State Bank. Banks ki te whai wāhitanga kāwanatanga

pareparenga kāwanatanga-fatuhia Russian i te hītori ngā me pau o te mahi i roto i to tatou whenua. Kia kite a pehea te hononga i waenganui i te mana wāhanga me te rängai pēke.

Central Bank me te State Bank: te ariā o te ōwehenga

I roto i te pāpāho rongonui, nga ngā "te Central Bank" me "State Bank" ētahi wā tāutuhia. I runga i te ringa kotahi, kahore he hapa motuhake: "CB" - State Bank, he kāwanatanga hoatutia katoatia puritia. I te tahi atu, i reira he he tikanga rerekē o kupu noa "pēke kāwanatanga" - ko te moni institution arumoni, he nuinga o nei (50% hea) puritia e te kāwanatanga (te nuinga i roto i te mata o te kāwanatanga). Kei te whakamahia nuitia te rua te tikanga i roto i te press Russian me nūpepa. pareparenga nui Modern ki te whai wāhitanga kāwanatanga - "VTB 24", "Tiaki Bank" ( "Sberbank o Russia"), "Gazprombank", "Rosselkhozbank". I roto i tahuri, i te āhua kore-( "arumoni") ka hei te institution nama, he tĭtĭ nuinga puritia e mau taata tūmataiti (kotahi, neke atu rānei).

He aha te "pēke pokapū" tuku ki na te State Bank? Te nuinga no te mea ia, rite pūtahi kāwanatanga, tu i runga i ngä pütahi tuku moni arumoni, te whakahaere i te tukunga o te moni, regulates te pūnaha pūtea motu, i roto i ngā raruraru whānui, whakaoti, te nuinga kore-pai-hanga, engari tata ki te mahi o te kāwanatanga.

Bank State me kāwanatanga-kore: ko te rerekētanga matua

Ko te wahi uara o te pēke kāwanatanga puritia - anake tapao faaite ōkawa. pareparenga State-fatuhia me ngä pütahi moni arumoni rerekē i ia atu e tika ana ki te maha atu āhuatanga - meinga, rite ki te tikanga, ngā mahi mahi. Ka taea te tāutuhia e te whai. te tikanga tuku State Bank loans ki te auau huamoni raro atu i taua o tūmataiti pūtahi pūtea. Ko te take mo te taua - tikanga mahi pai, whai i te kāwanatanga.

ngä arumoni taua haamaitairaa kahore tetahi e homai, a kua takoha reira ki te utu mo te parekura e tika ana ki ngä päpätanga huamoni nui haere. Ko te tahatika kāwanatanga o raro ngä päpätanga huamoni i runga i putunga atu i roto i pūtahi tūmataiti, me ko tenei rawa mārama: ko te whakawhirinaki tuku iho o te taupori te tuatahi, i te muri e takoha ki te kukume whakapaipai mahi. pareparenga State-puritia, kia rite ki te tikanga, he ngāwari ake i roto i te hanganga o te kaupapa here utu here i runga i mokete e tika ana ki te whakaiti i te tūponotanga (i te mea he putanga o te hamani maitai tohua tapaea e te kāwanatanga).

History: Ko te State Bank o te Russian Empire

E kore te te putanga o tahataha kāwanatanga-fatuhia hono ki te wā hapori ka whakahaere te āhua katoa, tae atu ki ngā pūtahi nama. Te pūnaha pēke, me te tūranga ārahi o te kāwanatanga i roto i te Russia he hītori roa. Kua riro te tauira o nga tahatika kāwanatanga-fatuhia hou pera-ka karanga institution kāwanatanga-fatuhia (i puta i roto i te rau tau XVIII). I roto i te pai-mohiotia - "Loan Bank" (whakaturia i roto i te 1733), "Bank Loan" mo te hanahana, me te "Bank mo Tauhokohoko me kaihokohoko" (puta e rua i roto i te 1754-m). He meka ngā ko e e fehangahangai katoa pūtahi e toru ki "nama kino" a haere kaihau no te mea kihai ratou i taea utu loans.

I te mutunga o te rau tau XVIII reira nga tahatika kāwanatanga-fatuhia, tango putunga (tima et Consignations), i reira ko te mahi o te whakapaipai whakaeminga i te utu o putunga. I roto i te 1786 ka u ai "pēke whenua State", te wahi i timata ai ia te mahi Momo o hōtaka mōkete o tenei ra. puta te whakawhiti moni tuatahi i roto i te kingitanga Russian i te timatanga o te rau tau XIX. tīmata ratou he "National Commercial Bank". I roto i te waenganui-rau kaha pūtahi nama Karauna, te wahi o te kāwanatanga heke aroaro i roto i a ratou. Na roto i te tīmatanga o te rau tau rua tekau, noho i te iti rawa tekau pareparenga kāwanatanga i roto i Russia, whakahaeretia a tawhio noa 50 pūtahi pūtea tūmataiti, e rave rahi rau moni ngā rōpū āwhina tahi, mano o feohi iti. I muri i te revolution o 1917, kua pehia te pūnaha o ngā pūtahi nama te hanganga nui.

History: Ko te pūnaha pēke kāwanatanga i roto i te USSR

whakapuakina nga mua te heriheri motuhake o te mana i roto i te pēke. i nationalized pūtahi moni Commercial. Ārahi kautaha fakapa'anga o te whenua i te "Bank o te RSFSR o tangata" haepapa Commissariat, i rāhuitia te mahi o ngā pūtahi ke. I roto i te torutoru nga tau tuatahi o nga mana Soviet ki whakairia whare whakarato etahi motuhake, engari i te mutunga o te 20-doma o ratou mahi, kua mau riro he momo o te whakamahere motu. Ko te "State Bank o te USSR", i roto i te anga o te raina rōpū ki te mana ki runga i te issuance o loans, te fariiraa i putunga.

I roto i te rau tau waenganui-20 i roto i te USSR mahi reira he moka rawa o pūtahi nama. Ko te matua i "State Bank", "Construction Bank", "VTB", me te he pēke penapena. I roto i nga tau o perestroika, i reira nga etahi kamupene rängai pūtea - "ICB", "Zhilsotsbank", "Agroprom" me "Tiaki Bank". I hanga te reira e te whare nama ki te taviniraa i whakawhitinga hokohoko ke - "Vnesheconombank". E te 90 wawe 'i reira nga ture e hanga he pūnaha pēke e he tata ki mau hou.

History: pareparenga kāwanatanga-fatuhia i Russia tenei ra

Ko te ture "I Banks me Banking Mahi o te Russian Federation", tangohia i muri i te parariraa o te USSR, kua kitea e te reira te mea he "pēke pokapū", kua he "Tiaki Bank", me te ngä arumoni motuhake. taea te mahi i runga i te pūtake o te raihana o te Central Bank te whakamutunga, i te tika ki te whakaturia ratou ake auau huamoni, me te hanga whakawhitinga moni. tupu te maha o taua pūtahi kua e amuamu rohe, puta ratou he torutoru rau i ia tau. Ko te pūmautanga pūtea o enei "pareparenga hohoro i roto i" kihai i tino pai, he tokomaha i i pakaru. Ko te tēpara tino, Heoi, ko te pareparenga kāwanatanga-fatuhia Russian.

History: te pēke kāwanatanga matua o te whenua

"Sberbank" - pēke kāwanatanga-fatuhia, whakaaro te te kamupene ārahi i roto i Russia, kua tūnga iho hei faanahoraa ki te hītori o neke atu i te hawhe te rau tau: i roto i te tau 1841 i te ture o te emepera Nicholas ahau, i reira nga penapena pareparenga i Russia. Ratou mahi i "whakatairangatia ana" i roto i te tangata o te kāwanatanga, i korerotia ki ratou, he aha e nga painga o putunga. I roto i te wā i mua i te revolution i roto i enei pūtahi e rave rahi miriona whakaputaina i passbooks, i reira i rave rahi mano penapena pareparenga. Ahakoa te faafariuraa uaua i roto i te tau tuatahi o te hanganga hapori, kua awhinatia tari ōhanga te whenua o. Tautautefito ki he lolotonga Pakanga II o te Ao, ka tangata taea RUPO ki te āwhina i te mua, a muri - ki whakahokia te ōhanga ngaro.

vai penapena pareparenga i mua i te whakahou o te pūnaha pēke i roto i te mutunga o nga 80 '- e te ka i reira ko tetahi institution nama ki te ingoa maori - "Tiaki Bank", te kāwanatanga, i roto i te noa'tu o te ngā mākete o te hanganga. tuatahi puta ATMs. Te nuinga e tika ana ki te whakawhanakehia i roto i te hanganga wā Soviet, kua riro "Sberbank o Russia" te pūtahi nama ārahi o te whenua.

Ko te whakamahi o tahataha kāwanatanga-fatuhia mo te ōhanga

wā hapori muri ia matou, inaianei kei te hanga i to tatou whenua he ōhanga capitalist. e mea he e kore e te reira mea faufaa pareparenga e kāwanatanga, te tangata nona etahi wahi o te kainga. E, Heoi, i roto i tohu economists o tirohanga, ehara i te mea pena. Ko te take i te ngākau nuitanga o pareparenga tūmataiti, rite ki te tikanga, e kore e hāngai ki motu tonu: ko te whakamutunga fakahu'unga e kore e taimaha rawa tukanga moni te ōhanga me te taupori ki te whiwhi i ngā mahi mō te taurewa me putunga. pareparenga Arumoni, i tahuri, tiaki e pā ana ki te hua me te tūranga pāpori i roto i ngohe ratou matauranga ki te papamuri. He hiahia i roto i te kowhiuwhiu pikinga, e whakaihiihi ana te tono mo te moni, teitei ngä päpätanga huamoni, he hua i roto i te whiwhinga o te whakapaipai natulá ki te tahatika ratou. ōhanga me te pāpori pūmautanga o te whenua i te wa ano kia haere tahi e te mōrearea. Ehara i te mea i roto i te moni o te kāwanatanga, me te kore i te mea e tika ana mo te nuinga o te iwi. Na reira, i roto i te tikanga ki te tiaki te pūmautanga i roto i te whenua Me pareparenga kāwanatanga Russian. E kore e te aroaro o taua fehangahangai te mau parau tumu o te ōhanga mākete: te tahatika kāwanatanga-fatuhia whai wāhi nui i roto i te whenua Western whakawhanakehia.

Ko te tūranga kino o pareparenga kāwanatanga-fatuhia mo te ōhanga

He he he wāhi o te tirohanga nei tono tonu ki etahi kino i nga mahi o pareparenga kāwanatanga, te ōhanga-motu. He tau torutoru ki muri, tātarihia tohunga nga pūnaha pēke o te maha whenua tatini i runga i te tumu parau o te hononga i waenganui i te mahi o nga tahatika kāwanatanga me te tarepa pūtea (arā, te taumata o te nama tūmatanui). tahuri te reira i roto i taua herenga o nga mana 'i runga i loans ke raro i roto i nga whenua i reira whare nama te nuinga o tūmataiti.

Hea kua takaro pareparenga ki te whai wāhitanga kāwanatanga he wāhi nui i roto i te nama kāwanatanga, i runga i toharite, pūkete hoki 45% o GDP. I roto i te whenua te nuinga e arumoni pūtahi pūtea, herenga i runga i loans ke ki raro 7%. Te tarepa pūtea, Heoi, ko te paku teitei i roto i te āhua i reira te nuinga e pūtahi moni tūmataiti, engari e kore e nui - e pā ana ki 0.4% o GDP.

pareparenga State ki waho: te wheako Tiamana

Germany - he whenua i reira e tino rerekē i roto i te mahi o ratou mahi i tūmataiti pareparenga kāwanatanga, ahakoa te meka e te momo tuarua o pūtahi - te nuinga. Ko te mahi matua tukua ki te pareparenga kāwanatanga-fatuhia German - tuku ki kaupapa e te hunga whai pānga mō te ōhanga katoa. I roto i nga tahatika kāwanatanga-fatuhia Tiamana taea puta nama kaua ataahua mō te mahi: te reiti o te tikanga o 1.5-2% te tau. Ko reira ngā e taea hoki te tatau pūtea ke i runga i enei tikanga, Me anake koe ki te whakaatu i te faanahoraa nama i te kaupapa, ko te taea e ki te waihanga i tētahi tau mavahe o mahi, a ka whai hua i te ōhanga Tiamana.

He he he tahatika kāwanatanga-puritia German, me te mea kia tangi reira fantastic, loans, kahore te moni, a tae noa te hunga e taea, i raro i etahi tikanga, e kore e ki te hoki mai. enei meka katoa tohu e te reni i rotopu i te ahua o "pēke kāwanatanga" me te institution nama o te mana tūmataiti i roto i te capitalist Germany whakawhanakehia he nui atu korerotia atu i roto i Russia.