Pūira me ona wāhanga. wāhanga āhuatanga o te whāiti pūira. Reproduction o kaiao. Ritenga i whāū me te whāiti pūira

Mō kaiao ora, kua mohiotia ai e manawa ratou, kai, uri, me te mate, ko to ratou mahi koiora tenei. Otiia e tika ana ki te mea te tupu katoa te reira? I te utu o te whare poraka - pūtau, e manawa hoki, kai, uri, me te mate. Ko pehea e tupu tenei?

Ko te hanganga o te pūtau

Kei te tito te reira o pereki, poraka rangitaki ranei. A ka taea te wehea te tinana ki wae timatanga - pūtau. te kanorau katoa o nga mea ora ko te mea o ratou, takoto te rerekētanga anake i roto i to ratou maha me te momo. ngā ratou o uaua, wheua, kiri, whekau - na nui rerekē ratou i roto i to ratou whakarite. Otiia ahakoa o te mea e whakamana mahi e tetahi ki tetahi pūtau ranei, kua whakaritea katoa o ratou e pā ana ki te taua. Tuatahi o te katoa, i tetahi "pereki" kua he anga, ka tūnga i roto i te cytoplasm me ona organelles. e kore e ētahi pūtau i karihi, e huaina ratou prokaryotic, engari he nui ake iti iho te whanaketanga o kaiao titoa o eukaryotic he karihi i roto i i rongoa i te mōhiohio iranga te ranei.

Organelles kei roto i te cytoplasm, he whānui, me te ngā, mahi ratou mahi nui. I roto i te kararehe pūtau te huna hoki kiriuwhi, ribosomes, pungaraungao, Golgi taputapu, centrioles, lysosomes me huānga toko. Ki a ratou haere mai i te tukanga katoa e whakarite te mahi o te tinana.

mahi pūtau

Ka rite ki kua kī, whāngai ora katoa, hopoi, whakamahi, me te mate. Ko te pono tenei e rua mo te rauropi katoa, e ko, iwi, kararehe, tipu, me te D. na i runga i., a ki nga pūtau. He mea mīharo, engari ia "pereki" kua he ora o tona ake. Nā ki ona organelles tango, a ka recycles matūkai, te hāora, te tango i te i roto i te taikaha katoa. cytoplasm ia me kiriuwhi te mahi te mahi waka, he kawenga tae atu manawa, me te haumarutanga pūngao pungaraungao. matatini Golgi whai wāhi i roto i te haaputuputuraa me putanga ngā pūtau o ngā hua ururua. Kei te whai wāhi hoki te tahi atu organelles i roto i te tukanga matatini. A i etahi he wā o te huringa ora pūtau tīmata ki te wehe, na reira ko te tukanga o te uri. Ko reira utu whakaaro i roto i te taipitopito atu.

Ko te tukanga o te wehenga pūtau

Reproduction - tetahi o nga wāhanga o te whanaketanga o te rauropi ora. Ko te taua pā ki te pūtau. I etahi he wā o te huringa ora e whakaurua ratou i roto i te āhua, ina riro ratou rite ki te whakawhānau. pūtau Prokaryotic wehea noa i roto i rua, whakaputa, a ka hanga he arai. He kuware, me te tata rawa i matau e te tauira huakita tokotoko-āhua tenei tukanga.

Mai ngā pūtau eukaryotic ko atu uaua te āhuatanga. uri ratou i roto i te toru ara rerekē, ka karanga amitosis, te whāū pūira me te whāiti pūira. Ia o enei huarahi he ona ake āhuatanga, he mea tūturu i roto i te momo ngā o te pūtau. amitosis Kei te whakaaro te reira i te kuware tino, kua karangatia e hoki a reira i te whakangotangota-rua tika. A, no te reira te mea he tuaruatia ai o te rāpoi ngota pītauira. Heoi, e kore te wehenga muka i hanga, na e he tino itoito economical tenei tikanga. kitea Amitosis i roto i ngā rauropi, i te kiko multicellular tohaina i roto i te tahi atu tikanga. Heoi, kei te te tahi mau taime kitea reira me te wahi i te mahi mitotic iti, hei tauira, i roto i te kopa pakeke.

I te tahi taime ora ake te wehenga tika rite te ahua o te whāū pūira, engari etahi pūtaiao whakapono ko reira he tikanga motuhake. He onge te akoranga o tenei tukanga, ara i roto i nga pūtau tawhito. Ka kia whakaaro Next pūira me ona wāhanga, tukanga whāū me te ritenga me ngā rerekētanga i waenganui i enei tikanga. Ina whakaritea ki te wehenga ohie e uaua ake me mātanga ratou. Ko te rawa tenei wehenga whakaiti pono, kia ai nga wāhanga o te whāiti pūira āhuatanga ko te kiko tino.

He wāhi nui i roto i te wehenga pūtau he centrioles - organelles motuhake, te tikanga kei tata ki te matatini Golgi. Kei roto i ia hanganga o microtubules 27 whakarōpūtia i roto i takitoru. Ko te hanganga katoa he hanga porotakaroa. E whai wāhi hāngai te centrioles i te hanganga o ngā pūtau muka i roto i te tukanga o te wehenga autaki, ka e kia kōrero atu.

whāū

Ko te roanga o te pūtau rerekē. Etahi ora o nga ra i te tokorua, engari e taea te pēnei etahi ki roa-ora, no te mea o ratou tauiraa oti puta rawa uaua. Na tata katoa o enei pūtau uri mā whāū pūira. Ko te nuinga o ratou i waenganui ko te wā wehenga i runga i toharite 10-24 haora. Whāū ano noho te wā iti o te wā - i roto i te kararehe e pā ana ki 0.5-1 haora, me nga otaota e pā ana ki 2-3. Mā tēnei tikanga e te tipu o te taupori pūtau me te tārua ōrite i roto i o ratou wae whakakī ira. Heoi kitea te tonu o whakatupuranga i te taumata pūmotu. I roto i tenei take, tonu te maha o ngā pūira i te taua. Tenei tikanga ko te ahua tino noa o te uri i roto i ngā pūtau eukaryotic.

He nui te uara o tenei momo o te wehenga - āwhina tenei tukanga ki te tupu me te whakaora i te kopa, ai reira he he whanaketanga o te rauropi katoa. I tua atu, ko reira te pūtake o te whāū pūira whakaputa uri tōtahi. A i tetahi atu āhuatanga - te kaupapa o ngā pūtau, me te whakakapinga o kua tawhitotia. Na reira, e whakapono ana tatou e tika ana ki te meka i te atamira meiotic uaua, na tona tūranga ko nui teitei he. E rua o enei tukanga mahi rerekē, me te i roto i to ratou nui, me te koha.

Kei whāū o te maha ngā wāhanga, rere i roto i o ratou āhuatanga morphological. wehea te āhua i roto i nei te rite te pūtau mo te wehenga autaki, ka karanga interphase, me te tukanga iho e 5 ngā wāhanga, e kia whakaaro i roto i te taipitopito atu.

Ko te wāhanga o te whāū pūira

I roto i te pūtau interphase faaineine mo wehenga: te ariā o te DNA me pūmua. Kei te wehea tēnei wā ki te maha, i roto i nei i reira he tupu o te katoa hanganga me te pūira tuaruatia ai. I roto i tenei ahua, noho te pūtau ake ki te 90% o te huringa ora katoa.

Ko te toe 10% tu'asino tika te wehea wehenga ki 5 kaupae. I whāū o te tipu ngā pūtau kua tukua hoki Preprophase, i te mea ngaro i roto i te tahi atu te wā katoa. Ko te hanganga o ngā hanganga hou, kua oho te matua ki te pokapū. I hanga ropu preprophase, tohu te pae whakaarohia o te wehenga i mua nei.

I roto i te tahi atu tonu pūtau tukanga whāū ko e whai ake:

ripanga 1

I muri i te otinga o te wehewehe cytokinesis mōhiohio ira puta cytokinesis ranei. E pā ana tēnei wāhanga ki te hanganga o nga tinana o ngā pūtau tamahine i te tinana o te whaea. Ko te kupu e wehea te tikanga organelles i te hawhe, ahakoa i reira kia kia okotahi, i hanga te arai te. e kore te Cytokinesis mavahe i roto i te wāhanga motuhake, rite ki te tikanga, whakaaro reira hei wāhanga o te telophase.

Na, i roto i te tukanga tino ngā whai wāhi pūira e kawe mōhiohio iranga. He aha te mea te reira me te aha e mea faufaa ratou?

Mō pūira

Ahakoa kahore he te whakaaro iti o te iranga, i matau iwi e maha uri kounga e ti'aturi i runga i to ratou mau metua. Ki te whanaketanga o te koiora, ka mārama e runga tenei ranei e mōhiohio tinana e rongoa i roto i ia pūtau, me tetahi wahi o reira e haere i runga i ki nga whakatupuranga heke mai.

I te mutunga o te rau tau 19 ko reira pūira kitea - hanganga arā, o te roa rāpoi ngota DNA. hanga ana tēnei te taea ki te whakapai ake o whārahi, a tae noa inaianei taea kite ratou e koe i roto i te wehenga anake. Nuinga o ngā wā kiia ki te kitea o te pūtaiao German V. Fleming, e kore whakarite i anake katoa kua e kua ako ia i mua, engari ano hoki wāhi: ko ia tetahi o te tuatahi ki te tirotiro hanganga pūtau, whāiti pūira me ona wāhanga, me te tapa i te wā "whāū". Ko te ariā rawa o "pūira" i whakaarohia i muri atu pūtaiao - he histologist German G. Heinrich Wilhelm Gottfried von Waldeyer-Hartz.

hanganga pūira i te wa ka he mārama ratou kitea, he tino ohie - ko ratou te chromatids e rua e piri i roto i te waenganui o te centromere. Ko te raupapa motuhake o nucleotides me whai wāhi nui i roto i te tini pūtau. Te mutunga iho titiro pūira i prophase me metaphase, ka ai hei reira pai ki te kite, rite reira te H. reta

I te 1900 i kitea ai ture a Mendel, whakaahua i te mau parau tumu o te tuku o huru tuku. Na ka ka te reira mārama e te pūira - he te tahi mea ki i whakawhitia te mōhiohio iranga te tenei. I roto i te heke mai, te pūtaiao he raupapa o ngā ki te whakamatau i te reira whakahaere. A ka meinga a reira hei kaupapa o ako me te pānga ki runga ki a ratou he wehewehenga Tīhau pūtau.

pūira

I roto i te rerekē ki tenei whāū tikanga mutunga arata'i ki te hanganga o ngā pūtau e rua ki te huinga o pūira 2 nga wa iti ake i te taketake. Ko te kupu te tukanga o te whāiti pūira ko te whakawhitinga wāhanga i diploid ki haploid, ai tuatahi Kei te korero tatou e pā ana ki whakangotangota, a i roto i te tuarua - te pūtau katoa. Whakaora i te huinga ki tonu o pūira puta i roto i te atu hononga o tohuhema. Nā ki te hekenga i roto i te maha o ngā pūira, kei te tautuhi tonu tenei tikanga rite te wehewehenga whakaiti pūtau-.

ako whāiti pūira me ona wāhanga pērā pūtaiao rongonui rite V. Fleming, E. Strasburgrer VI Belyaev me ētahi atu. Ko te ako o tenei tukanga i roto i te pūtau o rua tipu me ngā kararehe, kei te haere tonu i runga i - na te uaua reira. I te tīmatanga, whakaaro tenei tukanga ko te kē o whāū, Heoi, tata tonu i muri i te whakatuwheratanga ano i tawhiti ia rite te huarahi motuhake. Āhuatanga o te whāiti pūira me tona uara ariā i tuatahi feunga whakaahuatia Akuhata Wiseman i 1887. Mai reira, te ako o te tukanga whāiti pūira nui fakalakalaka, ko te kitenga kahore i ano i whawhati i.

Kei te kore ki te kia raruraru whāiti pūira ki te aho iroriki, ahakoa e pā ana tata tukanga e rua. I roto i te hanganga o ngā pūtau sex, kua whai wāhi ngā tikanga e rua, engari i reira e te tahi mau rerekētanga matua i waenganui i a ratou. puta whāiti pūira i roto i rua hikoinga o wehewehe ia o e ngā o wha wāhanga matua, i te whati poto i waenganui ia ratou. Ko te roanga o te tukanga katoa tei runga i te nui o te DNA i roto i te karihi, me te hanganga o te rōpū whakahaere pūira. I roto i te whānui, he mea nui atu te roa pumau whakaritea ki whāū pūira.

Ratau, tetahi o nga take nui nui momo kanorau - e whāiti pūira. Kei te wehea Tautuhi o pūira rite ki te hua o te wehenga whakaiti kia rua nga wahi, kia ai reira he ngaahi kautaha hou o ira, rawa pea ake i te urutau me te urutau o ngā kaiao, rite ki te hua o te fariiraa i te huinga etahi o huanga me huru maitatai.

Ko te wāhanga o te whāiti pūira

Ka rite ki kua whakahuatia, kua conventionally wehea te wehenga whakaiti pūtau-ki e rua ngā wāhanga. wehea Ia o enei wāhanga e 4. A ara te wāhanga tuatahi o te whāiti pūira - prophase ahau, i roto i te tahuri, roherohea ki 5 wāhanga motuhake. Mai tonu te ako o tenei tukanga, e taea te taratahi reira me ētahi atu i roto i te heke mai. Na wehewehe nga wāhanga e whai ake nei o te whāiti pūira:

ripanga 2

Na, ko reira kitea ai te wāhanga o te wehenga whāiti pūira, ko te nui ake uaua atu i te tukanga o te whāū pūira. Ko, rite kua whakahuatia, tenei e kore e kaiponuhia te tūranga koiora o wehenga autaki, no te mea kua ratou mahi rerekē.

E te ara, kua kitea pūira me ona wāhanga i roto i te tahi mau o te māmā. Heoi, te tikanga whai wāhi reira kotahi anake wehenga. Kei te riro te reira e muri mai whakawhanakehia he taua puka kotahi-atamira ki te hou, e rua-step.

Rerekētanga me ritenga i waenganui i te whāū pūira me te whāiti pūira

I mawhiti tuatahi te mea te reira e te rerekētanga i waenganui i enei tukanga e rua e kitea ana, no te mea he ratou tikanga tino rerekē. Heoi, heheu te tātaritanga hohonu e kore e pera ao rerekētanga o whāū me whāiti pūira, ratou iku arahi ki te hanganga o ngā pūtau hou.

Tuatahi o te katoa ko reira e tika ana ki te kōrero e pā ana ki te mea kei roto i noa i waenganui i enei tikanga. I roto i te meka e rua anake kēmu: i roto i te raupapa wāhanga taua, me te e i mua i te wehenga puta ngā momo e rua o te pītauira. Ahakoa kore te rite whakaaro prophase meiotic ahau i mua ki tenei tukanga oti tino, mutu i runga i tetahi o nga substages tuatahi. He raupapa o ngā wāhanga, ahakoa rite ki, engari, i roto i te meka, tango wahi i roto i te hui ratou e kore e tino hāngai. Heoi e kore e pera maha whāū faitatau me te whāiti pūira.

He nui nui nga rerekētanga. Tuatahi o te katoa, puta te whāū i roto i ngā pūtau somatic, i te tata hono whāiti pūira ki te hanganga o tohuhema me sporogenesis. e kore e tino hāngai nga wāhanga o te tukanga ratou. Hei tauira, te whakawhitinga-ki runga ki i roto i te whāū pūira puta i roto i interphase, a ka kore tonu. I roto i te take tuarua, Heoi, kua ki te anaphase o whāiti pūira tenei tukanga. e kore te ira tauhono i roto i te wehenga autaki te tikanga kawea i roto i, e te tikanga e kore e tākaro te reira i tetahi tūranga i roto i te whanaketanga whanaketanga o te rauropi, me te tiaki o kōtuitui-momo kanorau. Ko te tokomaha o hua i roto i ngā pūtau mitotic - rua, a ratou e ira ōrite ki te tikanga whaea, a ka whai i te huinga diploid o pūira. I roto i te whāiti pūira rerekē. Ko te hua o te whāiti pūira - 4 pūtau haploid, e rerekē ana i te matua. I tua atu, rerekē tikanga e rua tino i roto i te roa, me te ana i te reira ki te rerekētanga i roto i te maha o kaupae wehenga, engari ano hoki te roanga o ia wāhanga e kore anake. Hei tauira, te prophase tuatahi o te whāiti pūira pumau nui roa, no te mea i tenei wa i reira he synapsis me whiti. Ko te aha te reira wehea atu ki te maha ngā wāhanga.

ritenga tairanga o whāū me whāiti pūira feunga iti whakaritea ki o ratou rerekētanga i ia atu. Whakapoauau enei tukanga tata e taea. Na inaianei noa atu maere i mua i whakaaro te wehenga whakaiti te ahua o te whāū pūira.

Ko te mau hopearaa o te whāiti pūira

Ka rite ki kua whakahuatia, i muri i te tukanga o te whāiti pūira, kaua ki te pūtau whaea ki te pūira diploid whakaturia wha puka haploid. A, ki te kōrero tatou e pā ana ki te rerekētanga i roto i te whāū pūira me te whāiti pūira - ko te nui tino tenei. Whakaora o te tau e hiahiatia ana, i roto i te take o ngā pūtau iroriki puta i muri i te kikiritanga. Ko te kupu, ki te kore e ia whakatupuranga hou puta me te rua i te maha o ngā pūira.

I tua atu, i roto i te tauhono meiotic puta ira. I roto i te tukanga o te uri, arata'i tenei ki te tiaki o kōtuitui-momo kanorau. Na te meka e ara teina me tuahine ētahi wā rawa rerekē i ia atu - ko te hua o te whāiti pūira.

E te ara, te sterility o etahi hybrids i roto i te ao kararehe - he hoki te raruraru o te wehenga whakaiti. Ko te take i kore e taea e te tomo i te pūira o ngā mātua no ki ngā momo rerekē ki conjugation me i konei, e kore e taea te hanganga o tiketike-kōeke pūtau iroriki taea. Ko te kupu, ko reira pūira ko te pūtake o te whanaketanga kukuwhatanga o kararehe, ngā tipu, me te tahi atu rauropi.