Whakakotahi whenua huri noa Moscow: te wāhanga tīmata, te otinga o

Ko te kī ki te hītori o te uniana Russian o whenua huri noa Moscow timata i roto i nga tau tuatahi o te rau tau XIV, a mutu i te tahuri o nga rau tau XV-XVI. I roto i tenei wā te tikanga feudal tawhito me i reira ko nga ngaro he āhua centralized kaha.

Center o te rangatiratanga iti

Hoki te wa roa a Moscow pa e kitea i runga i te Vladimir-Suzdal i te raki-rawhiti o Russia. Tenei pa iti he kahore taonga rerekē, me te hiranga tōrangapū. puta ake Prince reira i roto i te 1263. riro ratou Daniil Aleksandrovich - te tama a te rongonui Aleksandra Nevskogo. Ka rite ki te tama whakaotinga a Prince, ko ia te rawakore me te kainga iti.

Taimi nounou ki mu'a Russia ora te whakaekenga Tatar-Mongol. Whakangaromia te ope hoariri utua te whenua takoha ki te Golden Horde. Khan uru te rangatira matua o te rangatira pa Vladimir. ana teina katoa Rurik, e puritia hei kainga tupu, i ki rongo ia. I te wa ano haere Vladimir torona tapanga Khan i tona râ. kihai i taea e kainga te whakatau i te parau tumu o te arikitanga wharekarakia angamaheni, ka ka te tama taitara a tona papa.

Ka rite ki te timatanga pai, whakatōpū whenua a tawhio noa Moscow hoatu te mutunga ki tenei whakama, engari tae noa ki he ngoikore nga rangatira Muscovite me kihai i whai rauemi nui, i ratou ki te taurite te tahi atu rangatira whai mana. tautoko Raniera tetahi te tahi atu mau taeae pakeke (Andrew me Dmitry) nei whawhai mo te torona o Vladimir ranei.

Kua puta i te tāpiritanga hari angitu tōrangapū Moscow Tuatahi. I roto i te 1302, ka mate ia iramutu urikore Daniila Ivan Dmitrievich, i nga kaiamo i te taitara o Prince o Pereslavl-Zaleski. Na ko homai iti feudal pa tata, ka tahuri ki te ariki reo. ko te timatanga o te whakakotahitanga o nga whenua Russian huri noa Moscow tenei. Heoi, kihai i Raniera i te wā ki te kia whakamahia ki tona mana hou. mate rangatira feudal tuatahi o Moscow i 1304.

Ko te pakanga mo Vladimir

tangohia wahi o Matua i te taha o Yuriy Daniilovich, e kingi i roto i 1303-1325 gg. Ia piri tuatahi te kawanatanga Mozhaisk, whakatakoto i te rangatira o te kainga tata iti i roto i te whare herehere. Heoi hanga Moscow kua etahi kaupae nui i roto i te tikanga ki te tīmata i tētahi tautohe ki te kaha tōrangapū nui rawa i roto i te Russia Te Tai Tokerau-Eastern - Tver. I roto i te 1305, riro ia Prince Michael i te pokatata Khan i runga i Vladimir torona.

E au ra te reira e kore whai wāhi ki te whiua te hoariri taonga me nui a Moscow. Heoi, ko te fifi te meka e i roto i tenei wā o te hītori Russian, e kore faatiti'aifarohia katoa i kaha o ringa. ka mau nga whenua whakakotahi a tawhio noa Moscow whakawhetai wahi ki te tohunga rawa me te pūkenga o ona rangatira rite Tatars.

hoatu huihui Prince Vladimir, nei i te whai wāhi ki te utu atu. Ko mārika i pai atu taua o Moscow te āhuatanga pūtea o Tver. Heoi, arata'ihia e te Khans me tetahi atu ture. Ka taea te whakaahuatia te reira rite he "wehenga me te wikitoria". Te whakauru atu kotahi rangatiratanga, tamata Tatars ia rawa nui, me te mea iku'anga i hoko kaha rawa, i taea te whakakapi i te riri baskaks aroha e kore e ki te hoatu.

Moscow ki Tver

I muri ngaro ki Michael i roto i 1305 i roto i te clinch takawaenga, kihai Yuri i ata iho. Tuatahi tuku ia ā te whawhai, a ka, ka haere mai ia ki tetahi mea mata, ka anga ki te tatari mo te whai wāhi ki te patu i te ingoa o te hoariri. he roa i roto i te haere mai torutoru nga tau i te taea taua. I roto i te 1313 ka mate a Khan Tokhta, ka tangohia tona wahi i te taha o te Uzbek. a Michael ki te haere ki te Horde me ki te whiwhi te haamauraa o te tapanga Grand. Heoi, Yuri mua o ia.

Kia i Uzbek te aroaro o tona hoariri, i te rangatira o Moscow mea katoa ki te tiki i te whakawhirinaki me te manakohia o te Khan hou. Ki te mahi i tenei, moea e Yuri te tuahine o te Tatar rangatira Konchak, tahuri ki he 'Ofotokisií, a riro i te bapetizoraa i te ingoa Agafia. Ano, whakahaere te hoa tauwhainga matua Michael ki te faaoti i te haumi ki te käwanatanga hou Novgorod. wehi o te rangatira nui o Tver, nei whenua i runga i o ratou awhi i nga käinga.

E marena ana, ka haere Yuri whare. I haere tahi ia i te rangatira nui Tatar Kavgady. Mikaera, tango painga o te meka e tu te Horde puni motuhake, ka whakaekea tona hoariri. i patua ano Prince o Moscow, a inoi ki te ao. whakaae hoariri ki te haere ki te Khan ki te marae. I tenei wāhi o te Michael timata ki te takaete kapua. I roto i te wikitoria, riro ia Konchak. Kei roto i te Prince o Tver Yuri puni hoa faaipoipo, a mate tuahine o Uzbek mō take mārama.

meinga te ati te wāhi koki i roto i te pakanga. marie ka mau Yuri te raruraru. hoki ia ki te Uzbeks, maka ana Michael i roto i ona kanohi Konchakov kaitiaki. Kavgady, i utua e ranei, ranei noa kihai i rite Mikaera, a korerotia kinotia ia. I maoro tae Tver rangatira i marae o te Khan. I huia ia o te tūtohu, me te kurua e mahi. haere taitara rangatira Vladimir ki Yuri. Ko te timatanga o te whakakotahitanga o nga whenua Russian huri noa Moscow mutu, a inaianei ko te rangatira Moscow tika ki te pupuri i te mana riro i roto i o ratou ringa.

kōkiritanga Kalita

I roto i te 1325 ka haere mai kotahi ano Yuriy Daniilovich ki te Horde, te wahi i taumanutia e ia te tama a Mikaera a Tver, Dmitry Black Eyes ki te mate, ki te takitaki i te mate o tona papa. Power i roto i Moscow muri i te teina o te mate Ivan Kalita. I mohiotia ia mo tona kaha ki te whiwhi me te pupuri te moni. Rerekē tona mua, ki te rangatira hou ngāue äta a patua hoariri he mohio rawa te te tohunga.

I muri i te matenga o Yuri Uzbek, te whakamahi i te rautaki tamatahia, pau ia castling. Ko te rangatiratanga Russian matua hoatu e ia te rangatira hou Tveri Aleksandru Mihaylovichu. E au ra te reira e kua mahue Ivan Danilovich ki tetahi mea, engari tahuri atu te mana'o taua i runga i tona to'utangata ki kia takihala'i. Fighting kore kua Tver mutu, ko reira anake te timatanga. whenua whakakotahi a tawhio noa Moscow tonu i muri i te tahuri koi o te hītori.

I roto i te 1327 whawhati i Tver noa anti-Tatar whakatikanga ake. Kainoho o te pa, patua ngenge o nga taimahatanga manene nui pupirikana. kihai i Alexander whakarite tenei mahi, Heoi, piri ia a te mutunga arahina te mautohe o ana kaupapa. whakaakona riri Uzbek whiua tutu Kalita. a ngaro ana te whenua Tverskaya. whai Ivan Danilovich Vladimir, a mai i reira, te rangatira o Moscow, ki te kahore hoki wā poto rawa, kua kore ngaro i te ringa o te whakapaipai ōkawa o te Russia Te Tai Tokerau-Eastern.

Ivan Kalita, i kingi tae noa ki 1340, tāpiri hoki ki tona Power (ranei, kaua, hokona) he pa taua tata nui rite Uglich, Galich ko Beloozero. Hea i ia te moni mo enei hoko katoa? hanga hui te Prince o pupirikana mōhiohio Moscow i katoa i runga i Russia. i te mana o te nui rerenga pūtea Kalita. Fakapotopoto a tupato te whakahaere i te takotoranga moni, i taea e ki te hanga i te pūnaha i roto i i noho i roto i te Moscow, he wahi nui o te moni i kohia e ia. Tona rangatiratanga nahanaha timata ki te whakamārama o ërä i roto i te pūtea pai-oranga o te wāhi e tata ana ki te kake. Ko te hononga tino nui causal tenei, kia rite ki reira ko e he whakakotahitanga āta o nga whenua huri noa Moscow. hinga te hoari hope putea. I roto i te 1325 tetahi hui nui i meinga te whakakotahitanga o nga whenua huri noa Moscow, timata neke ki tenei metropolitans pa, i mua whakaaro tona noho Vladimir.

wero hou

I muri i tetahi Ivan Kalita i muri i te tahi atu kingi e ana tama tokorua: Himiona (1341 - 1353) ko Ivan (1353 - 1359). Neke atu i te te tata rua tekau tau o te Duchy Grand i te mapi te wahi o Duchy Novosilsky (Zabereg) me etahi wahi Ryazan (Vereya, tōhihi, Borovsk). Himiona haere e rima nga wa ki te Horde, tamata ki te kopere, ki ki te pai nga Tatars, engari he mea nui ki te tikanga i te kāinga. I roto i tenei to'utangata (me i muri ia ia me hītori) huaina reira whakapehapeha. A, no te timata Himiona Ivanovich atu rangatira iti o apato'erau Russia ona "podruchnik". hoariri Main, Tver, he tupato, me te kore i te wero i te aoniu o Moscow.

Ngā mihi ki te pai whanaunga ki te Horde Himiona, kihai i nga iwi mohoao whakararu Rus marau. Heoi, i te wa ano kahore katoa i mau okotahi ki te haere i roto i tetahi atu whakaeke. Kua riro te reira i te urutā whakamate o "Black mate", i riri i te wa ano, me te i roto i te Ao Tahito. haere mai whewhe ki Russia mā Novgorod, ngā kua nei i te rota o kaihokohoko te uru. tahuri mate nanakia te ora maheni, mutu nga tukanga pai katoa pāpori, me te tōrangapū, tae atu i te whakakotahitanga o nga whenua huri noa Moscow. He mohio poto ki te tauine o te raru nui ki te matau e ko te reira kino atu i tetahi o te whakaekenga Tatar-Mongol. Pa i mate i te hawhe, i papahoro maha hoki nga kainga tae noa ki te whare whakamutunga. mate ia o te whiu, ko Himiona ko ana tama. Ko te aha i muri te torona i te taha o tona teina.

Ivan, ko tona kingitanga i tino te huitahi, mahara i roto i te hītori Russian mo tona ataahua hoki i tapaina a ia Whero anake. Ka taea te whakaaro te miramira anake o tenei wā, he mea homai o Khan Moscow kawana te tika ki te whakawa i ētahi atu rangatira. O te akoranga, kua te tukanga hou whakatere anake whakatōpū whenua a tawhio noa Moscow. Tere rite te rangatiratanga o Ivan oti tona matenga mea mate i 31 tau o te tau.

E rua tautoko o Moscow

Kainga o Ivan te Whero ko tana tama taitamariki Dmitri, te toa heke mai o te ope Tatar-Mongol i runga i Kulikovo mara, a tahuti ore tona ingoa. Heoi, ko te tau tuatahi o tona kingitanga iti o te rangatira i roto i te kōhungahunga rawa. tamata te reira ki te tango i te rawa o te tahi atu Rurik, nei koa te whai wāhi ki te rānei tiki mana motuhake ranei whiwhi i te pokatata i runga i Vladimir. muri Dmitry Konstantinovich Suzdal i te kamupene o muri. I muri i te matenga o Ivan te Whero, ka haere ia ki te whakapaipai o Harai, i reira i whiwhi i te pokatata ki te kingi i roto i Vladimir o te Khan.

Moscow ngaro poto te whakapaipai ōkawa o Russia. Heoi, e kore i te huru-a i taea ki te whakataka i te au. MURI whakakotahitanga o nga whenua Russian i rerekē huri noa Moscow: te pāpori, ōhanga me te tōrangapū. kua tupu, no te te rangatiratanga, me te riro i te mana nui, kua riro ona rangatira tautoko nui e rua, e kore e tukua te kāwanatanga ki te taka ki mongamonga. Enei pou i nga aristocrats me te hahi.

Taonga ka meinga, kua he haumaru i Kalita Moscow ngā ki te mahi o boyars hou katoa. Ko te tukanga o ratou hua i roto i te duchy rahi i āta, engari ta'etukú. Ka rite ki te hua, ka puta te torona o te iti Dmitry a tawhio noa ia i hanga tonu kaunihera boyar, e ka tango rongoā whai hua, me te whai hua, taea ki a koe te whakaora i te pūmautanga pakeke-riro.

Aristocrat āwhina Siu Ekalesia. Take o te whakatōpū whenua a tawhio noa Moscow ko ki te tautoko i te metropolitans pa. I roto i te 1354-1378 gg. ko reira Alexy (fakamāmaní Elevfery Byakont). I roto i te tamarikitanga Dmitry Donskoy, Metropolitan, ka ko te de märena upoko o te mana whakahaere i roto i te rangatiratanga Moscow. tīmataria tenei tangata hihiri te hanga o te Kremlin. whakaaroaronga hoki Alex te pakanga ki te Horde.

Acts Dmitry Donskoy

nohoia ngā wāhanga katoa o te whakatōpū whenua a tawhio noa Moscow etahi āhuatanga. I te tuatahi, i nga rangatira kahore pera nui te mahi tōrangapū rite tikanga intriganskimi. Ko Yuri tenei, ko tetahi wahi tenei Ivan Kalita. Otiia ko reira i taea e ki te takoto i te turanga mo te toko i te ora o Moscow ratou. A, no te i roto i te 1367 ka anga reira te kingitanga tūturu o te taitamariki Dmitry Donskoy, e whakawhetai ki ana matua, i nga rauemi katoa ki te hanga i te hoari kāwanatanga Russian kotahi, me te hautoa.

Ka rite ki tupu Muscovy i roto i taua wā? I te 1360 i piri ia Dmitrov, i roto i te 1363 - i runga i te Klyazma me Starodub (kua ngā kōrero), Vladimir, i roto i te 1368 - Rzhev. Heoi, ko te hui matua o te hītori ka Russian pipiki kore-ki rangatiratanga Moscow, engari te timatanga o te pakanga tuwhera ki te ioka Mongol-Tatar. Whakakotahitanga o ngā mana me tona taonga e kore i taea e arahi ki te ala hokó taua.

whakatōpū whenua TAKENGA a tawhio Moscow i mutu i te iti rawa i roto i te hiahia tūturu o te iwi ki te ora i roto i te āhua kotahi. Ēnei wawata (rawa te iwi noa) fehangahangai te tikanga feudal. Heoi, he vahi ratou i roto i te mutunga o Anotau, a ka tae ki te mutunga. ka mau tukanga rite o whāwehe o te pūnaha feudal ki etahi mua wahi i roto i Western Europe, i reira ki te plurality o duchies me kaute hanga ratou ahua motu.

Na e riro te tukanga o te whakakotahitanga o nga whenua Russian huri noa Moscow kua tina heke, whakatika te raruraru hou: he aha ki te mahi ki te ioka o te Horde? Tribute ki te wahia ki runga i te whanaketanga ōhanga me te takaro iho te rangatiratanga motu. O te akoranga, Dmitry Ivanovich, rite tokomaha o ana matua moe o motuhake tonu o ratou whenua tupu. I muri whiwhi te mana tonu, eke ia ki runga ki tenei mahere.

I muri i te pakanga o Kulikov

e kore i taea te whakaoti i te tukanga roa o whakakotahitanga o nga whenua huri noa i Moscow waho te whakaoranga o Russia i te ioka Tatar-Mongol. i mohio Don tenei a faaoti i te reira i te wa ki te mahi. whawhati te pakanga i roto i roto i te waenganui 1370 a. Prince o Moscow i pai ki te utu i takoha Baskakov. Zolotaya Orda patu. tu ope tangata whakaponokore haere Temnik Mamay. huihui ahau whata me Dmitry Donskoy. I tautokona e ia a e maha rangatira o te kōwae. Ko te whawhai ki te Tatars ko take katoa-Russian. puta tikaokao White rangatira Ryazan anake, engari he ope Don tāia ki waho tona awhina.

Mahuru 21, 1380 i reira ko he whawhai i runga i te Kulikovo mara, meinga nei kua tetahi o nga ngā hōia nui puta noa i te aamu o te whenua o. i patua Tatars. E rua tau i muri mai, he ope hoki, me te ara tahuna Moscow. Otiia, ka anga te pakanga tuwhera mō te mana motuhake. tonu te reira i rite 100 tau.

mate Don i 1389. I te wā whakamutunga o tona kingitanga, piri ia te Duchy Grand o Meshchersky niao Medyn me Ustyuzhna. Tama a Dmitry Basil ahau, i kingi nei i 1389 - 1425 tau. oti ia te absorption o te rangatiratanga Nizhny Novgorod. Hoki i roto i tona feohi o nga whenua Moscow tawhio Moscow i tohua e te tua o Moore me Tarusa mā tapanga o hoko Khan. kua tangohia rangatira o te kaha hōia te Novgorod Republic o Vologda. Ka rite ki te kainga i Rostov Moscow i roto i 1397 ka Ustyug. Roha ki te raki tonu tua o Torzhok me Bezhetsk Cuernavaca.

I runga i te Tuhinga o te tiango

A, no te Basil II (1425 - 1462) ora te whawhai metarahi nui rawa i roto i tona hītori Muscovy. Ko te tika mai io te kainga tika o tona ake keke Yuri Dmitrievich, ko wai i whakapono e kore e kia haere te kāwanatanga i te papa ki te tama, ka rite ki te parau tumu roa-tu o "i matau o te tūranga matua." whawhai Civil nui pakanga te whakakotahitanga o nga whenua Russian huri noa Moscow. Poto kingitanga o Yuri mutu ki tona matenga. Na ka piri te whawhai nga tama a te mate: Dmitri Shemyaka ko Basil Diagon.

taa ê whawhai mahi maka, motuhake. I whakamatapotia e ahau e Basil II, a muri i runga i whakahau ia i te paihana Shemyaka. Nā ki te hua o te toto rite te hua o te wāhanga o mua o te whakakotahitanga o nga whenua Russian huri noa Moscow, e totohu ki te warewaretanga. Heoi, i roto i te 1453 conclusively patua Vasily II Dark katoa o tona hoariri. Whakatikaina e kore e pokanoa te reira ki ara tona ake matapo. I roto i nga tau tata nei, piri tona kaha ki te rangatiratanga Moscow i Vychegodskaya Perm, Vologda me etahi Romanov wahi.

Novgorod ko Tver rironga

Te nuinga o te katoa mo te reunification o nga rangatira Moscow i te tama a Basil II, Ivan III (1462-1505). whakaaro tokomaha hītori ia te rangatira katoa-Russian tuatahi. A, no te haere mai Ivan ki te mana, ko tona hoa nui Novgorod Republic. Ona tangata hoki te wa roa tautoko nga rangatira Moscow. Heoi, i roto i te hawhe tuarua o te XV rautau porowhita kahurangi Novgorod neke ki Lithuania, i whakaaro te counterweight matua ki te Duke Grand. A kihai i groundless tenei whakaaro.

Grand Duchy o Lithuania nohoia te rohe o hou Peraruhia me Ukraine. no reira ki te āhua Kiev, Polotsk, Vitebsk, Smolensk me era atu pa Russian nui. A, no te ite Ivan Iii ati i roto i te uniana o Novgorod ko Lithuania, whakaaturia e ia te whawhai i runga i te Republic. I roto i te 1478, kua te pakanga kua noho. katoa piri whenua Novgorod te Moscow State.

Na ka haere mai te tahuri o te rangatiratanga Tver. Ko te wā ka taea whakataetae reira i runga i ngā rite ki Moscow, kua riro roa. Last Prince o Tver Mikhail Borisovich, me te te iwi o Novgorod, tamata ki te hanga i te haumi ki Lithuania, ka huia Ivan Iii o tona kaha, ka piri Tver ki tona kaha. tupu tenei i roto i te 1485.

Ko te take mo te whakakotahitanga o nga whenua Russian huri noa Moscow takoto i roto i te meka e te wāhanga whakamutunga o tenei tukanga, Russia hopea whakakahoretia o te ioka Mongol-Tatar. I roto i te 1480 tamata Han Ahmat ki te tiki i te Prince whakamutunga o Moscow ki te tuku me te utu takoha ki a ia. Ki tonu o te pakanga i kore tupu. tu hōia Moscow ko Tatar i nga tahatika ritenga o te awa Ugra, engari kihai i fehangahangai i roto i te whawhai. i haere Achmat, a hohoro whawhati Zolotaya Orda ake ki te maha ulus.

I tua atu ki te Novgorod ko Tver, mapi Ivan Iii ki te Duchy Grand o Yaroslavl, Vaga, Vyatka me whenua Perm, Vyazma ko Ugra. I muri i te Pakanga Russian-Lithuanian 1500 - 1503 gg. oho Moscow ki Bryansk, Toropets, Pochep, Starodub, Chernigov, Novgorod-Seversky me Putivl.

hoko Russia

Whakakapi o Ivan III i runga i te torona e tana tama, Vasily III (1505-1533 gg.). A, no te tupu i te reira i te otinga o te whakatōpū whenua a tawhio noa Moscow. tonu Basil mahi a tona papa, i te mea tuatahi te mutunga hanga he wahi o ana mana Pskov. Tenei repupirita mai te mutunga o te rau tau XIV i roto i te āhua pononga o Moscow. I roto i te 1510, huia Vasily o tona mana motuhake.

I aru tenei e te tahuri whakamutunga o te rangatiratanga Russian motuhake. Kua roa Ryazan kua he hoa tonga motuhake o Moscow. I roto i te 1402, i waenganui i nga kingitanga, ko te haumi e ko i te waenganui o te rautau XV hoatu ara ki vassalage. I roto i te 1521, ka Ryazan te taonga o te Duke Grand. Ka rite ki Ivan Iii, kihai i Vasily III wareware e pā ana ki Lithuania, i puritia maha taketake pa Russian. Ka rite ki te hua o te rua pakanga ki taua rangatira whenua tapiritia ki tona Power Smolensk, Velizh, Roslavl ko Kursk.

Na roto i te mutunga o te toru o tuatahi o te rau tau XVI Moscow "huihuia" te whenua Russian katoa, a ko te kupu i hanga he iwi-kāwanatanga kotahi. tukua tenei meka te tama a Ivanu Groznomu Vasily III ki te tango i te taitara o te kingi o te tauira Byzantine. I roto i te 1547, kihai i ia noa he rangatira nui o Moscow, me te Russian mua.