Tangata Economic - he whakamārama poto. Tauira o te tangata ōhanga

Ko te whanonga ōhanga o takitahi me ngā rōpū o te iwi i roto i te mākete hanga tono. Hoki te hua pūtea he kaihoko tino nui i roto i te wā ki te matapae i te rōrahi o te hiahia i roto i te heke mai, me te ki te whakatau i te rārangi o nga āhuatanga matua e taea pā i te reira. reira i te mea e tika ana ki te matau i te ariā o "tauira o te tangata ōhanga" me e tūhono ki atu āhuatanga ohaoha, hinengaro, me te pāpori, ki te timata ki te whakamahi i tenei matauranga i roto i te mahi. He hāngai mō ngā kamupene mahi i roto i te mākete i te taha supply, a mo te iwi mau, e tahi whakarato te tono mākete ratou.

"Homo" -modelirovanie e e tatou ranei?

Kua roa miharo economists pehea te tangata hanga i te kōwhiringa atu te arata'iraa, me pehea ki te hopohopo i te kaupapa matua. Ki te whanaketanga o whanaunga mākete kua tipu, me te tangata ia ia. Kia tatou haamana'o i te momo o "homo" mohiotia.

tauira tangata i roto i ngā o te koiora Homo ranei biologicus:

• habilis Homo ranei iwi mohio ako ki te hanga ahi, me te whakatū i te tikanga o te mahi;
• Homo erectus, tangata tika ranei, e tu ana i runga i rua waewae, ringa-free;
• Homo sapiens Homo sapiens ranei, riro te kaha ki te whakapuaki kupu me te whakaaro rereke.

Te whanaketanga o te iwi i te tūranga o te mahi, me te oranga causal, i korerotia ai, ranei Homo eventus:

• economicus Homo, ranei te tangata ōhanga, whakahaere ia ratou i roto i ngā āhuatanga o te rationality me ki te whakatutuki i nga painga nui taea i roto i ngā o iti rauemi ohaoha;
• sociologicus Homo ranei tangata pāpori e whai ana ki te kōrero ki ētahi atu iwi, me te whakaaetanga o tona tūranga i roto i te hapori;
• Homo politicus ranei iwi tōrangapū, hihiri ki te whakakaha tona mana, me te riro te mana ki te awhina o ngā pūtahi kāwanatanga;
• religiosus Homo iwi fakalotu ranei e tautuhi ana i te tautoko i roto i tona ora, me te tumu matua o "kupu a te Atua" me te tautoko hoki o te kaha teitei.

Whakaahuatanga Poto o te momo o te hui kanohi e te tauira māmā whakaatu te pūnaha tangata o ngā kaupapa matua, me te whakamārama i te mau tumu no te tona whanonga i roto i te taiao ngā - ohaoha, tōrangapū, pāpori, fakalotu. kia ia takitahi ngā he tangata "rerekē" i runga i te pūnaha ruruku rānei, e ko te taiao i roto i nei mahi reira me te tāutuhia.

Ko ki whakarite te tuatahi e rua ngā tauira kaupapa o te iwi ngā reira: tangata ohaoha ko te takitahi, pāpori - he ti'aturi rawa i runga i te ngātahi me te hapori. faa'aano World ki te hiahia o te ōhanga tangata, kitea nei i roto i te ture o te putanga me te hiahiatanga, me te tangata pāpori faa'aano ia ki nga ngā pāpori o te ao, i roto i te tikanga ki te karo i tona wehenga i te mano.

Rationality rite te pūtake o te pai

Whakatauira tā etahi whakapae te pūnaha, na te iwi i roto i whanaunga ōhanga he rationality, e kaha nei ki te hanga i te whakatau tika i roto i te ngā whakaarohia. I runga i te rationality o te tangata awe e:

• te wātea o te mōhiohio i runga i ngā utu me te rōrahi o te hanga;
• mōhiotanga Human e pā ana ki te tawhā taketake o te kōwhiringa;
• he taumata tiketike o te maramarama, me te mātau tangata tika i roto i te tupuraa o te whiriwhiri ōhanga;
• iwi hanga whakatau i raro i ngā āhuatanga o te whakataetae tino.

Ko te ōwehenga o te whakapae tohua i runga ake arata'i ki te meka e taea rationality kia o e toru ngā momo:

1. Oti, e whai wāhi te mōhiotanga tangata whānui e pā ana ki te mākete, me tona kaha ki te hanga i te whakatau, te tiki i te painga mōrahi i te utu i raro.
2. Limited, e fokotuu he kore o te mōhiohio oti me te taumata iti o mātau tangata, kia rite ki te hua, rapu ana ia e kore e ki te whakanui pai, engari tika ki te whakatau i te hiahia taketake hoki ratou ara manakohia.
3. rationality Organic fakafaingata'a'ia'i te tauira o te tangata ōhanga i te whakauru taurangi atu e pā tona whanonga: rāhui ture, here tuku iho, me te ahurea, taha pāpori o whiriwhiri.

Tirohia o te tangata rite te kaupapa kouma ki a ratou hiahia me tumu e kua tipu me te kura ōhanga. I tēnei wā, i reira e wha tauira taketake o te tangata. rere ratou:

1. Ko te tohu o te oti'a o te kanorau o ngā āhuatanga pāpori, hinengaro, ahurea, me te tahi atu o te tuakiri tangata.
2. Ko te āhuatanga o te taiao e ko te āhuatanga ōhanga me te tōrangapū huri noa te tangata.

I. Ko te tauira o ōhanga tangata - materialist

whakaurua te ariā o "Homo economicus" i roto i te rau tau XVIII i raro i te whakaako kura puāwaitanga Ingarangi, a muri heke reira ki te mau haapiiraa marzhinalistov me neoclassical. Ko te ngako o te tauira takoto i roto i te meka e rapu ana i te tangata ki te whakanui ake i te whaipainga hoki ratou taonga hokona i roto i nga rauemi iti, te matua tetahi o e te kaimahi ona moni. Ko te kupu, i roto i te pokapū o te tauira ko te moni me te hiahia o te tangata takitahi mō te haamaitairaa. taea ki te arotake i nga painga katoa o te tautapa ia uara me te whaihua hoki ratou, no te mea i te kōwhiri i arahina anake e ratou ake ngākau nuitanga, i te toe tau'a ki te hiahia a te etahi tangata Economic he.

I roto i tenei tauira, mātātoa faaite ake te "ringa e kitea" o te mākete o Arama Smith. Iwi i roto i o ratou mahi e hāngai ana anake i runga i te moni-whaiaro: e whangai ana i te kiritaki ki te hoko taonga o te kounga teitei, me te kaihanga - ki te whakahere i te mākete, he hua ki te whakatau i te tono, me te ki te tiki i te pai te nuinga. Iwi mahi mō ngā take siokita, mahi hoki te pai noa.

II. Tauira o te tangata ohaoha - materialist iti rationality

whakaaro apee JM uru Keynes me institutionalism e awe whanonga tangata te te whai kore anake o taonga rauemi, engari ano hoki he maha o ngā āhuatanga pāpori me te hinengaro. Whakaahuatanga Poto o te tauira tuatahi taea ki tatou faaoti e te tangata ko i runga i te taumata te tauanga o te koeko o ngā hiahia Maslow. Ko te tauira tuarua he neke i te tangata ki ngā taumata teitei, mahue he matua i roto i te taha rauemi o te ora.

Hei tautoko i tenei tauira o te tangata i roto i te āhua o te taurite titau wawaotanga tūmatanui tika.

III. Tauira o te tangata ohaoha - collectivist

Ko te pūnaha paternalistic te wahi te kāwanatanga riro te tūranga o te hepara, te iritiraa aunoa i te tūranga o te hipi iwi kau, na e te tangata ōhanga. Kei te kore iti tona whiriwhiri ki noa te āhuatanga ā-me ngā āhuatanga o waho. whakatau te kāwanatanga i te iku'anga o te tangata, ka tonoa ki te ako i te tohatoha i te āpiti ki te wāhi mahi motuhake, whakahere anake taonga me ngā ratonga motuhake. Te kore o te whakataetae me te moni whaiaro i roto i te putanga o te mahi arata'i ki te ahua o te ore, whakawhirinaki me te noho takoha o te tangata i nga taumata o raro o te koeko o ngā hiahia, ina whai koe ki te kia ihirangi ki iti, me te kore e feinga mo te pai.

IV. Tauira o te tangata ohaoha - he idealist

I roto i tenei tauira, he mana'o o te tangata ōhanga: ariā o rationality me painga mo ia i roto i te poro o te mau hinaaro pae varua rawa. Ka rite ki te hua, kia nui atu nui atu i te utu me te tohu o te utu i to ratou mahi, i te faufaa o tona mahi mo te hapori te takitahi, te whīwhiwhi o te mahi, me te taumata o te kiritau-.

Ko te rerekētanga matua i ngā tauira o mua fokotuu e te tangata ōhanga hou, rite whakaaro me ite, ki whakaraupapa i runga i tona āhua ā-.

Here, kua he whānui tonu o ngā hiahia i ahupūngao taketake ki te wairua teitei, te tino nui o te mea te hiahia hoki whaiaro iteraa-te takitahi. Te tangata - he tauira matatini, tei tona whanonga i runga i ngā āhuatanga maha, e taea te tohu anake ki te tetahi he o hea.

āhuatanga hinengaro o te whanonga o te tangata ōhanga

take ohaoha katoa e pā ana ki kōwhiringa tangata i roto i ngā tautuhinga rauemi-iti. Na te kaha te awe tenei kōwhiringa i ngā āhuatanga hinengaro. Ni'ai ano ki te hiahia i runga ake-whakahuatia o te tara, ka taea e kite koe i te aha ko te wāhi o ngā āhuatanga të whäwhäria i roto i te whanonga tangata. Kei te koeko o te taumata e whai ake nei:

• Ko te tuatahi (taketake) - hiahia whaiaroaro mō te whare noho, kai me te inu, mauruuru moepuku, okiokinga;
• Ko te tuarua - te hiahia mō te haumarutanga i runga i te hi'oraa whaiaroaro, me te hinengaro, te whakapono e nga hiahia taketake i roto i te heke mai ka makona kia;
• Tuatoru - hiahia pāpori: e ora i roto i te au i te hapori, ki te hei wahi o tetahi rōpū pāpori o te iwi;
• A maha - te hiahia mo te faatura, ki te angitu, te tohatoha o te hapori i runga i te papa whenua matatau;
• Ko te tuarima - i roto i te matauranga o nga hiahia o te ako hou, me te tono o te matauranga i roto i te mahi;
• Tuaono - nga hiahia rerehua o au maite, ataahua kia me;
• Te whitu - te hiahia mō te whaiaro faaiteraa-, te ite tonu o ratou aravihi me āheinga.

Te tangata me te Society

Ko te putanga o te wāhanga pāpori i roto i te whanonga tangata tino e taea pānga i runga i te ōhanga, whawhati te māramatanga mua o te pāhekoheko o te supply, me te tono. Hei tauira, he mea pēnei i te au ahua tā te tango o etahi taonga i roto i te whānuitanga utu teitei, distorting te toenga o te utu me te kounga.

taonga papai kei tonu i roto i te tono, engari te whakaaro o whiwhi tenei kāwai o taonga he kore ki te makona nga hiahia faufaa me ki te pupuri i te mana o te takitahi, ki te whakapiki ake i tona kiritau-.

Ko te tangata - he hinonga pāpori, na mahi tonu i roto i te runga ranei ki te whakaaro o ētahi atu. Na reira, i roto i te ao i teie mahana i reira ko te tangata pāpori-ōhanga, ano e hanga te pai rawa i roto i nga tikanga o iti rauemi, engari ki te kanohi ki a ratou hiahia hinengaro me tauhohe o te hapori.

Faaiteraa o "tangata ōhanga" i roto i te tangata hou

A feruri i te hi'oraa a te tangata ōhanga, whakaritea ki ngā mahi whare.

Problem: Tera pea he ohanga Ivanov mahi 100 moni. ia haora. Ki te hoko koe i ki te hua hokohoko mō te 80 moni. ia kg, ka hiahia koe ki te noho i te haora ki te tiki i a tawhio noa te mākete ki te whiriwhiri i te hua pai, ka tu i roto i te rārangi. hokona te toa te hua o te kounga pai, me kahore rārangi, engari i te utu o 120 moni. ia kirokaramu.

Pātai: I aha rōrahi o hoko ki a Ivanov tika haere ki te mākete?

Rongoā: Ivanov ko te utu e faingamālie o ratou wa. Ki te noho ia ki te mahi i te reira i roto i te tari, ka riro koutou 100 moni. Ko, ki te noho auhia tenei haora hahaereraa i runga i te mākete, i te rerekētanga utu i waenganui i kia kia te penapena i te iti rawa 100 moni. Na reira, te faaite i te rōrahi o hoko i X, te uara o hua tuwhera hokona i runga i te mākete, ka hei:

80X + 100 <120x

40X> 100

X Ko> 2.5 kg.

Conclusion: Ko te Economist Ivanov auhia hoko mākete hua iti i roto i te taikaha o te 2.5 kg. Ki te hiahia koe i te nui iti o hua, he reira atu kouma ki te whiwhi ratou i roto i te taonga.

Modern tangata ōhanga kouma, ia karu aau ranei vahe he utu a tawhio noa, ka whiriwhiri i te momo te tetahi e tika ia te ara nui. I te wa ano, arahina ia āhuatanga taea katoa: moni, pāpori, hinengaro, ahurea, a na runga i ..

Ko te kupu, ko te tangata ōhanga ...

te wehe matou āhuatanga taketake tūturu i roto i te tangata ōhanga hou (EV):

1. Kua iti tonu te rauemi e te hunga e wātea ana ki te EV, a he whakahou etahi o ratou, a kahore etahi e. Rauemi ngā:

• māori;
• rauemi;
• mahi;
• wa;
• mōhiohio.

whiriwhiri tonu 2. EV torotika ruruku pūnaha ki e rua taurangi: manakohanga me here. Manakohanga e hanga e runga i te pūtake o ngā hiahia te tangata, ana wawata me hiahia, me ngā here e hāngai ana i runga i te nui i te tikanga o nga rauemi takitahi. Ko reira ngā e rite whai wāhitanga tupu, ara hoki ngā hiahia te tangata.

3. EV wahi kōwhiringa kē, he taea ki te arotake me te whakarite ia ratou ki tetahi ki tetahi.

4. A, no te tīpako koe EV arahina anake e ratou ake ngākau nuitanga, engari i roto i tona rohe o mana e taea tae i te mau melo o te utuafare, hoa, aroha te hunga, e mohiotia e te tangata tata rite ki tona ake nei ngākau nuitanga. Ka taea te hanga e ona ngākau nuitanga i raro i te mana o te momo katoa o ngā āhuatanga, e kore e tika i te rauemi.

5. Ngā pāhekoheko i waenganui i te iwi pāpori-ōhanga ki ō rātou ngākau nuitanga e ahua o utu.

6. te tīpako EV kouma tonu, engari no te mea o iti rauemi, tae atu ki ngā kōrero, whiriwhiri te takitahi ana ētahi rongonui ki te tetahi i te mea tino pai hoki ia.

Ka taea e 7. EV hanga hape, engari he matapōkere ana hape.

Ko te ako a te tangata ōhanga, ana tumu ki mahi, ana uara me ngā manakohanga, me te here kōwhiringa e tukua pai te māramatanga o ratou rite kaupapa tonu o whanaunga pāpori, me te ōhanga. Ko te mea matua ko te e kua waiho iwi he iti ake mātau i roto i ngā take ōhanga, ka hanga iti hape, te whakapai ake pūnahanaha te kounga o te ora.