Toi tīpakongia - he aha te mea te reira? Toi me mahi toi, me ona momo

Toi me mahi toi - he wāhanga whānui o te toi hipoki ngā ao o te mahi toi, me te arotahi ki runga i te hanga hua āhua utilitarian. Ko te nuinga o te taumata rerehua o taua hua rawa tiketike. fakatahai wā Collective rua momo o toi - mahi toi, me te whakapaipai. He nga āhuatanga o te tono mahi nga tuatahi, tikanga te tuarua kei te ki te whakapaipai i te taiao tangata.

Creativity me te taputapu

toi tīpakongia - he aha te mea te reira? Tuatahi o te katoa, ko reira te taonga e tata ki te kāhua toi nei āhuatanga, ka ko tino kanorau ratou whakaaro. Te ipu, oko, rihi ranei huinga o haina pai, me te maha atu ngā hua he whakapaipai ruma ora, kīhini, whare moenga me ruma o ngā tamariki. Ka taea e ētahi taonga hei mahi o toi taketake, a ahakoa no ki te kāwai o toi tono.

Ko te hōkai whānui o ngā mahi

toi tīpakongia - he aha te mea i te reira i te wāhi o te tirohanga o te ariki? tukanga mahi a auaha, ranei mahi ohie hanga i ngā rauemi i te ringa? Pono, he reira he mahi o te toi, tika o te whakamoemiti rawa. e kore e hua whakaaro utilitarian faaino i ona hua. Toi me mahi toi - he whānui o ngā mahi mō ngā toi me te kaiwhakairo, kaihoahoa me stylists ngā. Rawa moku mahi motuhake o te toi hanga i roto i te kape kotahi. I te wa ano, i te hua hangaia i roto i te raupapa, e runga rite taonga.

Whakapaipai i roto i te whare

Toi me mahi toi - he aha te mea te reira, ki te whakaaro tatou i te reira ei tuhaa o te taiao kāinga whakakī rerehua? Ka taea e tatou te mea ki te māia e whakaata hua katoa, me ahanoa a tawhio noa, nga reka o te iwi e te hunga i roto i te tata ki a ratou, e rite ana te tangata tamata ki karapotia ratou ki nga mea ataahua. Toi me toi homai te whai wāhi ki te whakapaipai i te wāhi whare, tari, he wāhi hākinakina. utua ngā aro te ki te hoahoa o ngā whakaurunga mō ngā tamariki.

A, i te pae hopea, tono koe - he aha te mea te reira i roto i te matauranga o te iwi whānui? Tenei whakaaturanga, whakaaturanga, hokohokonga me te maha atu ngā tūmatanui, e piri ki te tikanga. faarahi toi pai me toi auaha te taumata o te whanaketanga tangata, whakatairanga i te hanganga o tona reka rerehua. I tua atu, whakamātautau o whakaaturanga atu te outlook whānui. whakaaturanga ia o toi tīpakongia - he mōhio ki te iwi whānui nga whakatutukitanga hou i roto i te mara o te hanga toi. Ko o faufaa ngā peheé ngā i roto i te whakaako i te whakatupuranga o muri.

He hītori iti

toi Folk me mahi toi ahu i roto i te kainga Russian. maha whakarōpūtia ētahi mahi toi kāinga-tupu ariki kaimahi ohie rite ngā hua i roto i te kāwai "Toi me mahi toi". He tauira pai o te kāhua iwi ko te pera i huaina Dymkovo takawairore - cockerels tae, whika, whakapaipai o uku whero.

hutia hī i roto i te mua, ko neke atu i te wha tau i ia. He ko he tawhito tūemi iwi toi e tika ana ki te hararei motu "Whistler", ka katoa o nga korowhio wahine paru taupori lepilo ki roto i te puka o te heihei, hipi me nga hoiho i tenei ra. ta te hui e rua nga ra.

Neke atu i te wa, kua ngaro te hakari tona tikanga, ka tonu koe iwi-tono ki te whakawhanake. I tēnei wā porotītiti hua Dymkovo toi i roto i te hanga rōpū "ha'uti Vyatka". hipoki ngā Products ki te paru, me te peita i te kanapa, tae taonga.

Whakairoiro-toi me mahi toi

Products o toi motu i roto i tona ahua taketake, rite ki te tikanga, ko te pūtake mō ngā kaupapa arumoni. pūāhua patupaiarehe-korero whakaaro e nga tangata o nga kainga Russian, kua whakaaturia i roto i te pouaka Palekh rongonui, Zhostovo ngarahu, hua Kokhloma rakau. Tono toi o Russia i ara maha, ia wāhi i roto i ona ake moni, te hua o rangatira Russian kei roto i te tono tiketike e kohikohi ke.

"Hanga supply Demand" - tenei parau e kore i taea e pai whakaata te āhuatanga i roto i te mara o te toi tangata, me te mahi toi o Russia. Hei tauira, mahi toi i roto i te kāhua gzhel rongonui huri noa te ao mō te rave rahi tenetere. Ko te rongonui ipu, papa paraharaha, tea me te kawhe huinga puru, me te ma nau mai i roto i nga whare, me ngā tauira rawa faufaa Ko te whakapehapeha o kohikohi. He mārama tonu te reira i te mea te toi tīpakongia - mahi, mahi auaha toi ranei. I roto i te meka, titau ia tūemi etahi kaha ki te hanga i te reira, a ka he te reira e tika ana ki te hoatu i te whakapakoko uara toi o.

Toi Whakairo i roto i te nesilií

I roto i etahi wā, e taea te tahuri kaupapa toi ki te whakatupuranga o muri. O te uara ngā Ko nga hua i hanga e te ringa o tamariki. Rû i rawe ki ki tamariki, me nga kotiro o te tau kura-i mua, i konatunatua wawata kuware ki te hiahia ki te whakapuaki i to ratou mau mana'o hohonu whakatika ki masterpieces. Kids toi me mahi toi māngai e tuhi, itiiti kerepeti, pepa whika tangata - ko te auahatanga toi tūturu tenei. I teie mahana, katoa i runga i ngā whakataetae Russia, e whai wāhi iti "kaipeita" me "kaiwhakairo".

Contemporary toi ka whakamahia Russian

Photos, daguerreotypes, etchings, tuhi, tānga, me te maha atu tauira - he reira ano hoki auaha toi. Ka taea e Products kia tino rerekē. I roto i tenei take, piri katoa o ratou na roto i te no ki te ora pāpori me te ahurea i raro i te taitara - toi me mahi toi. Mahi i roto i tenei rohe i te kāhua ngā iwi. No miharo nga toi katoa me mahi toi ka mau ona pakiaka i roto i te kawanatanga Russian i roto i nga kainga. Ka taea te ata te hua tapatahi whaitake me te ngaro o te pretentiousness e ētahi wā puta i roto i nga mahi o te toi pai. Heoi, he nui te taumata toi Folk nui.

Ko wāhanga o te mana ōhanga o te whenua te toi whakapaipai Russian. Kei raro ko te rārangi o nga ahunga matua o toi iwi, me mahi toi, e kua riro āhukahuka ao, me te e kaweake i runga i te tauine ahumahi.

1. karakōnui Lac i runga i te turanga rakau (Paleh, Mstera, Fedoskino).
2. peita toi Zhostovo i whakarewa, Limoges enamels, tohu.
3. Khokhloma, Gorodets, Mezen rārangi toi i runga i te rakau.
4. Gzhel, filimonovo ha'uti, Dymkovo takawairore - peita toi i runga i okouku.

Palekh

puta Palekh mahi iwi toi i runga i te marae Russian i te timatanga o te rau tau 20. Ko te toi o te tauira kararehe puta i roto i te kainga o Ivanovo kawanatanga iti i raro i te ingoa o Palekh. Fishing ko he tonu o toi iconographic, e kua ona pakiaka i roto i nga wa mua-Petrine. I muri mai, whai wāhi Palekh rangatira i roto i te hoho'a peni o te faceted Chamber o te Moscow Kremlin, ohu Novodevichy, Cathedrals Tokotoru-Herekiu pakiki.

Ko te revolution o 1917 whakakorea te iconography, ko nga toi i roto i o mahi. I roto i te 1918, i hanga te Palekh kaimahi toi Guild, i roto i nei te mahi toi rakau peita. Na ka ako nga kaimahi pehea ki te hanga i ngā pouaka o te pepa-kāpia me te peita ia ratou i roto i te kāhua o karakōnui te whakamahi i te hangarau icon-peita tuku iho.

I roto i te 1923, i te aroaro Miniatures kararehe i te whakaaturanga ahuwhenua me te ahumahi katoa-Russian, i riro te pōkairua o te tohu 2. A e rua nga tau i muri mai, faaite pouaka Palekh i roto i Paris, i te Ao Exhibition.

Kua riro te angitu o te hua toi rerekē te manawarü mo te hanganga o ngā rōpū "Palekh kaitoi Union" me "awheawhe toi Palekh" i te Fund Art o te USSR.

Fedoskino

Ki tenei kupu e pā ana peita kararehe Russian ki peita e hāngai ana-hinu. puta ika i roto i te kainga e tata ana Moscow Fedoskino i te hawhe tuarua o te rau tau 18. tono Figure te ki ngā hua i hanga o te pepa-kāpia, a ka whakamohinu i roto i te maha o ngā paparanga.

Tīmata toi Fedoskino Miniatures hoatu Russian kaihokohoko PI Korobov, nei i roto i te pa Tiamana o Braunschweig, ka ako te wahi ki te hangarau waihanga he bisernits ngarahu, pouaka me ētahi atu tūemi whakapaipai ki pikitia ataahua.

pania peita hinu Fedoskino te i roto i te wha kaupae: tuatahi ko te whakahuahua tuhi ( "zamalevok") aru e ako taipitopito ( "peremalovka"), he pīata - paninga peita mārama, te tukanga muri - blikovka whakawhitihia ngā me atarangi i roto i te whakapakoko.

Fedoskinskya tuhi technique tā te whakamahi o te wae apa podkrasochnogo huritao: konumohe koura, he paura whakarewa potal ranei. I roto i ētahi wā, kia meinga te rangatira te ararewa o te nacre. Puata peita lessirovochnomu ki ararewa waihanga he pānga mura hohonu ahurei. fakamamafa'i te apa peita te papamuri pango.

Mstera

Na ka karanga Russian iwi mahi, i puta i roto i te rau tau waenganui-18 i roto i Vladimir Province. tīmata te reira katoa ki "pukapuka iti" - ata iti ki te whakaaturanga o te taipitopito katoa. I muri i te revolution 1917, ka ki kahore he take roa iconography, oho Mstera ki ngā pouaka me pepa-kāpia. tono Figure te peita tempera, i konatunatua ki te yolks hua. Na roto i te waenganui o te rautau 20 hangarau hopea i hanga Miniatures Mstera kararehe.

Kua whakamaoritia nga parau tumu matua o te tuhi ki te tracings iahiko tiri i runga i te mata o te hua, aru e "roskrysh" tika tono tauira. Ko te atamira i muri - peita taipitopito. Na hopea, "Plavi" - te peita whakamutunga ki te blikovkoy ngā koura rewa (paura koura parakore). pani te hua oti te ki he wanihi mārama ki te ono paparanga ki whakamaroke takawaenga, me te ka oro.

Āhuatanga tohu peita Mstiorskya - he whāriki whakapaipai, he tākaro mohio o ngā tae, me te toru kaupapa tae whakamahia i roto i te tae: kokowai kōwhai, whero me te hiriwa-puru. kaupapa tuhi matarohia: tales patupaiarehe, urupa hītori, hoahoanga.

Zhostovo

Iwi hī Zhostovo - he ngarahu whakarewa, pania i roto i te kāhua motuhake. Ahu Zhostovo toi i roto i te tīmatanga o te rau tau 19, i roto i nga kainga o te pāriha o Trinity i Moscow. Kainoho o kainga e toru (Ostashkovo, Zhostovo ko Khlebnikovo) rave i roto i te hanga o ngā tuhinga i hanga o peita pepa-kāpia. A i roto i te taiwhanga timata Vishnyakov teina ki te hanga ngarahu i hanga o tine ki te tauira ātaahua.

Vishnjakova rārangi utu ngā hua e rua tekau mā rerekē i whakarewa me te pepa-kāpia, i pania katoa ratou, nehenehe whakapaipai me i roto i te tono tiketike i hokohokonga, i roto i te mua kua peitatia tonu paepae.

peita Zhostovo - he kaupapa Floral i roto i te maha putanga: he hainga o puawai kari "vraskidku" pare whiri kupenga. tipu mohoao whakaturia he hanganga motuhake.

Flowers i runga i te paepae titiro tūturu e tika ana ki te ako tupato o kōrero iti. Ko te papatae o ngā tae ki te whakamahi o te tōpuni mōrahi. Kei te tikanga mangu, e whakapaipai whakamārama ki te tauira mata openwork paepae, huawhenua hanganga rakau tā ranei. Zhostovo paepae e peitatia tonu i te ringa, me te ko te mahi motuhake o te toi.

Khokhloma

I hoatu tenei ingoa ki Russian iwi mahi, totoro hoki ki te tīmatanga o te rau tau 17. Ko te tino matatini, me te utu o nga tikanga ngā katoa Khokhloma peita. mahi toi toi - ko te tukanga auaha roa e pā ana ki te tukatuka o rakau, maha-apa tämata me tae hinu.

haamata te tukanga ahumahi ki preforms whakangao Kokhloma. Tuatahi, ko te ariki whiua koromatua, arā kolyat toki poraka rakau. Katahi ka machined te workpiece te ki te rahi e hiahiatia ana me te āhua. workpiece tukatuka i huaina "rinena". I muri huri ratou koti ki te uku wai motuhake, me te maroke. Na ka pani pātea kua primed te ki maha o ngā paparanga o te hinu linseed ki whakamaroke takawaenga. aru ana tēnei e tine whakakikorua komukumuku te mata o te paura konumohe, i muri nei riro i te hua tae ma-Miratanga ranei. I tenei wā ko reira rite hoki peita.

tae Paraimere Khokhloma - te reira pango me te whero (pango me te cinnabar), āpiti o peita: koura, parauri, te marama matomato, me te kōwhai. Paraihe i te te whakamahi i te tino kikokore (hanga anake o waero kirera), kia rite ki nga whiu tono pa e papaki kite.

Case tuhi ihirangi - Rowan hua, viburnum, rōpere, rau iti, pūhihi, paku kakau matomato kōpiko. unu kanapa, tae kaha katoa, kei te mārama tāutuhia te takiwa. hanga te whakapakoko i runga i te parau tumu o te taa.

Gzhel

Ko te mahi iwi tino rongonui, tuku iho pokapū production Russian o okouku toi tenei. noho te reira i te wāhi nui arā, o 27 kainga i raro i te ingoa Gzhel ngahere 60 kiromita i Moscow.

wahi Gzhel mō tenetere kua putunga rongonui o tiketike-kōeke pai paru mō oko rongoā. I roto i te 1770 i whakaritea whenua taone Gzhel ki te tikanga kaiwhakaranu. Na i roto i te kainga Gzhel whakapumautia te hanga o pereki, uku, putorino, tāpa ngangau me tākaro ki Moscow.

Oko i Gzhel paru i ngā pai, ono tekau, me te roa. I te timatanga o te rau tau 19 i roto i te pāriha, i reira i 25 otaota whai glassware. Kua whakaongaongatia te pātata o Moscow te whanaketanga o te hanga o ngā hua paru, hokohokonga i roto i te pane i hokona rave rahi peihana, papa paraharaha, rihi, me ētahi atu oko kīhini.

ha'uti Gzhel i te wa i hanga o ururua houseware production. No mea te nui uku ranei i mahue, katoa i whakamahia ai mō te whakatauira cockerels, heihei, hipi me koati. I te tīmatanga, mahi pārorirori awheawhe handicraft, engari hohoro i reira kua he aho tino i roto i te hanga. kotinga maitai Raw mō taonga, kua motuhake hoki maori i runga i te kōtaha o te hua tino rapu-i muri i.

pania White hoiho pīataata me whakapakoko i roto i ngā tae rerekē rite te roa rite reira ko konukurahina, peita ao. Kakati tae kanapa puru ko te pai ngā ki tohu wahi hukarere-ma. I roto i te 50s o nga toi rau tau whakamutunga whakarerea rawa te tahi atu tae katoa a ka anga ki te whakamahi i poglazurnoy konukurahina tae puru. feruri penei turai taea e rawa rerekē, i runga i tetahi kaupapa.

Ētahi atu Crafts

Ko rerekē whānui te tūāwhiorangi o toi iwi Russian me toi toi, me mahi toi. Here a toi te whakarewanga o Kasli, a takatakahia ki te whai mai āhuatanga. tukua intarsia me marquetry tikanga ki a koutou te hanga i peita auheke me awhi. toi Russian tīpakongia - he whāriki ahurea nui o te whenua, te taonga o te hapori.