Whakahou Military Paora 1

Reform o Paora 1 (1796-1801) roaa hītori tautohetia. takoto te take i roto i te whakama me te ketanga i roto i te hoho'a hinengaro o te emepera. Na roto i te āhua tino tangata pakari e riro kua he mātauranga pai, Paora ahau, meinga ia Hiha, mahi rite te brat pahua e ki noa'tu frostbitten taringa tona whaea. Ko e mo'oni, ia hohoro ngaro tona papa (Pita III), ka i take ki te whakapae i te whaea o te whai wāhi i roto i tona matenga. Te whaea, rawa, kihai i mahi i te hononga i roto i tika atu - tangohia he tama a Catherine II i tonu i muri i te whanautanga, te iti Paora ki tona whaea tata kihai i kōrero. Catherine kore ia i aroha ki a ia, ka wehi rite te whakataetae pea ki te torona.

Ka rite ki te hua, Emperor Paora 1 hanga nga kaha ki te whakarite kia te kāwanatanga hanga te ritenga tangohia i roto i te pā ana ki te meka i reira i roto i te wa o Catherine. i taea e ki te whakakore i etahi o te "kakai" mahia e te Empress ia, engari kia rite ki te hua whakakapi ia ratou ki to ratou ake, maha noa kino. Ka kia te aroaro hanganga Meiha o Paora 1 ki tou aro i roto i tenei tuhinga.

Ngaahi Fakakaukau i runga i te tauine rahi

Paora ahau mārama kihai i ti'aturi e, e muri tona kingitanga tau 4 anake tau (i te wa o te rironga ki te torona ko ia 42 - te tau i te wa he totoka, engari tonu i taea e ora me ora). Na ka mau ia ki tonu ake te rota o kaupapa, a ka haere mai etahi o ratou ki te ite.

hoatu te uara teitei o te kingi i tona kaha ake, me te whakapakari i te kaha hōia o te whenua (e kore e ōrite, engari e pā ana te ariā). Na reira, ko te tino kaha te uruhi whakatinana whakahou hōia Paora 1 (poto e pā ana ki ka e kōrero ai i roto i te tuhinga), kua whai pakiaka i roto i nga whakarerenga iho o te Prussia (e pā ana ki tawhitotia i taua wa) nei Māoritanga. Ko reira ko te rota o innovations whai hua: te huri i te whakaritenga mō te rangatira, te whakawhānui i te tika o hoia, i reira he momo hou o ngā hōia, ake whakangungu i roto i te tahi mau wāhi (i roto i ngā, i te ma'ii hōia).

Te whakapakari i te mana me te tuatahi o te katoa ko ki te whakatairanga i te ture hou i runga i te riiwhitanga ki te torona, whakakorea whakapumautia e Pita mahi ahau whakatau ariki whakaaetanga-whaiaro i runga i te kaitono mono. Hoki tino whakaiti te nui o mau haamaitairaa o te rangatira, i whakakaha te nahanaha uiui. Ki te whakapai ake i te whakahaere whänui i kawana tika, heke te maha o kawanatanga, whakahokia te kāreti memeha mua.

Paora kaha wehi o coups whare me takaí, ka tamata ki te whawhai ki te "nananga", i ngā aukatinga katoa. Tirohia i raro ki ara kaute waiata.

I roto i tenei take, ki te ko Catherine II te "whaea" o te rangatira, tamata Paora ahau ki tūnga iho rite te "papa o te iwi." whakaarohia e ia te tahi mau huringa i roto i te tūranga o kaimahi. Heoi, he mahara ki te kaiahuwhenua "pai" emepera taketake - hei tauira, ko te whakapono te reira e kia nui, pai atu i te kore utu i te pa.

ko Paora te āhua pai o ngā ture tino me te ako (i runga i te muri o te ta'etokangá Russian tuku iho he pai titiro nui atu ātaahua atu ai koe whakaaro). ako e ia tenei whakaaro i te Tiamana (a kihai i kite i tetahi totohe i roto i tenei, ahakoa kinongia e tona whaea, Catherine, ko tetahi wahine Tiamana purebred!).

Ko te torona rite ki te ture

ko Reform o te riiwhi ki te torona o Paora 1 tetahi o ana whakatau tuatahi i muri i te rironga ki te torona. whakakorea te ture hou i te ture Petrine i ai te ariki whakatakoto tikanga e hua ana ki te tika ki te takitahi tīpako i te whakakapi. Na kia riro tika te tama matamua; i roto i tona ngaro - te teina rangatira rawa ariki iramutu raina toa ranei; taea te uru wahine ki te torona anake i roto i te ngaro o ngā kaitono tane.

'Oku mahinongofua e te kupu a Paora e karo i te āhuatanga i roto i i kitea e ia ia - ua ia i ki riro tona papa i muri tonu iho tona matenga ia, a kahore tatari hoki 34 tau tae noa ki te ture o te whaea. Ko ētahi wā pai whakarau ki te ho'ata kino. I muri i te matenga o Paora whakawhiti te torona i roto i te runga tino ki te ture o tona tama mātāmua, Alexander (i te ara, i aroha Catherine mokopuna, a ka ka pai ia me tona kuia). Ko te anake naslednichek tika ki te aroaro o "hoatu te marama matomato" ki te tarona ana Teti ...

Ki te haere noa o te rangatira

i hāngai Reform o te rangatira 1 Paora i ngunguru ratou willfulness. Hoa whaea (i roto i ratou sycophants hunga tinihanga me embezzlers, engari i reira nga he rota o rawa e taea, ona e te iwi) ia mau whaia e nga kāwanatanga, i iri tonu ratou. Otiia i te wa ano, "rere" innovations a Catherine katoa "o te haere noa o te rangatira."

whakakorea Paora he tikanga hanga i te mahi hōia kahurangi kōwhiringa. wā roa-hararei (mōrahi taea e 30 ra ia te tau) kua rāhuitia. E kore taea te rangatira ara neke i te hōia ki te civilians i runga i to ratou ake - e hiahiatia ana whakaaetanga iti o te kawana. I riria te reira ki te amuamu tonu ki te Hiha - anake i roto i te taua kawana.

A e kore katoa te e - i takoto te rangatira ki te hoatu takoha, a i roto i ētahi wā whakaaetia ki te tono ki a ratou i te whiu kāpara!

Raro ki te greenhorns gentry

I te wa ano whakakorea nga whakatau i a Paora e ahau, me etahi faaiteraa tino kino o te "wāteatea". Na te taata i taea e kore noa te maha o te mahi - ko reira tino tika ana ki te kawe. i tukua to Itari o pai katoa "greenhorns", i tuhia i runga i te tūranga āpiha-faaue kore i whanau (lau "tamahine a Kāpene" mohio i tuhituhia Petrusha Grinev i te haihana tiaki i mua i whanau ia me te timatanga o te kōrero kua "wa-pau" i runga i he kōmihana - he tenei kahore faarahiraa). kore kua ētahi kaumatua mai Catherine i roto i te kaumatua - mutu Paora te.

kaupapa hou

I te wa ano ki a Paora nga tikanga e mohio a to'utangata rite nui whārangi ki te koraha. whakaaro te tīwaiwaka o whakahou kaiahuwhenua haamouraa i te titauraa o te kingi hou ki pa kawea ia te oati (i mua o ratou i te rangatira whare).

I tua atu, i roto i te 1797, tukuna Paora he Faaiteraa kaua mahi whakaūtia runga Sabati me ra o hararei fakalotú.

nui i roto i te mau faaotiraa tōrangapū kāinga i roto i manakohia o te whakakāhoretanga o te kaimahi witi hoki ngā takoha (i whakakapi i te reira e te utu moni i whakaritea), me te whiu kāpara mo te ruhiruhia (ahakoa kaimahi i runga i 70 tau puta noa kahore pera maha). Ano, ara te kanga i ki te kōnae amuamu ki te nanakia o nga kaiwhakarēti me ki tangohia here i runga i te hoko o te peasants kahore whenua.

Ke "te pai"

Otira kei te tino mārama kitea te āhua whakahē o Paora i roto i te pātai kaiahuwhenua. Kua toutou mea e te kingi whakapono ia kaimahi te nuinga whenua i roto i te whenua, engari ko ia he piha ... mātātoa hoatu ki te mana o etahi atu whenua. E Paora mana tukua ahau ki te hoko peasants nedvoryanam (hokona kaihokohoko serfs ki te mahi i roto i ngā wheketere), a kihai i kite i te mea tika ke ki te ture kati hoko kahore whenua tenei taumira.

te tikanga whakapono e te kingi i whakaritea nga peasants u pai "pani" o te kāwanatanga. Ka rite ki te hua, tetahi o ona tikanga tuatahi (i roto i te Hakihea 1796) atu ia serfdom ki te whenua a mohoa noa noa o te Don Cossacks me te Russia New. Neke atu i te nga tau 4 o tona kingitanga, i hanga a Paora 600 mano mua. Peasants State. fa'ufa'u hono tona whaea ki te tuwha 840 mano., Ko e riro ana ia ia 34 nga tau, me te e tona krepostnitsey nanakia wehi.

Ētahi tohunga whakaaro ki te tango i ki pūkete e te ture i roto i 1797 rāhuitia serfdom kore anake i runga i te Sabati, engari kua iti tona roanga 3 ra i te wiki. Kahore he mea pera tenei - reira ta ko anake e 6 ra nui ki te ahu whenua, me te kua mahi mo te kaiwhakarëti, a mo ratou.

Me waiho kia

I tua atu ki te pātai kaiahuwhenua i roto i te tōrangapū kāinga o Paora i hiahia i roto i te raruraru o te whakahaere whai hua, me te "haumaru motu." I roto i te whakahou whakahaere i nui haere a Paora 1 kawana mana (rite whakahuatia i runga ake), me i te wa ano heke te maha o nga kawanatanga (50 ki te 41). Paora ka whai ahau etahi o aku hoa, memeha i mua. Porowini Assembly o te rangatira i ngaro wahi o ratou mana whakahaere (oho ratou ki nga kawana). I te wa ano i reira, ua faaho'i tika kāwanatanga-whaiaro i roto i te tahi mau rohe o te kingitanga (otirā i roto i Ukraine). kihai i reira he mana motuhake oti, engari ano hoki nga kaha o enei rohe i roto i o ratou take pūrere whakatau motuhake nui haere mārika i.

бюрократия очень укрепилась (хотя он всегда говорил, что с нею борется). kaupapa here whakahou kāinga o Paora 1 arahina ki te meka e te rawa whakakaha te taero (ahakoa mea tonu ia e te whawhai ia ki a ia). Ko reira ka e reira i ngā kākahu Tari uiui.

hanganga ā-o Paora 1

wehi o rauhanga me takaí ko Paora, me te whakakorenga o "te nananga" kororia te mahi tino nui o te kaupapa here kāinga. Heoi, hohoro i muri i haere mai ki te kaha murua e ia he maha o "raruraru-kaihanga" (tae atu Radishcheva Kosciuszko), engari ki te noa'tu anake te whaea - ratou wahi i roto i te mutunga rawa hohoro nohoia e te tahi atu "Voltairiens".

kiia e Paora kei te ki te hanga o te Empire o te aukatinga katoa o te Institute. I tua atu, he nui rawa tairongo ki te faaiteraa waho o te whakaute me te ngohengohe te kingi. I tona Haere i katoa ki te koropiko (tae atu ki ngā wahine rangatira) me tona matenga hurahia. I te tahi taime whakakitea Paora ahau ngawari ki ofati o tenei ture (i Pushkin whakahua te kingi riria ia mo te kuia - kihai i meatia e ia tetahi mea, anake takoha ki te tango atu tona pōtae ki te tamaiti iti). Ko te take i mohiotia, ka tukua atu te hono ki te wahine tawhito decrepit o te rūmātiki - e kore i taea e tika koropiko reira te ...

tikanga Prussia

Ko te nuinga o hiahia katoa i roto i te mau ohipa Emperor Paora 1 hōia, me i konei i ia te mahere tino hao.

Ahakoa rite te kainga ki te torona, i roto i tona whare o Gatchina Paora kaiako ia ake kaitiaki, mushtruya reira i runga i tikanga Prussia. Tona pai (rite tona papa, i te ara) ko Frederick II o Prussia, me te Karauna Prince kahore e hēmanawa e nga whakaaro o tenei (tino tino) o te rangatira i te wa o tona rironga ki te torona tuhia he iti. Ko whakapumautia i roto i te ope Prussia o nga wa Friedrich nga ture, faaoti ia ki te tango hei pūtake mo te whakahou o te ope Russian.

Raro Potemkin ko Suvorov!

Ētahi kōrero hou whakapono hanga e kua te whakahou hōia Paora 1 Russian ope whakaritea, fakatonutonu'i me whawhai-rite. Na reira, e mea ratou, na i taea hinga reira o Napoleon. Ko te mārama tenei e kore te take. i ope Russian whawhai-rite tianara noa era o Catherine - Suvorov, Rumyantsev, Potemkin, me hoia Russian raro io ratou ope nui whakahau, me te ara whiua te taua Frederick. Ko Ko te faufaa ai'a o Paora puai maka tenei - i kino ia te hunga katoa e whakatairangatia ana te whaea.

hoia whakangungu tino rawa āta whakahaere. Otiia hei utu o te tango i te whakangungu Suvorov timata whawhai tūturu me tangata-i hanga mau fifi, me te bayonet vyshagivaniya maha haora i runga i te whenua parade ki te mahi o ngā tikanga pū kawa (te tahi mea rite taea te kite i tenei ra ki te wahi o te kaitiaki Kremlin, engari i roto i te kingitanga o Paora ahau, i takoha ai ki te mahi ki te ope katoa).

kakahu ano hoia i roto i corsets ki hope tightened, kuiti pūtu fiemālie me wigs paura ki curls. No tetahi he hiahia, e kākahu kuiti kaihapai meinga e kore o rangi, me te hiahia ki te hoatu i roto i te puka makawe tika ki puehu i mahue kahore wa mo te moe. wigs kiri maroke (e paura ratou ki te paraoa, a ka riro te pokepoke paku) ai migraines me kino tikanga unsanitary.

He i te tahi atu "tenenga". Hei tauira, Emperor Paora 1 ui i te rau halberdiers ia ropu ...! De märena, te auraa tenei e i roto i te hoia puta rau pū.

Heoi, he maha rangatira mātanga me tianara whawhai ki nga innovations, kahore fokotu'utu'u mua. Na, Suvorov i roto i tona pakanga Italian ua "e kore kite" e ona hoia povybrasyvali noa nga wahi e hiahiatia katoa o te kākahu, me halberdier kia ratou "patu" ... mo wahie.

E kore e pera kino

Ko ti'a ia tatou ki te noho whāinga - i te whakahou o te ope o Paora 1 te pānga pai. I roto i ngā, he ratou he ahua hou o ngā hōia i hanga - kōrero (Courier Ratonga) me wae engineering (Pionerny Regiment). I roto i te pane, College tākuta o whakaritea (inaianei - Military Medical Academy). ka mau ano te Emperor tiaki o te whakangungu o ngā mahere hōia hanga kāri Depot.

timata te hoia ki te noho i roto i pa, e kore quartered i roto i mau utuafare tūmataiti - a mama tenei te āhuatanga o te piha haapiiraa waenganui, ka whai wāhi ki te hua i roto i te ako. Kua te wā o te mahi o taritari kua whakapumautia rite 25 tau (hei utu o ake ranei tae noa apīraa). i tika Soldier ki te waiho (28 ra ia te tau) me te amuamu ki nga mahi tika o te mana.

Kākahu e inaianei ki te tuku haere o te whare taonga, a kahore te hoko āpiha (rite tatou e mea i teie mahana, i okoia kaupapa pirau). ka te kawenga mō te ora me te tiaki o ona hoia te rangatira (ki runga, ki te hāmene taihara). I roto i te kaipuke kawea i roto i hangarau anō-taputapu, a i whakakorea etahi whiu piro (hei tauira, te tuhi i raro i te takere).

I te pae hopea, i kō atu kākahu fiemālie me etahi taonga - a Paora tuatahi whakaurua i roto i te ope te hotoke āhua kakahu Russian. He nga koti huruhuru, koti matotoru, overcoats. whakaaetia kaitiaki hotoke mana ki te tu i runga i kaitiaki i roto i koti me tiaa (ko tonu tenei tikanga i roto i te pānga), a hoki whakaratohia te taonga e tika ana katoa.

rangatira te riri

Kei te mohiotia te reira e roto a nei patua te Emepara Paora ahau, i reira i tokomaha rangatira. Ko ratou e rua take whakaute me te malouvazhitelnye mō whakaahunga. Ko te kingi rawa nui hehema ki te kitea te hape ki te rangatira, ina koa i roto i rārangi - tēnā kōrero ki te parade i roto i te hononga, i roto i te mea i, i kitea.

Ko maha rangatira riri, me te tono ariki - inaianei kihai i ratou "marama" i ngā pāpori, me ki ngā ki te hoia. Ki te rangatira tino tino hiahiatia hoki te āhuatanga i roto i to ratou wae, i waho titiro i te hanahana, me te kaiaka. Heoi, tutua i roto i te rangatira i roto i te wa Pavlovian mahue - whakahau te kingi te pananga o rangatira katoa nedvoryan ka rāhuitia ake nei hoatu unter rarangi piha nedvoryanskyh.

Ka rite ki te hua, 'oi'oi i mahuetanga iho rongonui nui, Alexander. O te akoranga, ko te mōhio o te mea tona papa i roto i tetahi ara ki te "whakapati" tukua te torona ia. Alexander pono utua e ahau i te he - kauwhau tona rironga, ia tuatahi mea: "A, no te ka waiho e ahau nga mea katoa rite te mea toku kuia."

e kore ko Emperor Paora 1 tetahi o nga rangatira nui, tika faatura nui. kingi ai ia mo te roa, me tino whanau te ōhakitia o despotism tona kingitanga. Ko e te kore take e kore e ki te kite i te rerekētanga pai whakaurua e tenei kingi i roto i te ora tūmatanui. Ko ratou ano, a tonu te whakahou o Paora 1 (poto e pā ana ki te hunga kua koe ako i te tuhinga) kua kairau a te tūranga i roto i te whanaketanga atu o te whenua.