Whakamāramatanga o te absolutism. Hanganga o te absolutism, ona āhuatanga

Te nuinga o ngā pukapuka hītori whakahere āhua i te taua whakamāramatanga o absolutism. puta tenei pūnaha tōrangapū i roto i te nuinga o nga whenua Pākehā senituli XVII-XVIII. Kei te āhuatanga i te reira e te mana kapu o te arikitanga, e kore nei e whakawhāiti i tetahi whare kāwanatanga.

Ko te āhuatanga matua o te absolutism

whakatakoto te whakamāramatanga hou o te absolutism i roto i te waenganui o te rau tau XIX. I whakakapi tenei wā i te faaiteraa "tikanga tawhito," i chronicled te pūnaha kāwanatanga French i mua i te Revolution nui.

Bourbon arikitanga ko tetahi o nga pou matua o te absolutism. Ki te whakapakari o te kore mana kingi puta i runga i te tinana whenua-māngai (te General States). mutu Autocrats ki kōrero ki te kawana, a ki te titiro hoki i runga i whakaaro tūmatanui i te wa o te mau faaotiraa faufaa.

Kingi ko Pāremata o Ingarangi

Waihoki i hanga absolutism i Ingarangi. kihai i hoatu e feudalism wharekarakia te kāwanatanga ki te whakamahi i tōtika ona ake rauemi, me te āheinga. i uaua Hanganga o te absolutism i Ingarangi i te pakanga ki a Paremata. Tenei kohinga o mua i te hītori roa.

Stuart whare i roto i te rau tau XVII, tamata ki te whakaiti i te faufaa o te Paremete. No te mea o tenei, i te 1640-1660 gg. whenua reirahia e tau fakalotofonuá. hanga ki te kingi te bourgeoisie me te nuinga o te koraha. ahiri rangatira (Barons me ētahi atu nui hoki te whenua rangatira) i te taha ki o te arikitanga. i patua English Korol Karl ahau me pae hopea i mahi i roto i te 1649.

Ahakoa 50 tau i muri mai i hanga te Basileia United. I roto i taua Fédérations - Ingarangi, Koterana, Wales me Ireland - kua hoatu Pāremata kua i roto i te pato'iraa ki te arikitanga. Ki te awhina o te tinana māngai o ratou ngākau nuitanga taea tiakina kaihokohoko me tangata noa. Kua timata Nā ki te haere noa whanaunga on ki te ora i te ōhanga. Ingarangi, kua waiho te mana moana nui i roto i te ao, whakahaere koroni marara huri noa te ao.

ngā Ingarihi hoatu rau tau XVIII tona whakamāramatanga o absolutism. Hoki ratou, ka he tohu o te wā kua pahemo o te Tudors ko Stuarts, i roto i nei tamata piriniha hua kore ki te whakakapi ia te āhua katoa.

Whakapakari o te mana kingi i roto i Russia

timata rau Russian absolutism i roto i te kingitanga o Petra Velikogo. Heoi, i ata te preconditions mo tenei āhuatanga i roto i tona papa, - Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. A, no te haere mai te whare Romanov ki te mana, he wāhi nui i roto i te ora tūmatanui takaro Boyar Duma me te Zemsky Sobor. Ko kua awhinatia enei pūtahi ki hanga te whenua i muri i te aue.

kua kōkiri Alex te tukanga o te whakakore i te pūnaha tawhito. ngā huringa e i roto i te tuhinga matua o ona era - Code Kaunihera. Ngā mihi ki tenei huinga o ture te taitara o nga rangatira Russian ko te tua o "tangata mārō". Kua kore te fakalea kua puta ke i te aituā. E mutu Alexis te karanga i Zemsky Sobor. wā whakamutunga i tupu te reira i roto i 1653, no ka takoto te runga i te reunification o Russia me maui-pēke Ukraine i muri i te pakanga angitu ki Poland.

I roto i te era czarist ka tango wahi whakahau manatü, ia o nei hipokina tetahi tetahi ruri o mahi o te kāwanatanga ranei. I roto i te hawhe tuarua o te rau tau XVII, ka haere mai te nuinga o enei pūtahi i raro i te mana kapu o te tangata mārō. I tua atu, kua whakapumautia Alexis te tikanga o ngā take ngaro. I roto i tona tiaki i nga take tino nui o te kāwanatanga, me te te rironga mai o pitihana. I te 1682 ka ripeneta reira tangohia ana pūnaha parochialism ai tohaina te tūranga matua i roto i te whenua i roto i nga rangatira kia rite ki to ratou no ki te whānau rangatira. Na ko tika ti'aturi i runga i te pai ai o te kingi te ūnga.

Ko te pakanga o te hahi me te kāwanatanga

whaia Policy absolutism Alexis, ka haere mai i runga i te kaha te ātete o te Ekalesia Siu, e hiahia ana ki te wawao i te mau ohipa o te kāwanatanga. Ko te hoariri matua o te tangata mārō ka Patereareha Nikon. whakaarohia e ia ki te hanga i te hahi motuhake o te whakahaere, me te etahi o nga mana tei horo'ahia i ki reira. Tohe Nikon ratou take i te meka e te patereareha, ka mea ia, ko te māngai mō te Atua i runga i te whenua.

ka te päoka o te mana te patereareha o te whiwhi i te taitara o "rangatira nui". I roto i te meka, e ai ki a ia i runga i te taahiraa rite ki te kingi. Heoi, ko poto-ora whakamanamana o Nikon. I roto i te 1667, huia te Kaunihera Ekalesia ia o tona ana'iraa, a tonoa ki te whakarau. Mai i reira i kahore tetahi e taea wero i te mana o te tangata mārō.

Pita ahau me autocracy

A, no te i whai kaha anō te mana Pita o te nui tama Alexei a te ariki. whiua mau utuafare boyar Old i muri i te hui, ka tamata te kāhui Moscow ki te turaki i te kingi ki te noho i runga i te torona o tona tuahine pakeke Sophia. I te wa ano e tika ana ki te pakarutanga o te whawhai i roto i te Northern Moana Baltic, ka anga a Pita te whakahou nui e hipokina āhuatanga katoa o te kāwanatanga.

I roto i te tikanga ki te hanga a ratou pai atu tangata mārō te mana tino takiwa i roto i ona ringa. whakapumautia ia te poari, whakaurua te rārangi hanga i te wahanga kua ahumahi taimaha i roto i nga Urals, kua meinga Russia whenua atu Pākehā. e kia uaua rawa hoki ia enei huringa katoa, ki te ātete ia nga boyars momo. hoatu nga aristocrats i roto i te wahi me te i te wa ka tahuri ki rangatira noa ki te hanga i te takoha iti ki te angitu o te kaupapa here ke, me te kāinga o Russia. riro te tahi mau taime te kingi o whawhai ki whiriwhiri momo puka paki - e ko te wāhanga anake o te tapahi i te pahau, ka rāhuitia koti tawhito!

ka haere a Pita ki absolutism, no te mea i hoatu tenei pūnaha ia te mana e tika ana mo te whakahou whānui o te whenua. Ia i hanga ano e te hahi, he wahi o te mīhini kāwanatanga mā te whakatū i te Hinota o te Patriarchate me tuku, ko te kupu tangohia nga pǔpǔ ekalesiatiko ha faingamālie ki tapaea iho hei puna kē o te mana i roto i Russia.

Catherine II mana

Ko te taitahi ka tae absolutism i Europe tona tihi, kiia hoki te hawhe tuarua o te rau tau XVIII. I roto i Russia, i roto i tenei wā te ture Ekaterina 2. I muri i te tahi tau ahuru matahiti, ka puta auau te coups whare St. Petersburg, i kaha ki te te whiriwhiri tutu, me te riro i te rangatira anake o te whenua ia.

Āhuatanga o te absolutism i Russia takoto i roto i te meka i okioki te kāwanatanga i runga i te piha haapiiraa tino pono - te rangatira. Tenei whāriki faingamālie o te hapori i roto i te kingitanga o Catherine riro Letters Patent. I roto i te tuhinga, i whakapumautia nga tika katoa e nga te rangatira. I tua atu, i watea i te whawhai ona māngai. I te tīmatanga, riro nga rangatira, me te taitara o te whenua, ko te hoki te tau poto i roto i te ope. Na tenei tikanga i roto i te mua.

kihai i nga rangatira pokanoa i roto i te kaupapa tōrangapū fakahā e te torona, engari kua tonu i tona kaitiaki i roto i te take o te ati. Ko tētahi o ēnei tuma ko te whakatikanga ake arahina e Emelyana Pugacheva i te biennium 1773-1775. whakakitea Tuhinga o nga peasants te hiahia mo te whakahou, tae atu ki ngā huringa e pā ana ki te serfdom.

absolutism maramarama

Tau o te kingitanga o Catherine II o (1762-1796) puta noa i te wa o te putanga o te bourgeoisie i Europe. ko te iwi e kua tutuki angitu i roto i te ao capitalist enei. ka ui kaipakihi hanganga me wāteatea ture. puta Ngā mānukanuka kitea i roto i France. Bourbon arikitanga, me te te Empire Russian, ko te motu o te absolutism, te wahi e tangohia faaotiraa faufaa katoa rangatira anake.

I te wa ano, ko France te wāhi o te whakaaro nui, me te philosopho rite Voltaire, Montesquieu, Diderot, etc ... kua riro enei tuhituhi me te kōrero i te kaiwhakatū o nga whakaaro o te Māmá. I hāngai ratou i runga i freethinking me rationalism. I roto i Europe, ka huatau liberalism. Mō te whakaaro o tika ā-iwi, me te mohio Ekaterina 2. Na whanau ko ia he Tiamana, na ko ofi ki Europe atu i te katoa o ona matua i runga i te torona Russian. I muri mai, ka karanga te huinga o ngā whakaaro ohaoha, me te momo o Catherine i "absolutism marama."

ngana ki te whakahou

Ko te taahiraa tino nui ki te huri i te Empress Russia ko te whakatūnga o te Kōmihana Ture. Ko wahi o ona rangatira, me te ture i ki te whakawhanake i tētahi whakahou tauira o te ture kāinga, ko patereareha tonu te turanga o e "waehere Conciliar" 1648. Mahi o te kōmihana hoatu nga rangatira, e kite i te riri ki te taui i to ratou ake oranga. kihai i Catherine maia ki te haere ki te pakanga ki nga kaipupuri whenua. oti Ture Komihana tona mahi, kahore te whakatutuki i tetahi huringa tūturu.

whakatikanga ake Pugachev i te o 1773-1775. kihai wehi i te iti Catherine. I muri ka timata ia te wā o te tauhohe, me te kupu "te liberalism" Kua riro te uhinga tatau ia mo tinihanga ki te torona. Ko te mana mutunga o te ariki noho a roa te rau katoa XIX. I whakakorea te reira i muri i te revolution 1905, ka kua puta te orotahi o te kaupapa ture, me te Pāremata i roto i Russia.

Old me te tikanga hou

kinongia absolutism tūpato i roto i Europe i na maha i roto i te ara ano rite nga peasants tukinotia o kawanatanga Russian, tautoko Emelyana Pugacheva. I roto i France, tatatia te kāwanatanga te mana o te bourgeoisie whakawhanakehia. Ko te impoverishment o te taupori tuawhenua me mōrearea ōhanga wā kihai ano i kawea mai te rongonui Bourbons.

I te 1789 ka whawhati ia i te French Revolution. Ko te makasini ohaoha ka Parisian me satirists i hoatu te whakamāramatanga tino maia me te tino o te absolutism. ka karanga Kaupapahere ko te tikanga tawhito te take o nga mau ma'i katoa o te whenua - i te rawakore o te koraha ki te hinga i roto i te whawhai, me te memeha noa o te ope. He raruraru o te mana Ngātuere,.

Ko te French Revolution

Timata o te revolution ko te hopu o te tangata mau pū o te whare herehere Bastille rongonui o Paris. Hohoro Korol Lyudovik XVI whakaae ki te fakangaloku ka riro he ariki ture, tona mana kua iti ki tinana māngai. Heoi, mōhio o ana kaupapa here i arahina ki te meka i whakaritea e te ariki ki rere ki te royalists pono. I hopukina Kingi i te rohe, ka kawea ki te tamataraa, i whiua ia ki te mate. Tenei whakarau o Louis rite ki te mutunga o tetahi ariki, ngana ki te pupuri i te tikanga tawhito - Karl ahau o Ingarangi.

French Revolution roa e rave rahi tau, a mutu i roto i 1799, ka muri ka haere mai te tukipoto i ki te mana, he rangatira hao Napoleon Bonaparte. i mua e Ahakoa, te whenua Pākehā i roto i nei ko absolutism te pūtake o te pūnaha kāwanatanga, kua whakaaturia whawhai i runga i Paris. I roto ia ratou i Russian. patua Napoleon coalitions katoa, a tae noa tīmata ki te wawao i Europe. I roto i te mutunga, i patua ia, mo e ko te take matua i tana kore i roto i te Pakanga o 1812.

Ko te mutunga o te absolutism

Ki te taeraa mai o te rangimarie i roto i Europe hira noa tauhohenga. I roto i te āhua maha ki te whakatū anō i absolutism. He rārangi poto o enei whenua ngā Russia, Austria-Hungary, Prussia. I roto i te rau tau XIX, i reira i te maha o ngā whakamātau o te hapori ki te pato'ii te te mana Ngātuere,. Ko te rongonui tino te revolution paraharaha-Pākehā o 1848, ka haere etahi whenua ki nga ātetenga ture. Heoi hopea totohu absolutism ki te warewaretanga i muri te Pakanga o te Ao e ahau, ka i whakangaromia ratou tata katoa te iloa he paparahi (Russian, Austria, Tiamana, me te Ottoman).

Tuuraki o te pūnaha tawhito arahina ki te whakatōpū o tika tangata me te herekore - karakia, pōti, mana, me ētahi atu kua riro te Kamupene hua hou o te kāwanatanga, te nui te nuinga o nei ko te pōtitanga ... I teie mahana, i te pae o te arikitanga pū mua he iwi-āhua ki te pūnaha tōrangapū Republican.