Puni Gothic i roto i Europe. hoahoanga Gothic

whanau te kāhua hoahoanga Gothic i roto i te waenganui o te rautau 12 i roto i te raki France. Wāhi ki tenei kaha Abbe Suter. Ko tōna te pai rahi te kāhua tae i roto i te hawhe tuatahi o te c 13., Horahia i runga i te rohe o hou Spain me te Czech Republic, Austria ko Tiamana, ko te UK.

Te whakatau i te hoahoanga Gothic, he reira taea, me te i roto i Itari. Heoi, i roto i tenei whenua i patai te kāhua i muri, ka pehia te huringa kaha. Na roto i te mutunga o te rau tau 14. kāhua Gothic International horahia puta noa i Europe. Ko te whenua i roto i te rawhiti o te fenua, puta tenei kāhua nui i muri, ka roa noa te rau tau 16. hoatu Gothic te ao kore anake ngā puka i rawe ki. hanga tēnei kāhua kua he māramatanga tino hou o te hanganga me te whakahaere o te wāhi nuinga.

Ngā wāhanga o te whanaketanga o Gothic

He he he periodization o te whanaketanga o tenei hoahoanga mīharo. Na, he nunui Gothic:

- wawe, (12 i roto i.)
- whaihua kāhua: (13 i roto i.)
- uira (14-15 cc.);
- ao.

Ahua i whakamahia anake āhuatanga o tenei kāhua faahiahia i muri i roto i rongoā whare zodcheskih. Taua hanganga wā "neo-Gothic" whakamahia te.

āhuatanga hoahoanga

Hoki te āhuatanga te kāhua Gothic e hanganga poutū, he anga matatini o ngā pūnaha tautoko, kikorangi, rarai me kikorangi oka. Ēnei āhuatanga hoahoa tukua ki te whakatū whare ki te ruma nui (e tika ana ki te aroaro o rara) me ki taiepa te kikokore (e tika ana ki te pikaunga ki runga ki a ratou etahi pokohiwi pūnaha hirinaki). Architects whakaiti i te whare nui whakaarahia. hanga ana tēnei e taea e te kupu whakataki o te anga. Ka rite ki te hua, he kore taiepa mahi rite huānga tautoko.

āhuatanga

Ngā i te ngā kāhua atamira hītori hanganga hoahoanga mamae tahi mau huringa i runga i te wā. Na te kāhua Romana kua āta kua puta ki te Gothic.

He aha e ona āhuatanga matua? He āhuatanga motuhake e whitu o te kāhua Gothic:

1. tae huatau, me te matua - puru, whero me te kowhai.
2. Ko te rārangi oka hanga he huinga o rua arcs rīpeka.
3. Ko te āhua tapawhā o te whare i roto i ngā o te tahuri ki pou haurangi.
4. Fan kikorangi hanga i runga i monohia. Engari, Kei te te tahi mau taime kitea reira tuanui coffered. He roa, me te kuiti ruma i roto i taua whare. whānui ranei, tautuhia e te pokapū tautoko. Tuanui i roto i ēnei wāhanga tika tiketike.
5. Ko te oka, anga, kupenga, kohatu, hutia ake te kikorangi, me te tāraro te kōhiwi o te anga katoa.
6. Maha-tae matapihi ōpure-karaihe. kia ratou āhua tawhio ranei elongated whakarunga.
7. tatau oki hipoki, ka rarai haurangi kuwaha.

He āhuatanga tōpu o te toi, ko te aroaro o whakairo. mea pohewa, me te ahua pouri tino maha whakapaipai nga taiepa o monasteries, hahi me cathedrals.

He maha puni Pākehā wharekarakia hanga reira i roto i te kāhua Gothic. Ko te tauira pono o te kōtuitui o toi maha, pērā i tenei:

- hoahoanga;
- whakairo;
- painting rahi;
- mahi me mahi toi.

hanga cathedrals i roto i te kāhua Gothic i roto i te waharoa o te pa pokapū, tūtahi a tawhio noa ratou e rua ranei e toru-papa whare. Ko rawa pono hoki Eastern Europe me Itari tenei whakaritenga.

Ko te whare tuatahi o te kāhua Gothic

E ai ki te hukihuki o Abbot Suger i hanga te hahi o Saint-Denis. Ko te hanganga tuatahi hanga i roto i te kāhua Gothic. Ki te hanga o tenei karakia i nekehia atu te maha nui o pātaki roto me tautoko. Ka rite ki te hua, ka mau te whare he titiro ataahua, kore e haere ki tetahi rite ki te pa Romana.

I mau ana karakia Gothic etahi tikanga hanga he kaitohutohu kingi, me te Abbot Suger. kua homai e ia nui ki te ohu whakapono, ko te wahi tanumanga tawhito o nga kingi French. E ai ki to'utangatá, te temepara, hanga Suger, ko te marama tonu, me te mīharo e kukū te ataahua o te roto. Ko te tikanga i te wa, Louis IX, whakahau ki te hoatu menema hou whakahou ono piriniha French. Katoa o tenei ko ki te whakapakari i te mana kingi.

Cathedral o St. Stephen

Ko nga tohu motu o nga whenua i roto i nei i hanga e ratou maha puni Gothic. E pā ana tēnei ki te Katorika Cathedral o St. Stephen, kei roto i Vienna. Kei te whakaaro ia he tohu motu o Austria.

Teie fare nehenehe o, hanga ki runga tata e rua rau tau, hanga i roto i te ngakau o te whakapaipai Austria. Ka rite ki maha whare wharekarakia Gothic, he mea utu reira i roto i te tapawha. Ki tenei ra, i roto i tenei karakia e tū nga ra o te karakia.

Hoki te wā tuatahi whakahuatia te Ekalesia Katorika i roto i te tuhinga e pā ana ki te 1137. I roto i te rau tau 12. Cathedral o St. Stephen kua he ōhakitia korerotia o te kāhua Romana. Heoi, i roto i te mau tenetere 14-16. i radically hanga te whare, a ka tino Gothic. Kua i roto i te rau tau 17. paku ke te roto o te whare karakia. Ka rite ki a ia ka pitopito hanga rongonui kāhua Baroque.

E rua pourewa Cathedral o te St Stephen. Ko tētahi o ratou oti, - Te Tai Tokerau. Ko tōna teitei ko 68 m pourewa tuarua -. Tonga. I puhake mai te reira i runga ake i te whenua i 136 mita, me te he terrace ki te tirohanga auheke o Vienna kore anake, engari ano hoki ona taiao. I runga i te Te Tai Tokerau Tower ko te pere nui rawa i roto i te whenua. e ata te reira 21 toni me te diameter - toru mita. Ko te takoha huarahi pere anake i runga i ngā hararei nui, kaua e nui ake 11 nga wa i te tau.

Chartres Cathedral

mahue puni Gothic he ongo hohonu i roto i te wairua o nga tangata. pānga te reira i to ratou teitei me te ataahua totoro ki te rangi maha pourewa me haurangi koikoi. I tua atu, i te puni i roto i te kāhua Gothic ko tino runga. Na, Chartres Cathedral, kei roto i France, kua he roa o 130 m. Ki te titiro hou ia pa tirohanga tīpakohia. A te reira te whakawhetai katoa ki te hoahoa mīharo o te paruru.

I roto i te rerekē ki te hahi Romana, kua he puka kitea ohie, me te mārama, ka tirohia i Chartres Cathedral te mea te kore o taiepa. Taiwhanga, haurangi, pourewa, nui matapihi, maha pae ki ona whakamahau e he kēmu kore-mutu o puka openwork. Ka rite ki whare Gothic katoa, ko Chartres Cathedral mooni nohoia e te papatipu o whakairo rerekē. Ētahi whakapakoko i roto i te temepara, i reira e pā ana ki tekau mano. e kore e papa matotoru hoki me ara anake ēnei whika. Ka taea te kite ratou i runga i nga hiku, me te tuanui i runga i te aramuka tōrino me downspouts, i runga i tamahanahana, me i raro i nga haurangi o te fare pureraa. I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, te whare Gothic mō manuhiri he ao unknown, me te faahiahia.

Notre Dame

Ko te kāhua Gothic o puni wharekarakia, me kua whakamahia, kua i roto i te temepara nui, tona hanga timata i roto i 1163 te kohatu turanga o te whare karakia o Notre Dame i whakaturia e Louis VII me Pope Alexander III. roa Construction mo runga i te rau tau. I te wa ano, i te reira āta haere i te rawhiti ki te wahi ki te hauauru o te whare. E ai ki te mahere taketake, i mahara te whare karakia ki roto i te katoa taupori o Paris, i te timatanga o te hanganga o te 10 000 tangata. Heoi, i muri i te hanganga o te pa temepara kua tupu maha nga wa i runga i te kore e taea ki te whakatinana i tana mahere.

Ko te wāhi i roto o te temepara, ko te pou anga pūhihi kohatu kingitanga hakari e, e toaati haurangi koikoi. Ko te roto ko te rangatiratanga tūturu o te rārangi poutū, atu ki runga ki nga rangi. Tae karaihe, whakaurua i te anga o ōpure rā karaihe titaritari, e ringihia te maha whakapakoko o toa me episekopo, wahine me te tamariki, te tangata me nga kingi. e kore i te katoa ko te taiepa i roto i tenei whare. Engari, hanga ana e ratou he anga arā, o tīwae hono e haurangi. Whakakiia tenei hoahoa matapihi Lancet, e he rite ki nui whika peita tatini. hanga rā maha-tae matapihi ōpure rite kohatu nui. I roto i tenei i reira ko tetahi reo ita e whakatakoto ana te tangata i runga i te huru fakalotu karakia.

Cologne Cathedral

I timata te hanga o tenei hanga rahi o te kāhua Gothic i roto i 1248, kua he pourewa marama o te paruru te uru ki tuanui maihi,, me te he otinga huatau ki te kōrero katoa hanga me te teitei rerekē o te temepara te Cathedral.

Ko tenei whare tapu te tino - te rongonui tino me mōhiotia katoa i runga i te ao. Tirohia te tohu mīharo o hoahoanga Gothic, e na tona tiketike ko te tuatoru rawa i roto i nga cathedrals katoa o te ao, ngā tūruhi ngakau katoa toro Germany.

Palazzo Ducale

Ko tenei karakia, he tauira e tiaho o te hoahoanga Gothic Venetian, e kore e nei mohio a hanganga pānga whakapaipai o tenei kāhua mīharo āhuatanga me. Ko te paruru o te temepara, ko te tino rerekē i roto i tona hanganga. He raupapa o ma nga pou he mapere a taka te taumata tohanga raro o te whare rangatira. whare rahi e ngā pana enei tīwae i roto i te whenua. i hanga e te papa tuarua e te Loggia tuwhera tonu. Kei te hono te reira ki te haurangi takere me te maha tīwae kikokore. āhuatanga tēnei wā kei te aroha noa, me te noho pai. I tua atu e whakatika te toru o nga patunga witi, taiepa māwhero kua i mokowā whānui matapihi. Ko tēnei wāhanga o te paruru whakairo te ki whakaaro āhuahanga i roto i ma. Ko te whare katoa mau te kanohi o tona sonority rongoā whakapaipai. fakatahai te reira i te kororia o Byzantium ki te oaoa fakamāmaní.