Petersburg Academy o Toi: hītori, kaiwhakatū, pükenga

Ko te whakapaipai o tetahi o nga embankments St. Petersburg ko te whare, tiaki nei e rua Sphinx okiokinga, kotahi kawea i te Ihipa tawhiti. I roto i te reira whakanohoia te Petersburg Academy o Toi, i huaina tenei ra i te Institute o Painting, Sculpture me Architecture. Kei te whakaaro te reira ki te hei i te pouraka o te toi Russian, kua ao te ingoa tino.

Ko te whanau o te Academy

i whakaturia Academy o Fine Arts i St Petersburg i te tino o te Empress Elizabeth, he Statesman nui Russian me kaiwhakaruruhau o te XVIII rau Ivan Ivanovich Shuvalov (1727-1797). Photo e tohu ana te aroaro tona māhunga i roto i te tuhinga. no ia ki taua onge i nga wa katoa, te kāwai o te iwi nei tamata ki te whakamahi i tana tūranga tiketike, me te taonga ki te painga o Russia. Te riroraa ei i roto i 1755 te kaiwhakarewa o te University Moscow, mau enei ingoa University, e rua nga tau i muri mai, ka mau e ia te kaupapa ki te hanga i tētahi whare mātauranga hangaia ki te whakangungu toi i roto i te toi auraki.

Petersburg Academy o Toi, kei nei i te tīmatanga i roto i runga i Sadovaya Street tona whare ake, ka anga mahi i roto i te 1758. whakaratohia te nuinga o te pūtea kei te i moni whaiaro Shuvalov rite i te taonga mo tona ihirangi nui iti kua tohaina. He philanthropist ohaoha, e kore anake hoki te moni whakahau i ki waho, i nga kaiako pai, engari aroaro ano hoki te Academy i hanga e ia he kohinga o pikitia no ki a ia, maka ana te kupu i te timatanga o te hanganga o te whare taonga me te whare pukapuka.

Ko te Rector tuatahi o te Academy

Mai i te wā wawe o te mahi te Academy o Toi, me te te hanga o tona whare o nāianei e pā ana ki te ingoa o tētahi atu tangata e mahue te tohu nui i roto i te hītori o te ahurea Russian. Ko te kaihoahoa tino Russian Alexander Filippovich Kokorinov (1726-1772) tenei. Whakawhanakehia i roto i te taha ki a Ahorangi JB Vallenom M. de la Mothe kaupapa hanga, i roto i nei oho Academy i fare o Shuvalov, ka mau ia ki a ia i roto i te tūranga o te kaiwhakahaere, ka ahorangi me te Rector. Nga huru o tona matenga i hoatu ara ki tetahi o nga pūrākau maha o St. Petersburg, e mohiotia ana ko te "Phantom o te Academy of Fine Arts." Ko te take i te raraunga i te Rector ora o te Academy, kihai i mate rite ki te hua o te mate o te wai, i rite tohua i roto i te poroporoaki mōhiohio, ka taronatia i roto i tona tuanui.

E huaina nga take ka taea o te whakamomori e rua. E ai ki te tetahi putanga, ko te take te utu unsubstantiated o embezzling rawa kāwanatanga-fatuhia, e ko te pirau. No te mea i roto i aua ra i whakaaro ai atu whakama, me te ingoa kino, a ka whiua rahua Alexander Filippovich, ka whiriwhiria e ia ki te mate. I roto i te tahi atu putanga o te hiringa mo tenei taahiraa mahi riri i i riro ia i te Empress Catherine II, tae mai te hanga o te wänanga ako, ka whiwhi kakahu paru i runga i te taiepa korari peita. Mai reira te reira ta e ki he ua whakamomori kahore whiwhi takotoranga ina ao Vyshny, mate ake ake kotiti kotahi hanga e ia nga taiepa. aroaro tona whakaahua kei roto i te tuhinga.

ngā Women i roto i te aamu o te Academy

I roto i te wā o te wahine academician tuatahi o te Petersburg Academy o Toi o Catherine. riro ia te ākonga o te toi French Etena Falkone - Marie-Anna Kollo, hanga tahi me tona kaiwhakaako, te rongonui "parahi eke hoiho". Ko ia te tangata e whakamana i te matenga o te kingi, i riro tetahi o pai ana whakaahua whakairo.

I miharo hoki tona mahi whakahau Empress ki whakarite Collot ora penihana, me te tautapa i te taua paetukutuku tiketike. Na, i roto i te maha o kairangahau hou ko o te whakaaro e, e poka ki te putanga whakapumautia o Marie-Anna Kollo - wahine academician o te Petersburg Academy o Toi, ko te kaituhi o te matenga kore anake, "te parahi kaieke", engari te ahua katoa o te kingi, i whakairo tona kaiako te hoiho. Heoi, e kore e tenei faaino i tona kaiaka.

I roto i te e haere, kia tuhia te reira e roaa i te taitara tiketike, me te hōnore i roto i Russia i te mutunga o te rau tau XVIII, tetahi artist, e haere mai i France me tetahi o nga kaipeita portrait pai o tona wa - Vigee Lebrun. Academician o te Petersburg Academy o Toi - te taitara, kua whakawhiwhia nei anake ki paetahi. riro hoki Lebrun kahore taitara rahi iti o hoa hōnore o tāwhai, i whakawhiwhia nei i te wa kaitoi rongonui nei i kuraina noa atu.

Ko te tikanga o te whakangungu riro i roto i te rau tau XVIII

Petersburg Academy o Toi mai kua kairau a töna tïmatanga he tūranga matua i roto i te whanaketanga o te tikanga Russian. Mō taua, pehea nui i whakanohoia i roto i tona mahi ai kia tohu o te meka e i roto i te rau tau XVIII, roa te whakangungu mo te kotahi tekau ma rima nga tau, a ka i tonoa nga raukura pai i utu tūmatanui mō te karahipi ki waho. I roto i te kaupapa o te toi, ako i te wänanga i peita, tuhi, whakairo me te hoahoanga.

Ko te akoranga katoa o te ako, e whakarato ana ona ākonga ki te Academy o Toi, i wehea ki rima akomanga, wāhanga ranei, o nei i te tuawha me te tuarima o nga raro, a i huaina kura mātauranga. whāngai ratou nga tamariki e kua tae rima-ono nga tau o tau, i reira ratou ako ki te pānui i me te whiwhi i te pūkenga taketake, whai wāhi i roto i whakapaipai peita, me te tārua whakapakoko rite. I roto i ia o enei whakangungu e rua roa hoki e toru nga tau o te kura tuatahi. Ko te kupu, e ono nga tau roa te akoranga kura mātauranga.

Tekiona i te tuatoru ki i te tuatahi teitei, i whakaaro ratou, i roto i te meka, te Academy o Toi. He ākonga, whakangungua mua rite te rōpū, wehea ki ngā akomanga rite ki whāiti heke mai ratou - te peita, whakairo, whakairo hoahoanga ranei. I roto i ia o enei wāhanga teitei toru ako mō ngā tau e toru, hua tika i roto i te whakangungu Academy iwa nga tau roa, a ki ono nga tau pau i roto i te kura mātauranga, ko reira ma rima tau. nui anake i muri, i roto i te rau tau XIX, i muri i 1843 katia kura mātauranga, kei te tino heke te wā whakangungu.

Ētahi atu pekanga

Academy o Fine Arts i St. Petersburg, i runga i te tauira o ngā pūtahi Pākehā rite tukua reira i ona taiepa e kore anake mātanga aravihi faaineine i roto i te mara ngā o toi, engari iwi ano hoki whānui mātauranga. I tua atu i te marau taketake i roto i te marautanga hoki ngā reo ke, hītori, geography, ngā pūrākau, me te ara arorangi.

I roto i te rau tau hou

ka Petersburg Academy o Toi i roto i te rau tau 19 tona whanaketanga atu. Ko wai arahina Tatau tona kaiwhakaruruhau Russian rawa tū Aleksandr Sergeevich Stroganov te raupapa o whakahounga, i hua i roto i te faaho'iraa mai i hanga me ngā akomanga mētara, me te etahi tikanga e uru ki te akoranga pourewa. He wāhanga nui i roto i te ora o te Academy o te wā ko te tuatahi o tona whakawhiti ki te Tāhuhu o te Mātauranga National, a ka - te Tāhuhu o te Kooti Imperial. Kua nui wāhi tenei ki te whiwhi pūtea atu a tukua atu paetahi ki te haere ki waho.

I roto i te mana o te Classicism

Tata puta noa te rau tau XIX te kāhua toi anake, e mōhiotia ana e te wänanga, ko Classicism. I runga i nga kaupapa matua o te whakaako i taua wa i nui te awe e te pera-ka karanga raupapatanga o momo - tangohia e te Paris Academy o Fine Arts o te pūnaha o te wehenga o momo o toi pai rite ki to ratou faufaa, te matua o nei whakaaro ko te peita hītori. vai i teie parau tumu noa te mutunga o te rau tau XIX.

I roto i te raina ki tenei, i ngā ākonga ki te peita i runga i ngā kaupapa tangohia i karaipiture i te mahi o kaituhi tawhito ranei - .. Homer, Ovid, Theocritus, whakaaetia ano etc. kaupapa Russian Old, engari anake i roto i te horopaki o mahi hītori Lomonosov ko Shcherbatov me a Synopsys - he kohinga o nga mahi e te Chroniclers onamata. Ka rite ki te hua o te Classicism, e kauwhautia te St Petersburg Imperial Academy o Toi, te taniwha iti te auahatanga o ngā ākonga, akina te reira ki te oti'a piriha'o o Tokāteliné te roroku haere.

Artists tutu whakakororia toi Russian

Ko te whakaoranga āta i te kēnana whakapumautia timata ki te meka i roto i Noema 1863 ngā nga ngā ākonga tino pūmanawa 14 i roto i te maha o ngā kaiuru i roto i te whakataetae mo te mētara koura, i pai ki te peita ia ratou i runga i te wahi i homai o ngā kōrero Norse, tono i te tika ki te whiriwhiri i te kaupapa. He kua kihai, puai mahue ratou te wänanga, hapori whakaritea, i meinga te pūtake mo te Association rongonui i muri o ratere Art Whakaaturanga. haere ki raro i tenei kaupapa i roto i te hītori o te toi Russian rite te tutu o ma wha.

Alumni me Academicians o te St Petersburg Academy o Toi i taua kaipeita rongonui rite MA Vrubel, V. A. Serov, V. I. Surikov, VD Polenov, VM Vasnetsov, me te tini ke atu. I roto i te manawa ano ki a ratou kia hoki kia whakahuatia, me te tupuni o ngā kaiako ngingila, i roto ia ratou V. E. Makovsky, I. I. Shishkin, A. I. Kuindzhi me I. E. Repin.

Wänanga i roto i te rau tau XX

Petersburg Academy o Toi tonu ona mahi ki runga ki te Oketopa 1917 tahuritanga d'État. I roto i haere mai e ono nga marama i muri i te mua ki te whakatau te mana o te CPC i whakakorea ai, a whakatakotoria tona turanga i runga, me te wā huri o ratou ingoa ki ngā kura toi, hangaia ki te faaineine i te rangatira hou o te toi hapori. I roto i te 1944, i whakanohoia ai i roto i nga taiepa o te Institute o Painting, Sculpture, me te ingoa Architecture i muri i ahau E. Repina, e mau ai ia ki tenei ra. Ratou nga kaiwhakatū o te Academy o Toi - ruma o te Kooti Imperial I. I. Shuvalov me tino Russian kaihoahoa A. F. Kokorinov, tomo ake te hītori o te toi Russian.