Tupuranga - he aha te mea te reira? Tupuranga o ngā tipu me ngā kararehe

Ko te kaiwhakarewa o te ariā o "kōwhiringa" ko Charles Darwin, ko wai i kaha ki te whakaahua i te wāhi o te rerekētanga ā-ira, me te kōwhiringa tāwhaiwhai i roto i te hanga, me te whanaketanga o ahu hou me ngā momo.

He aha te mea te tīpakonga

Definition whakatakoto e whai ake: "Breeding - ko te ako o ngā tikanga mo te hanga me te whakapai ake o ngā momo o te tipu hua, ahu o kararehe, me taumahatanga o microorganisms."

Momo momo ranei - ko te tangata-i hanga tikanga horihori te taupori, e kua painga tino taonga mo te tangata tenei: whaiaroaro tika he āhuatanga tuku pai, hua tiketike, he reira me ngā tawhā morphological.

Tīpakonga (aha te auraa - he ako taipitopito o koiora), āhuatanga e te ahua o ahu kararehe kāinga, me te momo hou o kai, hua i kōwhiringa tāwhaiwhai, i te mea he tangata anake e taea te whakapau.

Kei te āhuatanga puka ahurea e te meka e whai ratou he tetahi āhuatanga tino kaha whakawhanakehia ki i te mea uaua te tinana ki te tīariari i roto i te taiao māori, engari e pai ki te tangata ratou. He tauira a Tūrongo, ko te kaha ki te hua heihei ki te rau i te tau e toru. I roto i te natura, i te āhuatanga o te manu, ko te horihori, mai kore e taea ki te noho i roto i toru rau hua te heihei.

meka hītori

I te timatanga o tona oraraa, ko reira te tikanga o te whiriwhiri tāwhaiwhai o tupuranga. He aha te mea te mahi teimaha o nga tau maha, e hāngai ana ki te whiwhi i te āhuatanga ngā whai hua - e matau ana ratou i te tutu'a anake. I mua i te rautau tekau mā whitu, ko mauri moe te kōwhiringa tupuranga. Hei tauira, whiriwhiri he tangata nga purapura nui ki te whiwhi pai i te kotinga, kahore whakaaro e te huri kē te tipu i roto i te aronga tika mo te tangata.

Na ka anga anake e pā ana ki te rau iwi tau whakamutunga, tonu i waho ako i te mau parau tumu, me ture o iranga, pūtake, me te āta whiti taua tipu e makona pai hiahia me ngā hiahia tangata.

Otiia anake i kōwhiringa tāwhaiwhai, e kore i taea e te tangata te waihanga puka hou o ngā kaiao ora. Mā te tenei tikanga, ka taea e koe te tīpako anake te hunga tohuira e tīariari kē i roto i te taupori. Ko te aha whakamahia i tēnei wā hybridization, tuku ki a tatou whiwhi i te tino hou tipu momo me ahu kararehe.

He aha te mea whakato tupuranga

Ko te tino nui tikanga o kōwhiringa o ngā tipu he te hybridization me kōwhiringa. Hoki tipu ripeka-pollinated whakamahi i te kōwhiringa nui o nga āhuatanga e hiahiatia ana. Kore, e kore e taea e koe te tiki i te rauemi e hiahiatia ana mō te mahi anō. Ngā mihi ki tenei tikanga, momo hou o ngā tipu ripeka-pollinated e wātea ana (hei tauira, rai). He ira ōrite peheé momo. Ko hoki raina parakore whakamahi pūtaiao kōwhiringa takitahi, i roto i nei rite ki te hua o te whaiaro ruingahae-he taea ki te whiwhi kape-kounga tiketike ki nga āhuatanga e tika ana, me ngā āhuatanga.

Hoki te tipu tupuranga te whakamahia rawa pinepine polyploidy whakamātautau, kia rite ki ia o polyploidy āhuatanga e tukua tiketike, rahi nui me te tupu ngā tere.

He he ano hoki te tikanga o te mutagenesis tāwhaiwhai, i whakaaro e Vavilov. Te tinana, whai i te irakētanga me te whai āhuatanga hou, ka karanga mutant, me te tukanga o te hurihanga - irakētanga.

tupuranga Rawa kararehe

He aha te mea te whiriwhiri o te kararehe e kore he uaua ki te whakahoki -. Ko reira tino rite ki te whakato tupuranga, engari kua tonu etahi peculiarities. Kia mahara ki e he āhuatanga anake o te uri fakasekisualé kararehe. Nā ki te huringa whakatupuranga rawa onge (i roto i te kararehe maha i te tau torutoru i muri), te maha o te mau taata i roto i te uri o tino iti. Ko te aha, whakahaere mahi tupuranga, Me aivanaa ki te tātari i te āhuatanga waho katoa āhuatanga o te tetahi momo.

domestication

He aha te mea te tīpakonga i roto i te koiora? hoatu whakamāramatanga kei roto i te marautanga kura. Ko te paetae tino nui o te taata te domestication o kararehe mohoao neke atu i tekau mano tau ki muri. Ko te kupu, ka whai te iwi i te puna tamau o te kai.

āhuatanga Pet i te aroaro o ngā āhuatanga motuhake e e maha kino ki te oraraa tūturu, engari mo te tangata he uara tōrunga tino taonga. Factor o domestication he kōwhiringa tāwhaiwhai o takitahi e whakatutuki i ngā hiahia o te tangata. People whiriwhiri kararehe e i te tirohanga pai, he huru ata, me ētahi atu kounga nui o te tangata.

puta Kia mauri kōwhiringa raupapa. Tona whāinga - ki te waihanga i te kararehe kounga e tika ana, me te whai hua.

domestication o tikanga kararehe hou mahi e te tangata i tenei ra. Me kia tenei reira, hei tauira, ki te whakaputa i furs-kounga tiketike. Ko te kupu, he peka hou o te ahumahi - pāmu huruhuru.

Cross-tupuranga me te kōwhiringa

Tīpakonga (he aha te tikanga o te reira no te huitaata - ka taea e koe te ako mā te pānui i tēnei tuhinga) marū me te tikanga pērā i kararehe ripeka-hua. meatia tenei e ki te whakapai ake i te ahua, kai kounga waiu ranei hua ngako. E aro mātaitia Takitahi e kua muia i runga i to ratou ahua e kore e anake, engari ano hoki i runga i te kounga o ratou uri. Ko te aha te mea te reira tino nui ki te ako i to ratou whakapapa.

I te kau i reira e rua nga tu o ripekatia: inbreeding me outbreeding. āhuatanga te momo tuatahi e te whakawhitinga o te mau taata e kore noa tetahi, engari ahu rerekē. taea ki te mau tonu 'ulungaanga whai hua, me te ki ake i to ratou maha o uri whiriwhiri tino atu ko.

I roto i inbreeding mātua whakamahia me uri taea'ee tuahine ranei. Nā ki tenei whakawhitinga nui haere te homozygosity me noaa mau huru faufaa i roto i te uri.

Hybridization he pānga āhua iti, no te mea he te nuinga o hybrids interspecific kararehe o Apimereke,.

He aha te mea he kōwhiringa o ngā o Waeine? Tenei ariā whakaahua ana te mahi e ko te kōwhiringa o etahi ngā, i kitea e tau mo ratou production anō me te whakamahi i roto i ao katoa o te ora te tangata.

kōwhiringa o microorganisms

Microorganisms tākaro he wāhi nui i roto i te ao koiora, a tika i roto i te ora tangata. whakamahi te taata rau o microorganisms, a kei te tipu haere ratou maha nga tau.

Tīpakonga o microorganisms āhuatanga e rave rahi ngā āhuatanga. Tutu'a i roto i te taonga i te nui mure ore o te rauemi. Mai te ira o tetahi haploid rauropi, ka taea e pūtaiao kite te irakētanga i roto i te whakatupuranga tuatahi. Bacteria i te maha āhua iti o ira, a reira ki te kawe i te mahi nui māmā me te tere.

takitahi e taea Bacteria hua painga ki te taonga tangata, a ko reira whakamahi ratou taonga he kōwhiringa o microorganisms. He aha te mea te tikanga o te engineering ira i roto i te ahumahi reira? Tenei huinga o ngā mahi, whakapataritari huakita ki te whakaputa i enei pūhui, e kore e nei i whakaputaina i roto i te vivo.

I te tahi taime tutu'a whakamahi transduction - whakawhiti te i tetahi huakita ki tetahi DNA e hiahiatia ana, a ko te kupu ake i te faufaa o Microorganisms mo te taiao.

He tikanga nui o te kōwhiringa mahi ki microorganisms - hybridization o taumahatanga rerekē. Mā tēnei aratuka ki a koutou ngā rauemi e kore e taea e e tupu i roto i te āhua.

Ka rite ki kawea te mahi tupuranga i

He aha te mea te tīpakonga i roto i te koiora? Whakatau i taea ki a koe te ako e pā ana ki te hou, me te pai ake ngā momo, taumahatanga me taupori o ngā kaiao ora. Ki te rā, kawea mahi tupuranga katoa i roto i tango ki pūkete te meka e te hiahia o ngā mākete ahuwhenua me te production. Hei tauira, kua whakawhanakehia kaipūtaiao he hua hinu hangarau hangarua ahurei, me te kaha ki te tahuri ratou ki whai hua hua pūmua-huaora. haere mai tenei paetae whakawhetai ki te kōwhiringa o taumahatanga kitakita.

He aha te mea te tīpakonga i roto i te koiora? He wāhi tino nui o te pūtaiao tono e āhei te tangata ki te tiki hua kai-kounga tiketike, me ngā momo hou o te production hou.