Russian rererangi roa-whānui me tona hītori

He iti i runga i te rau tau ki muri, mana Nicholas II te hanga o te matua hoia o rererangi, "Ilya Muromets". I reira whanau reira roa-whānui rererangi i roto i to tatou whenua. Mō te tohu nui i roto i tona hītori e lau koe i roto i tenei rauemi.

Ko te tuatahi, kia tatou utu takoha ki te iwi nei i i te pane o tenei peka. Ko wai i nga rangatira o te rererangi roa-whānui? Kia whakarārangi o ratou:

• PV Androsov.
• AE Golovanov.
• P. S. Deynekin.
• AD Zhiharev.
• IM Kalugin.
• AA Novikov, e riro i muri mai i te kaiwhakahaere.
• M. M. Oparin.
• B. Reshetnikov.

Kua mahi ēnei rangatira nui ki te whakapai ake i te kaha o to tatou whenua korero.

"Muromets Ilya": me pehea ka anga te reira katoa

I te mutunga o 1914, i hanga te whakahau teitei Squadron "Muromtsev" ahu e Mihail Shidlovsky i whakaarahia. Hoki te wā tuatahi i roto i te ao nei i reira i taua whanau he pūhui nui o rererangi e wha-engine, me te roa-whānui rererangi i rite taua. Mau, te "koroua" o ona tuatahi e tu ana i runga i te parirau atu Hakihea 23, 1913.

"Muromets", pai te nei e mohiotia ana ko C-22, hanga te Sikorsky wheketere rongonui Russo-koka. Hoki tona wa, ko reira he mīhini whakaponohia e taea pai ara motors ki te rangi rite nui rite rima taranata o papatipu. i te manureva noa e rua tüäpapa pū, mo te hunga wa ko e ano he hangarau whakairo-mata.

Whai wāhi i roto i te Pakanga o te Ao e ahau

Oddly nui, rite rawa te matua hoia o enei rererangi i ki te pai, i roto i aua tau i nei he okotahi ahuareka ki te ope Russian. I roto i nga tau e wha i 1914 ki te 1918, oti te rererangi neke atu i te wha rau putaputa. moni parekura ki tetahi noa rererangi.

Na roto i te 1917, Sikorski tino i hanga te putanga hou, "momo F". mahere Tapeke ki te hanga ki runga ki te 120 rererangi, engari ka haere mai te revolution. O nga waka tahuna, kia kore ratou e taka ki roto ki te ringa German, me te toenga hoki etahi wa whakamahia rite te whakaako me te waka.

Ko te Tupolev era

Otiia ko anake te timatanga tenei. Ki te taumata qualitatively hou o roa-whānui rererangi o te USSR haere mai, i te hanga o te rererangi TB-3. I roto i te tiaki o te hoahoa KB Andrei Tupolev. tīmata te whanaketanga mīhini i roto i te tau 1926. I roto e rima nga tau, kua kore noa production nui-tauine kua tīmataria, engari auaha hoki te tinana o te rererangi taimaha e mo aua tau e kua hohore kua i roto i tetahi whenua o te ao.

I roto i te taua 1934 manureva i hanga TB-4 i noho i roto i te aamu i raro i te ingoa "Maxim Gorky". Ko reira he mīhini o kōtaha whānui, e taea te whakamahi mō te tata katoa ngā take.

ka mau te rere tuatahi wahi i roto i 1934, ko i te faatere o Mikhail Gromov. Kua whakaturia tenei mīhini pūkete ao e rua: ki te ara pikaunga o tekau me rima taranata ki te teitei o e rima kiromita. Ko te reira i te "kawa" rere te kaituhi rongonui Antuan De Saint-Exupéry. Otiia ko poto-ora te tau o te rererangi, rite kitea kohakore hou me tōnounoú i roto i tona hoahoa. Ko kua tonu te hītori o roa-whānui rererangi.

whānuitanga New o ngā pūkete

Kua i roto i 1932, whakawhanakehia te taua Tupolev te rererangi faufaa hou ki te katoa-whakarewa takere, te popokorua-25. Ko pai te motokā, ko reira kua whakatakotoria ona kaiurungi pai o aua tau e rave rahi pūkete ao. Na, rere Chkalov ki a ia i Moscou ki te Far Te Tai Rāwhiti, hipoki he tawhiti o 9375 kiromita. Pipiri 18, 1937 katoa i whakahau te taua Chkalov te waka e whakamana i te rere ki te United States.

Just he marama - he lekooti hou. Ahakoa tenei wa, rere hoki ki Amerika kaiurungi Soviet, engari ko te whāinga hopea California, e kore Washington. I roto i tenei haerenga i mea patu ahau e rua noa (!) Pūkete Ao. Tuatahi, patua te kapa 10 148 kiromita i roto i te rārangi tika, a ko te taea ki te rere 11,500 kiromita, e haere ana i runga i te raina pakaru te takutai.

Ko te rongonui Ilyushin

I roto i te 1933, ua faaoti te kaiārahi o te whenua taitamariki ki te kohikohi i nga kaihoahoa rererangi whaihua katoa i roto i te wahi kotahi, rite wawe hiahiatia he rererangi roa-whānui hou, rite rawa ki te pai, mihini tino whaihua. Just na i whanau ai te CDB rongonui, i tu i te matenga o Sergei Ilyushin. e rua noa nga tau i muri mai ko ia hanga rōpū whakaaro he bomber roa-whānui hou DB-3. pau ia roa pairati haerenga whakamātautau Vladimir Kokkinaki. Kua i 1936, ka anga te rererangi ki te tae e Tuini i te ope Soviet.

ingoa He tauira pai ake o te motokā taua, e rua nga tau i muri mai i puta, ko IL-4. riro ia engines kaha me patu hou. I mua i te pakanga, i roto i te waenganui-1940, nekehia DB-3 te i te nekeneke, ka tangohia tona wahi e te IL-4. whenua Tapeke whakaputaina 1528 cars DB-3 utuafare, i uru i roto i rua i te Finnish me te nui Patriotic War.

I hangaia hoki te whakaeke Soviet tuatahi Ilyushin. kawea ana IL-2 kua rongo ki tenei hanganga. I teie mahana te rongonui IL-76 ko te rererangi matua waka hōia o to matou whenua, tika o tonu te mahi o tona tupuna.

Ko te Pakanga Patriotic nui, te tūranga o te rererangi

Kua timata 22 Pipiri 1941 ngā rererangi ki te kawe i roto i ona misioni whawhai tuatahi. A i te rua o nga ra o te pakanga (!), Kua meinga ratou "angalelei tere" te kau Nasí tupitahia e Danzig, Konigsberg, me pera me etahi pa i roto i Poland me Hungary.

mihini Basic ko: Pe-8, PI-3, IL-4 me PE-2. Ko te tapahanga o te ahunga rangi roa-whānui whakaahuatia ana i runga ko te IL-4. I roto i nga tau katoa o te whawhai i mahia e ratou mano o putaputa, whakaoti i te maha e whakaponohia o ngā mahi. Me mea te reira e te rererangi roa-whānui i roto i te wā o te "whanau" he rota o aito Soviet. Tapeke 269 privates me rangatira kua riro tenei ana'iraa tiketike, a ono kua riro te reira rua.

Otiia ko te utu nui: i muri noho nga mua Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao tata "i runga i nga pīni ', ka ngaro te nuinga o te tāruru rererangi. A kua ngā reira kore anake i roto i ngā ine: 1,800 rererangi, nui atu iti iho ranei hou, e tika ana mō te whakaoti rapanga nui o anake e pā ana ki toru waka tatini noho. Ko te aha hanga te whakatau i ki te tārua i te American B-29, hanga i runga i te kaupapa o tona rererangi hou.

Kua i roto i 1947 i whakarewahia ai hanga o te Tu-4 taimaha. I roto i kore wa he mahi nui e hāngai ana ka huri waka rererangi i raro i ngā āhuatanga kāinga me te rākau o te riri, te whakahaere nga kaihoahoa ki tino whakapai ake i te tika o nga mihini kua mahi. I roto i te 1951, ka enei rererangi te kawe kāinga tuatahi o patu karihi.

Ko te mahi pou-pakanga

I roto i te waenganui-1950, rererangi whānui hou, këtia te whanaketanga o te ahumahi mō ngā tekau tau ki te haere mai. Ko reira i tenei wa i whakawhanakehia, ka ka hautoa faaue Tu-95 "Bear", e tu tonu i runga i te rārangi korero o to matou whenua, kia rite ki te pai kia rite ki etahi atu mihini.

Ko te kupu, ko te Tu-16, i i tapaina a "Badger" Ko te Pālesi tuatahi ki parirau kahakina. huihui te mīhini tuatahi i roto i te tau 1953. Tona waka ko te ono, neke atu rānei iwi. Ko te patu matua mō te whaiaro korero-ka nasal pu aunoa taumaihi Pu-88 me toru pū, te mana mamao. I muri, ko te manureva e whitu AM-23 pu, ërä o nei i 23 mitamano.

"Hiako" me o ratou kaiurungi rererangi roa-whānui ka mau te wahi kaha i roto i te "ono Day War" o 1967, tata te toenga katoa o te pakanga Arab-Iseraela i te wa, ka whakahaere ki te whai wāhi i roto i te pakanga Afghan.

Tu-95, Russian "Bear"

whakamatauria e ahau tenei manureva rahi i roto i te 1952. Tenei sredneplan katoa-whakarewa ki wha engines turboprop, i tāuta tika nei i roto i parirau kahakina. Tona "miramira" o tika te taua, me te ko nga motors NK-12, e noho tonu i te engines turboprop pai i roto i tona piha haapiiraa.

Ka taea e te rererangi kawe i te poma kawenga ma rua ton. I tua atu, i roto i te kokoru poma e taea te eke poma te taimaha ki runga ki te tekau taranata. I roto i te 2010, whakaturia e ratou he record hou: 43 haora rererangi rere 30,000 kiromita. Ko hoki te taa o tenei kaupapa te meka e whakamahia tona whakahaere mīhini production tikanga. Na e te roa-whānui rererangi Russian, tohu tonu ara mahi turboprop te ope paoro.

ZM rererangi

hanga tēnei mīhini i roto i 1956-1960 tau. āhuatanga rererangi ko te hou pūnaha patu "tapahanga" i ko i te D-5 pere motuhake, he pakari nei i taea e patua e rua moana me ngā taumata whenua-e hāngai ana. Ko tōna tawhiti rere i katoa 280 kiromita, ka ko runga ake te tere o te tangi e toru nga wa te tere. Me kï reira e kua roa enei pere i hanga te tapahanga o Rautaki Air Whakahaua i te Far Te Tai Rāwhiti.

I teie mahana, i mutu tata roa-whānui rererangi o te Russian Federation māngai e rave rahi mīhini, tae atu Tu-95 me Tu-160, engari te "tawhito" ZM. mōhiohio tika e pā ana ki ranei reira i tēnei wā rererangi o tenei hapu, e taea te tiki i roto i te rangi, e kore.

Te Cold War me te rererangi roa-whānui

I muri patua Germany i, te vahi o te mana huri noa te ao kua redrawn i te wahanga. NATO me te haumi i hanga nga whenua Warsaw Pact, e kore e tahi i te tahi aroha motuhake e whangai. I teie mahana, faihisitōlia me hōia whakapono ratou e kore e he merekara noa i taua wa tīmata World War III.

No whakamiharo e i roto i aua tau ko rererangi rautaki ko tetahi o nga kaioati o te rangimarie i roto i te ao, tautoko pa whakangungu rakau karihi te whenua o. Whakatika tae noa 1961, ko te rererangi i te tikanga tino nui o tuku poma karihi ki te hoa tauwhainga pea. E te ara, te whakahau, e tu ana te rererangi i te matenga o te wehenga pere Soviet tuatahi.

Te huri i te aronga o te whanaketanga o

I muri i te pakanga ka reira mārama e ko te reira te wa ki te neke i te rererangi turboprop tawhito ki engines jet. I roto i te parau tumu, puta te jet tuatahi Il-28 i roto i te mutunga tawhiti o 1940. O te akoranga, ko tenei rererangi i roto i te tahi mau ara i te pakaruhanga, engari ano hoki i runga i te hoahoa hiahiatia he rota o te mahi.

Na, i te timatanga o 1970 (i runga i te pūtake o tawhito ngā TU-22) hanga te pere hou ko K-22. I tua atu, i reira e te tahi atu putanga o tenei rererangi. Kei te korero tatou e pā ana ki mihini Tu-22M2 me Tu-22M3. E āhuatanga ratou e te meka e i roto i to ratou hoahoa me te hanga o te hangarau, me ngā rauemi hou whakamahia i roto i ngā rahinga nui, i i kitea a mohoa noa tono anake i roto i te hōtaka wāhi.

I te pae hopea i reira te wa ki te ataahua "White Swan", te Tu-160. riro ia tetahi o nga tohu o te katoa Cold War. Ko manureva o te ao tuatahi o tenei rahi ki āhuahanga parirau tāupe, i roto i te hanga o ai mano o rongoā hangarau matatau kua whakamahia, he tokomaha o nei e ahurei ki tenei ra. Ko te hiringa ki te iteraa o te hiahia ki te whakawhanake i te tahi mea rite tenei maramarama riro, i korerotia i runga i te timatanga o te hanganga o te rererangi B-1.

atu ka mau te tuatahi "White Swan" i te rererangi "Ramenskoye". ¶ Na i te mutunga o Hakihea 1981. I roto i te 1984, tīmata te rererangi tipu Kazan production papatipu o mihini ahurei.

I roto i te waenganui-2003, rere enei rererangi i runga i te Indian Ocean, whiti te pïra e o whenua maha. Tae noa taua momeniti, rererangi Russian tawhiti (whakaahua e kei roto i te tuhinga) rerenga he roa kihai i whakamana i roto i te parau tumu. Last Mahuru, rere rua Tu-160 ki Venezuela, cementing nga whanaunga ona hoa i waenganui i nga whenua e rua.

Ka taea e tatou te mea ki te māia e te whanaketanga o te rautaki Air Whakahaua - te matua ki te tufaa me te haumaru to tatou whenua o roto i te tau e haere mai ana.