Nikolai Kondratiev, ohanga Soviet: biography, whai ki te ōhanga

tanú kati "Kommunarka" Kua riro te wahi o te mate o maha pūtaiao Soviet tawainga. Ko tētahi o ratou ko te ohanga Nikolay Dmitrievich Kondratev. I roto i nga tau wawe o te Soviet Union, arahina ia whakamahere whenua agrarian. Ko te wahi matua o te kainga tupu ariā Kondratiev ko te pukapuka "conjuncture huringa Big." Ano, tāia te pūtaiao kaupapa here o nép, ka whakahoki te ōhanga Soviet i muri i te pakanga kaiākiri ati rahi.

Childhood me te taiohitanga

I whanau ohanga Nikolai Kondratiev i runga i Maehe 16, 1892 i roto i te kainga o Galuevskoy Kostroma kawanatanga. Ki te 13 tau ka haere ia ki te hahi, me te kaiako seminelí. I roto i te revolution Russian tuatahi, ka te whatupango te SR ka awhinatia te komiti patu pueru. i peia ia i te haapiiraa evanelia hoki tenei ranei tae noa tonoa ki te whare herehere.

Kotahi tau i muri mai, i tukua Nikolai Kondratiev me whakauru i roto i te kura o te ahuone me te ahuwhenua i roto i te pa Iukereiniana o Uman. I te 1908 ka whakatutehu ia ki St Petersburg. I roto i te pane ngā Kondratyev he ruma ki nga akoranga ahurea me te pūtaiao pāpori Pitirim Sorokin - te kaiwhakarewa o te ariā o te nekeneke pāpori heke mai.

Ko te timatanga o te mahi pūtaiao

I roto i te 1911, ka tomo Nikolai Kondratiev te St Petersburg University. I muri i tu'ite, whiriwhiria ana e ia te tari o te ōhanga tōrangapū me tatauranga, a faaoti no te faaineine no te farii i te taitara o te orometua.

I tenei wa, ka arahina e ia i te Kondratiev mahi tuhituhi me te pūtaiao tutu. mahi tahi ia ki te "Herald o Europe", "kawenata" me ētahi atu makasini, a hoatu maha kauwhau. ko Young he hinengaro i roto i ngā porowhita pūtaiao Mikhail Tugan-Baranovsky me Lva Petrazhitskogo. meinga ana ia e tona kaituhituhi Ahorangi Maxim Kovalevsky. I roto i te 1915, whakaputaina Kondratev Nikolay Dmitrievich i oti rawa tona pepa tuatahi ki te ōhanga o tona kawanatanga Māori o Kostroma.

Whai wāhi i roto i te mau ohipa hou

Ahakoa hei wāhanga o te hapori pūtaiao o St. Petersburg, Kondratiev noho he mema o te pāpori Revolutionary Party. Hoki te wa roa mō te ia i whakahaere tirotiro ngaro o te pirihimana ngaro. I te tau 1913, ka whakanuia Russia te huritau 300th o te whare Romanov, pau Kondratyev he marama i roto i te whare herehere.

rahi mahi tōrangapū i muri i te ohanga ngā ohorere o te revolution tanguru. Ko te pūtaiao taitama ko he māngai ki te III Congress o te pāpori-Revolutionary Party, puritia i roto i Moscow i Mei - Hune 1917. hanga reira ia he kupu i roto i te tautoko o te Kāwanatanga Takitaro. Na, ka he ohanga he kaitohutohu ki Kerensky i ahuwhenua. whai wāhi Nikolai Kondratiev i te hanga o te Kaunihera o mua peasants 'me kua horo'ahia ki a ratou i roto i te Democratic Conference katoa-Russian i Mahuru. pōtitia Economist te Kaunihera Takitaro o te Republic. I tua atu ki tenei, te whakahaere ia ki te whai wāhi i roto i te Komiti Whenua Main me te League o Reform agrarian.

Tautururaa i te kāwanatanga o Kerensky, mahi pakeke Kondratiev ki hinga te raruraru kai Kua puta ake nei e tika ana ki te whawhai roa ki a Tiamana me ona hoa. Ko te kore o te oranga hono fakahohaasi te huru o te hapori. Te hanga i te pūnaha supply pūmau e hanga i taua mea taea ki te maeneene te maha ngā whakahēnga pāpori, me te karo i te raruraru tōrangapū. I ko Kondratiev he kaitautoko o te whakaaro o te heriheri witi kāwanatanga. whakanohoia e ia ano ana tumanako i runga i te tono, ahakoa i roto i 1917 e kore reira kua whakaritea e te raruraru kai - tonu te riri o te matekai nui-tauine ki te hūnuku i roto i mua o te Kāwanatanga Takitaro.

He wehenga atu i te kaupapa here

ka mau te Oketopa Revolution he Kondratieff i te puni pato'iraa. riro ia he mema o te wāhanga Runanga o te pāpori-mua. A, no te i pakaru tenei tinana, oho te pūtaiao ki te ātete i te mua "Russian Revival Union". I roto i te 1919, i te waiho i raro i te Pāti pāpori-Revolutionary ki hinga whakamutunga. mahue Kondratev Nikolay Dmitrievich tōrangapū, a oti rawa ia katoa ki te pūtaiao.

I muri oho te Revolution Kondratyev ki Moscow. I reira timata ia e whakaako ana i te maha o ngä whare wänanga - te University o Shanyavsky, Cooperative Institute, Petrovskaya Agricultural Academy. Hoki etahi wa te wahi o te mahi o te ohanga ko te Moscow Narodny Bank. I roto i te 1920, ka hopukina Kondratiev a meinga ana ia hei hē i roto i te take o te "Union o Tuhinga o Russia." SR mua whakaora i te inoi o Alexander utopian Chayanov me rongonui Bolshevik Ivan Teodorović.

Mahi i roto i te Whakamahere Komihana State

whakaturia tautooraa Kondratieff i Conjunctural Institute i o nga tangata Commissariat o Finance. ahu ohanga Soviet reira ki te biennium 1920-1928. mahi ano ia mo nga tau e toru i roto i o nga tangata Commissariat o Agriculture. Ko te USSR State Whakamahere Komiti Kondratiev wahi o te tari ahuwhenua. Ko te pūtaiao arahina te fakamatala o te rautaki whanaketanga o te rāngai ahuwhenua.

I roto i te 1922, tino, ka kotahi ano Nikolai Kondratiev, ko tona whai ki te ōhanga ko kua te taitama āhua Soviet te ūnga o te tāmitanga. I whakaurua te reira i roto i te rārangi o te iwi houhou, te whakarite hoki i te pana i te Soviet Union. awhina Kondratieva o nga tangata Commissariat o Agriculture. Ka rite ki te mātanga ki te whakahaere te maha ngā tukanga nui, i nekehia tona ingoa i te Blacklist.

tāwāhi

I roto i te 1924, ka haere Kondratiev haerenga rangahau tāwāhi. tae mai ia Germany, Canada, te UK me te US. a Economist kia kite ia te tikanga mākete o whenua Western. i whai hua ki a ia tenei wheako i roto i te fakamatala o te mau parau tumu o te nép. Ko Nikolai Kondratieff (1892-1938) ko tetahi o nga kau muimui matua o te kaupapa here öhanga hou, ki i haere mai nga mua i muri i nga tau o te Communism whawhai kau. Ka rite ki te mātanga Soviet i ki te aromatawai i te 'amanaki mo tāwāhi o te USSR.

Ia Kondratieff, Pitirim Sorokin i te wa i noho kē i roto i te United States. whakaekea e ia Nikolayu Dmitrievichu ki noho i roto i Amerika, i reira te mea he heamana whare wānanga ki te arahi me te tiaki ia koe me tou utuafare, ki waho haere tahi ia. Heoi, kihai Kondratiev ki maka kāinga. I mīharo ia e nga whai wāhitanga hou i whakatuwheratia i roto i te mua o ia nép.

ho'iraa

I roto i te 1924, kihai i ano timata ai te repressions Stalinist. ara i taea e kore e tetahi whakaaro e reira ka kia mamae e ngaueue te Soviet Union i te 1930. O te reta Declassified i waenganui Stalin me tetahi o nga ngā o wehi Yakovom Agranovym tenei ra e mohiotia ai e i roto i te mutunga o Kondratieff whakamamaetia e te tikanga whaiaro o te rangatira. I roto i te US, ka taea e te ohanga whakauaua whakaaro te tahi mea rite taua.

E hoki i ki waho, haere tonu Kondratiev tana mahi kaha i roto i te mara o te whakamahere ōhanga - i whakaarohia ai, ka mahi i roto i te wā 1923-1928 tau ahuwhenua pera-ka karanga-tau e rima.

Whai wāhi ki te ōhanga

te mahi tino nui ariā whakaputaina i Kondratiev i 1925 - "huringa Big conjuncture." meinga te reira i tautohetohe whānui e rua i roto i te USSR me ki waho. He he he wā hou kua tapaea e Nikolai Kondratiev -. 'Huringa whanaketanga Economic "

E ai ki te ariā o te pūtaiao, whakawhanake te ōhanga ao i roto i te tōrino. E whakakapia ups ngä hekenga huritaiāwhio, a hurihia. Kairangahau whakapono e te roa o tenei wā - e pā ana ki 50 tau. I roto i te USSR, e kore e maha iwi rite te whakaaro hoatu mua Kondratiev. "Huringa Kondratieff" i whakaaro wehenga atu o te kaituhi i Marxism.

Te mea faahiahia, kua hoatu te ohanga mua he whakapae, kahore tetahi turanga ariā. koa Kondratyev anake e ratou ake kitenga tëtehi. tātarihia ia i roto i te taipitopito nga whika i te mutunga o öhanga XVIII me US i Western Europe me te timatanga o XX rautau. Ka meatia tenei mahi, kua hanga pūtaiao whakairoiro me te auau konä kitea. tāutuhia Kondratiev nga wāhanga e whai ake nei o te whanaketanga o tetahi ōhanga: tupu, runga, heke, whārua.

Ki te kore i kitea te ariā maia Soviet Union te tono, ka ki waho te maioha reira e economists maha i huri noa i te ao. championed Kondratieff ariā te Austria me te kaipūtaiao American Yozef Shumpeter. anō te tūhuratanga tuku iho motu Russian i muri anake Perestroika. I tua atu, i mahue Kondratiev muri rangahau taketake i runga i te akiaki a te utu o taonga ahuwhenua me te ahumahi.

Papā ki te kāwanatanga

"Huringa nui tikanga" meinga te makanga o te kaiārahi Soviet. I muri noa iho ka anga te whakaputanga o te pepa badgering makasini Kondratieva, ko te kaiwhakahaere o e Grigory Zinoviev. Ko kahore totohe pūtaiao. ko faaino rite snitching. I ko te kaiārahi Soviet muri i te matenga o Lenin te tatini mana o nga mua ngau, he reira tata katoa e kore e tukua Kondratiev.

Ko te okotahi ko Mikhail Kalinin. muri blackmailed Stalin ia he roa ki Kondratyev. tautoko Nikolai Bukharin nga whakaaro ariā o te pūtaiao (ano, i te tamata Bukharin ka whiua ki te mate, tae atu ki te Bolshevik whakawakia i roto i te roto tōrangapū ki te ohanga tawainga).

whakama

Ahakoa te "huringa Kondratieff" Kondratieff me ētahi atu ona kaupapa ōhanga katoa kua huakina i te taumata teitei, kihai i haere i te pūtaiao ki te tango i to ratou tūranga, kahore te whawhai. mau e ia tona ake taata ato'ai roto i ngā hautaka me i hui. Ngā patua ko tona kupu i roto i te Communist Academy, i tangohia e wahi i roto i Noema 1926. I tua atu, tuhituhi Kondratyev pūrongo me memos ki te CC.

I roto i 1927, i roto i te buka aamu "Bolshevik" he nui ui ko e "Manifesto o te rōpū kulak" puta te tuhinga muri o Zinoviev. whakatakoto ana te reira i te reo whakapangia i ai nga whiu whakamutunga mate i muri mai e Kondratiev. kihai i whakapae o whakamarie ratou, ka kurua, me te kähaki hapori tika tuma, aru e mahi tūturu o te KGB.

Inoi i roto i te āwhina

Ariā mo me pukapuka tīmata Nikolaya Kondrateva i te whakaaro e kia whakawhanake i te ōhanga āta. Ko e poka ki te hohoro Stalinist ki nei te tōhito whatu ahumahi Soviet tēnei parau tumu. Te nuinga hoki tenei i roto i te tau 1928 i nekehia atu Kondratiev i te kaiārahi o to ratou brainchild - ngā whare conjunctural, ka maka i roto o te ora mātauranga.

I roto i te 1930, i tuhituhi Nikolai Sorokin ki te hoa i te pukapuka, i tukua ki te United States hetia i roto i Finland. I roto i te karere ki te pūtaiao whakaahuatia poto te tipu mamae o mooni Soviet: te dispossession o te kulaks i te whenua, te pēhanga ki runga ki te intelligentsia. Te kore te mahi o Kondratiev i ahau i runga i te mata o te hemokai. ka ui ia ki hoki te tauturu Sorokina. tahuri ia ki a Hamuera Harper - Ahorangi, University o Chicago, maha tae mai te Soviet Union.

Tuhinga ka mauhere

I roto i tetahi atu haerenga ki te Soviet Union Harper toutou tutaki ki Kondratyev. Kotahi ra te tokorua o ratou ka haere mai ki te whakaae-hoko i mua, te wahi i tatari ratou mo nga āpiha GPU. I hopukina Kondratiev. Ko te tau ko 1930.

E noho ana i roto i te whare herehere, tonu economists tona mahi pūtaiao. I roto i te mutunga, i tuhituhi e ia te maha o nga mahi. Ōkawa, Nikolai Kondratiev, kua hono ki te pāpori-mua me ara Kerensky nei haurongo, i tamata i runga i utu o Kaimahi 'a mua' Party. I roto i te 1932, i whiua a ia ki te waru tau i roto i te whare herehere. haere Kondratiev ki isolator tōrangapū Suzdal. I reira tonu ia ki te tuhituhi.

Kua ora Motuhake tauira tonotono o akiakinga ōhanga kotahi anake te mahi wā Suzdal. I roto i te mau herehere, whanga ana te pūtaiao rite ki ta te ao pepa rongonui me haere mai pono matapae ōhanga. Na, ko ia wheako kawa atu o wehenga takoha i te mahi pūtaiao tonu.

Ko te shooting me te whakanohonoho

Ahakoa kua whakatakotoria e waru nga tau, kihai i Kondratiev tatari mo te whakaoranga. I roto i te 1938, i te tiketike o te wehi nui, i whakawakia ai e te Collegium Military o te Hupirimi Kooti o te USSR. koperea 17 Mahuru pūtaiao. kua meinga Place tutu te taparau "Kommunarka". He te hoki te repressed me tanumia.

I roto i te 1963, i muri i te XX Congress o te CPSU, i rehabilitated Kondratieff, ahakoa kahore i tenei meka i hanga tūmatanui. ohanga tuku iho Scientific mō nga tau maha noho te ahanoa o tūtara me fakaanga o pūtaiao Soviet mōhiohio. Hei whakamutunga faaho'ihia mai te ingoa pai o Kondratieff i roto i perestroika, i 1987, ka ko reira te rua o nga wa rehabilitated (tenei wa ki te tauira kua ururuatia Aleksandrom Chayanovym).