua o te taonga hou;
- matū me te tinana āhuatanga o ngā rauemi whakawhirinaki kore anake i runga i te aha i te ngā ngota he wahi o reira, engari ano hoki te tikanga o to ratou hononga ki tahi i te tahi, me te pokanoa tahi;
- i roto i te tikanga ki te whakatau i te hanganga rāpoi, me te ngota o te rauemi, he mea e tika ana ki te whakahaere i te mekameka o panoni whai.

Ko te hanganga āhuahanga o ngā rāpoi ngota

Ko te matū hanga o ngā ngota me ngā rāpoi ngota oti e toru nga tau i muri mai i te Butlerov. whakamōhio te reira i roto i te pūtaiao i te āhuatanga o te poinanahatanga, postulating e, ara ia i te taua hanganga kounga engari hanganga rerekē, e rerekē te taonga i ia atu i runga i te maha o ngā tohu.

Kotahi tekau nga tau i muri mai, i reira ko te ako o te hanganga e toru-ahu o ngā rāpoi ngota. Te reira i katoa tīmata ki te whakaputanga o te tona ariā van't Hoff o valences o te pūnaha quaternary o waro ngota. mōhio ana kaipūtaiao Modern rua ahunga stereochemistry: hanganga me te mokowā.

I roto i te tahuri, e tahuri iho hoki te wahi hanganga ki poinanaha kōhiwi me ngā ture. He nui i roto i te ako o ngā matū waro tenei ka te hanganga kounga o i raro anake hauwai me te waro ngota pateko, me te hihiri o te pūhui, me to ratou raupapa i roto i te rāpoi ngota.

hiahiatia te poinanahatanga mokowā i roto i aua wā, te wahi e whakaritea te ngota i roto i te raupapa taua ka reira he hononga, engari he rerekē i roto i te wāhi o te rāpoi ngota. poinanaha taratahi whatu (ina tapua stereoisomers tahi e te tahi), diastereoisomers, poinanaha āhuahanga, me ētahi atu.

Ngota i roto i ngota

tikanga hanganga matū Classical o te rāpoi ngota e kei reira he ngota. Hypothetically, Ko reira mārama e ngota ia i roto i kia rerekē te muingota me kia hoki rerekē me ona āhuatanga. Tei te reira i runga i te mea atu ngota karapotia reira, te tawhiti i waenganui i a ratou, me nga hononga e whakarato rāpoi ngota kaha.

pūkenga Modern, hiahia ki te houhia ai ngä whānui me te ariā aronui, tangohia te rite te tūranga taketake i te meka e i roto i te hanganga o te ngota rāpoi ngota rau reira te matua anake, me ngā irahiko, ka mutu ia ki te tīariari. O te akoranga, i roto i tenei waihanga kihai i haere mai tonu. i hanga rave rahi whakamātau ki te whakaora i te ngota rite te kōwae o te rāpoi ngota, engari ko ratou taea ki te whakatau i te hinengaro uaua.

Te hanganga, te hanganga matū o ngā pūtau

Ko te ariā o "hanganga" fakahu'unga he uniana o nga matū katoa e kua whai wāhi i roto i te mahi hanganga me te pūtau. Ko te rārangi ngā tata katoa nga mea timatanga o te ripanga pūmotu:

- e waru tekau-ono huānga e hakari tonu;
- rua tekau-rima o ratou he deterministic mo te ora tonu;
- e pā ana ki e rua tekau tino tika.

E rima toa oroko te ihirangi hāora i roto i te pūtau mai ki whitu tekau-rima ōrau i roto i ia pūtau. Kei te hanga e te reira e te whāwehe o te wai e tika ana mō te respiration pūtau me te whakarato pūngao ki te tauhohe atu taunekeneke matū. Next i roto i te faufaa - waro. Ko reira te pūtake o ngā matū waro katoa me te he tïpako mō te ahotakakame. Ka whiwhi te parahi hauwai - te huānga nui tino i roto i te ao. Ko reira ano hoki he wahi o te Nini pūhui organic ki te waro. Water Ko te wae nui. nohoia Honore wahi tuawha e hauota tika mo te hanganga o ngā waikawa amino me, rite te tupu, pūmua, whākōkī, me te ara huaora.

Ko te hanganga matū o te pūtau, he āhuatanga iti rongonui pērā i te konupūmā, ūkuikui, pāhare pāporo, whanariki, māota, konutai, me te konupora. Fakataha, pūkete ratou hoki e pā ana ki tetahi ōrau o te tapeke o te taonga i roto i te pūtau. Kei te ahu mai ano pūtea āhuatanga me ultramicroelements roto i roto i ngā noho i roto i moni wahi.