Ngā momo o ngā pūnaha ōhanga

Kua roa te taata mohiotia nga momo rerekē me ngā tauira o ngā pūnaha ōhanga. Ratou āta i hanga i roto i te akoranga o te whanaketanga o mua roa.

Whakarōpū o ngā pūnaha ōhanga e hāngai ana i runga i etahi paearu. Ko te tohu tino noa hoki e kua whakarōpūhia ratou:

- mana, whakawhānui i te tikanga o te hanga;

- ara o te whakahaere ngā mahi pakihi.

I runga i te pūtake o teie mau parau tumu ngā taua momo o ngā pūnaha ōhanga: te whakahau-whakahaere, mākete, tuku iho, me te whakauru. Ia o ratou kua he wahi tino i roto i te hītori. Otiia e kore e momo katoa o nga pūnaha ōhanga i runga-whakahuatia te tīariari i te wa ano.

Na, i roto i te mua i te nuinga ai e te pūnaha tuku iho. E kitea ētahi o ona āhuatanga, me te i ēnei rā i roto i nga whenua iti whakawhanakehia. Kei te āhuatanga i te reira e te ohaoha taumata-maha, ngā momo tūturu o te mahi pāmu, ngā whakamahi o te mahi ā-ringa, te kore o te hangarau hou, i te tino taketake ahua o te whakahaere o te mahi me te hanga, hanganga rawakore, rawakore i roto i te taupori. Ngā tikanga me tikanga i hanga e mo te maha o ngā rau tau, te uara o te wehenga ahurea, me te karakia o te taupori ki kaihe me whenei pāpori - katoa reira tino pānga te tukanga pāpori-ōhanga. Ko te hunga whenua e kua pera tawhiti noho ōhanga tuku iho, takoha ki mau i te faatîtîraa o te whakapaipai ke, me te wawaotanga kāwanatanga nui i roto i te Tuhinga o te moni motu.

pūnaha ōhanga mākete. Kei te āhuatanga i te reira e te predominance o mana tūmataiti o ngā rauemi ōhanga. kī te reira i te whai wāhi o maha kaihanga, a reira, kaihoko o ratou hua. kaiwhakaari ōhanga katoa i haere noa whaiaro me te haere noa o te pai rawa o te mahi kia rite ki te pai kia rite ki te haere noa o te whai wāhi ki ngā rauemi, ki ngā mōhiohio, ki te whakatutukitanga o te pūtaiao me te hangarau. ngā ngākau nuitanga Whaiaro - te akiaki matua o whanonga o ia hinonga ōhanga. Ka rite ki te hua, motuhake whakatau-hanga, e hiahia ana ia ki te tiki i te moni te nuinga. Otiia i konei te ka taea ki te ite anake i te mea e i roto i te tua ki ka kia māngai ō rātou ngākau nuitanga, me te ngākau nuitanga o te hapori toku hinonga ohaoha moni tūmataiti. Tohatoha o ngā rauemi, moni, utu me ētahi atu tukanga whänui, me te microeconomic whakahaere i te huarahi mākete, e hāngai ana nei i runga i whakataetae kore utu. rerekē nui Ētahi momo o ngā pūnaha ōhanga i te kore o te muri. Oia mau, i roto i tenei take, e whakataetae ko te pūkaha matua o te whanaketanga ōhanga.

Ko te āhua i roto i te pūnaha mākete wawao i roto i ngā tukanga ōhanga ko te tino āhua, me te whārite. Ko tōna tūranga, ko te noa ki te tiaki i nga rangatira tūmataiti o taonga, me te whakatū o te taua anga ture e pai kia aro ki te mahi o te mākete. kaiwhakaari Market tino takitahi tango whakatau ōhanga, maha ihupuku nui.

he taua ōhanga mākete vai ki predominance whakataetae noa tae noa ki nga 30raa o te rau tau 20.

I roto i nga whenua-pāpori o Ahia me Eastern Europe, te mua Soviet Union i reira ko te pūnaha whakahau-whakahaere. Ko te ōhanga mākete-kore tenei. Ko te mana o te mana kāwanatanga, monopolization me te Kōawa o te ōhanga, i te arata'iraa, te whakamahere production tino, tohatoha rauemi, te kore o te whakataetae me te hanganga noa o utu, me te mau whanaunga koloa-moni - e patu āhuatanga o te pūnaha whakahaere-whakahau.

Ko te whenua o te ao hou e taea te mahi tōtika i roto i te pūnaha ōhanga whakauru. Ko tōna āhuatanga matua:

- he momo o momo o te mana;

- feohi ikeiketanga o tikanga kāwanatanga o ture ōhanga ki te huarahi mākete;

- te taumata tiketike o te whanaketanga o ope hua, te aroaro o te hanganga mākete o te hapori.

I roto i te pūnaha ōhanga whakauru ngā momo rerekē o ngā pūnaha ōhanga i ratou pai.