Whakatupuranga rorohiko: tepu, āhuatanga me te hītori. He aha te tikanga o te i te wā "whakatupuranga rorohiko"?

Ko te putanga o rorohiko hou, e kua taunga tatou ki, mua e te kunenga katoa i roto i te whanaketanga o te hangarau rorohiko. E ai ki te ariā rongonui, te whanaketanga o te ahumahi rorohiko haere i roto i te maha o ngā whakatupuranga motuhake.

tohunga Modern ahu ki te whakapono e ratou e ono. E rima o ratou i riro kē wahi, tetahi - i runga i te ara. He aha rite te wā "whakatupuranga o rorohiko" mahino IT-tohunga? He aha e nga rerekētanga taketake i waenganui i nga wā takitahi o te whanaketanga o te hangarau rorohiko?

Whakamārama ki te putanga o te rorohiko

Ko te hītori o te rorohiko mo te 5 whakatupuranga, te whanaketanga o ngā, me te whakaongaonga. Otiia i mua i tatou tūhura reira, ka waiho te reira whai hua ki te mohio te meka e pā ana ki te mea mua te whanaketanga o hangarau rongoā rorohiko.

Kua rapu nga wa katoa te iwi ki te whakapai ake i te ngā tukanga e pā ana ki tātaitanga, tātaitanga. kitea tumu kōrero e te taputapu mō te mahi ki te tau, he āhua aunoa, i whakaaro i roto i Ihipa tahito, me te tahi atu āhua o te tawhito. I roto i te Anotau, he kaitito i Pākehā e hoahoa te tikanga i ai, i roto i ngā, i taea te tātai periodicity o tai kaupeka.

Ko te tauira o rorohiko hou, etahi tohunga ti'aturi whakaaro i roto i te Babbage mīhini rau 19 wawe, kua he mahi rorohiko hōtaka. I roto i te mutunga o 19, me te tīmatanga o te rautau 20 i reira nga whakaaro e i whakamahia te hikohiko. E te nuinga whai wāhi ratou i roto i te ahumahi, waea, me te reo irirangi.

I te 1915 ka whakatutehu ia ki te US manene German Herman Hollerith whakaturia te kamupene IBM, i muri ka tetahi o nga rama tino mōhiotia o te IT-ahumahi. I roto i te whakaaro tino autaia Herman Hollerith kāri maitai tokua, mo tekau tau rite te tuatahi kawe mōhiohio ka whakamahi i te hangarau rorohiko. Na roto i te mutunga o nga 30raa i reira nga hangarau e tukua ki te kōrero e pā ana ki te timatanga o te wā rorohiko i roto i te whanaketanga o te ao tangata. puta rorohiko tuatahi, i muri mai ka whakarōpūtia rite no ki te "whakatupuranga tuatahi".

tohu o te rorohiko

Ko te paearu taketake matua mō te whakarōpū i te pūrere rorohiko ki te rapu rorohiko, karanga tohunga rorohiko papatono ranei. Tenei e ōrite ana ki te momo o te mīhini, i ngā, rerekē i tataitai, noa'tu eaha te kaha ranei i muri. Ahakoa ka tae mai te reira ki te hōtaka i te taumata tino iti, ka whakamahi i te "feia me ngā kore" - te paearu i roto i te kaha. Fakatatau ki ai, te taenga atu ano nga mihini i whakaaro, pea, na ratou ahua nui rite ki te tātaitai, engari e taea te programmed - i huaina e ratou rorohiko.

Ko te wā "whakatupuranga rorohiko" tikanga, te tikanga he rorohiko no ki te hanganga hangarau motuhake. Ko, kotahi rongoā pūmārō hāngai, e hāngai ana i runga i nei te rere te rorohiko. I te wa ano, e hāngai ana i runga i te paearu e whakaarohia e te tohunga o IT-wehenga i whakatupuranga o rorohiko he tawhiti i tikanga (ahakoa, o te akoranga, i reira he momo tauwhirowhiro o rorohiko, e he uaua ki te unambiguously pēnei ki tetahi kāwai ngā).

I muri whakaoti i te digression ariā, ka taea e tatou e haamata i ki te tūhura i te rorohiko whakatupuranga. Te tepu, i raro, ka āwhina i whakatere tatou i roto i nga periodization.

Next ka titiro tatou ki nga āhuatanga hangarau o te rorohiko mo ia kāwai. ngā tatou ka takoto whakatupuranga o rorohiko. Ka te tepu e kua tae matou inaianei, kia kō atu i te e nei kia pā ki te kāwai tika me nga tawhā tukanga etahi,.

Kua kite mātou i te arai nui - pā te whakaaro e whai ake nei matua kukuwhatanga o rorohiko, e e inaianei te nuinga o tuku ki whaiaro. He akomanga tino rerekē o rorohiko - hōia, ahumahi. He Kei te pera-ka karanga "supercomputers". Ratou putanga me te whanaketanga - he take motuhake.

Ko te rorohiko tuatahi

I roto i te 1938, Ka hangaia e kaipūkaha German Konrad Tsuze he pūrere i huaina te Z1, a i roto i te 42nd tuku tona putanga ake - Z2. I roto i te 1943, mea whakaaro he mīhini tātai i te reo Ingarihi me te karanga i te reira "Colossus". Ētahi tohunga ahu ki te whakapono te mīhini rorohiko tuatahi o Ingarangi, me te Tiamana. I roto i te 1944, i runga i te ite i Germany te hanga i tētahi mīhini rorohiko rite nga Ameliká. Whakawhanakehia i roto i te rorohiko US i huaina "Mark ahau".

I roto i te 1946, kei te mahi Engineers American he revolution iti i roto i te hoahoa o te hangarau rorohiko, te hanga i te ENIAC rorohiko korehau ngongo, 1,000 nga wa atu hua atu i te "Mark ahau". whakapumautia tētahi atu whanaketanga American rongonui ka i roto i te tau 1951 e te rorohiko, ko Uniake. Ko tōna āhuatanga matua ko e ko reira i whakamahia te rorohiko tuatahi rite te hua arumoni.

Na roto i taua wa, i te ara, kei te whakaaroa kua tō rorohiko Engineers Soviet mahi i te Academy o Pūtaiao o Ukraine. To tatou whanaketanga huaina SECM. Ko tōna mahi, kia rite ki ngā tohunga, ko te teitei i roto i te rorohiko huihui i roto i Europe.

āhuatanga hangarau o rorohiko whakatupuranga tuatahi

Mau, i runga i te pūtake o te mea paearu whakaritea e te whakatupuranga tuatahi o te whanaketanga rorohiko? whakaaro pērā IT-tohunga, te tuatahi o te katoa, te wāhanga turanga i roto i te puka o korere mārua. riro hoki mihini tuatahi whakatupuranga he maha o ngā āhuatanga āhuatanga waho - he rahi nui, he kohi mana rawa nui.

Kua hoki ratou mana rorohiko āhua tano, ko reira e rave rahi mano Hertz. Heoi, ko te whakatupuranga tuatahi o rorohiko maha mea kei roto i roto i rorohiko hou. I roto i ngā, ki tenei waehere mīhini hōtaka i te whakahau me te raraunga tuhi i roto i te mahara (te whakamahi i ngā kāri tokua me korere hiko).

te whakatupuranga tuatahi o rorohiko rapua e te pūkenga tangata rawa, whakamahi ratou. Hiahiatia ki te kainga o ngā pūkenga motuhake (whakahuatia i roto i te mahi ki te kāri tokua, mōhiotanga o te waehere mīhini, me ētahi atu) e kore anake, engari, ka rite ki te tikanga, Engineering hoki matauranga i roto i te mara o te hikohiko.

Ko te whakatupuranga tuatahi o rorohiko, rite kua mea matou, ko kua RAM. Heoi, ko tino haehaa tona rōrahi, hoatu ana e ia te reira i roto i te rau, i pai - i roto i nga mano o paita. whakauaua taea te kōmakatia te kōwae mahara tuatahi mō ngā rorohiko hei wāhanga hiko. ki tonu ratou i te ipu o te mēkuri i te puka o ngongo. i whakaritea tioata mahara i runga i o ratou wāhi motuhake, me reira nga raraunga mau. Heoi, tino hohoro i muri puta te tenenga o te rorohiko tuatahi atu matatau otaota mai ferrite hāngai mahara-.

Ko te whakatupuranga tuarua o rorohiko

He aha te mea te whanaketanga atu o te hītori rorohiko? timata rorohiko whakatupuranga ki te whakawhanake i runga i. Kei te horahanga i te 60raa rorohiko whakamahi ngongo kore anake mārua, engari ano hoki Semiconductors. Tino nui haere tītipi karaka auau - whakaaro tohu kitea 100 mano Hertz me runga ake .. Ka haere mai te kōpae autō tuatahi hei kē ki kāri weropepahia. I roto i te 1964 Kua tukua godu IBM kamupene hua ahurei - te aroturuki rorohiko motuhake ki ngā āhuatanga nui tika - 12-inihi hauroki, he taumira o 1024 e 1024 pika, me te auau tāmata o 40 Hz.

Generation tau e toru

toru o te whakatupuranga faahiahia o rorohiko? Tuatahi o te katoa, hoatu tō rorohiko ki rama, me Semiconductors ngātahi iahiko, e, motu ke i rorohiko, kua whakamahia i roto i te momo o te tahi atu pūrere hiko.

Hoki te wā tuatahi i whakakitea te taea o iahiko integrated ki te ao i roto i te mau tautooraa o te kaipūkaha Jack Kilby me kamupene Texas Instruments i 1959. hanga Jack te hanganga iti i hanga i runga i te paraharaha o te germanium whakarewa, mahara nei ki te whakakapi i te whakaaro Semiconductor matatini. I roto i te tahuri, hanga Texas Instruments kamupene he rorohiko, huihui i runga i te pūtake o ēnei pūkete. Tino arā, ko reira 150 wa iti iho i te rorohiko mahi Semiconductor rite. Kua whakawhanakehia ake hangarau iahiko integrated. wāhi nui i roto i tenei takaro i te ako Roberta Noysa.

E whakaaetia ēnei wāhanga pūmārō, te tuatahi o te katoa, ki tino whakaiti i te rahi o rorohiko. Ka rite ki te hua, i reira ko he hua nui i roto i te mahi rorohiko. Te whakatupuranga rorohiko tuatoru āhuatanga e te tuku o te rorohiko ki te auau karaka, faaite kua i roto i mekahera. Heke kohi mana me te hoki rorohiko.

Kua pai ake matou hangarau tuhi raraunga me te tukatuka ratou i roto i kōwae RAM. Ka rite ki hoki RAM, hei āhuatanga ferrite atu te horo, hangarau matatau. He Momo tuatahi, a ka whakamahia nga diskettes putanga tuatahi hei reo rokiroki waho. puta te hoahoanga o te PC keteroki pamyat.Standartnoy taiao pāhekoheko o te kaiwhakamahi, me te ko te matapihi whakaatu te rorohiko.

Ua tupu te reira atu wae pūmanawa whakapai ake. He i I whakawhanakehia pūnaha whakahaere tonu-parirau e te tino kanorau pūmanawa tono, i whakaurua matou ariā multitasking i roto i te mahi rorohiko. puta nga rorohiko tuatoru-whakatupuranga hōtaka pērā i ngā pūnaha whakahaere pātengi raraunga, me te pūmanawa hoki aunoatanga o te mahi hoahoa. He nui ake reo hōtaka me te taiao i roto i nei te hanganga o te pūmanawa.

āhuatanga wha-whakatupuranga

āhuatanga wha nga whakatupuranga o rorohiko e te putanga o iahiko integrated no ki te piha haapiiraa o nui, me te te tauine pera-ka karanga rawa nui. puta te hoahoanga o te PC ārahi maramara - pūtukatuka. Computers i roto i te whirihoranga e ofi ange ki tangata noa. Kua ratou whakamahinga kua hanga taea ki te whakangungu tohu iti, i te mahi ki te whakatupuranga rorohiko mua pūkenga e hiahiatia ana. i kore hua kōwae RAM i runga i te pūtake o ngā āhuatanga ferrite, a ki runga ki te pūtake o CMOS-kongakonga. Na roto i te wha o nga whakatupuranga o rorohiko, me te e manakohia ki te rorohiko tuatahi Apple, kohia i roto i te 1976 e Steve Jobs me Stefanom Voznyakom. E rave rahi IT-tohunga whakapono e te Apple - te rorohiko whaiaro tuatahi i roto i te ao.

Orua hoki rorohiko whakatupuranga wha ki te popularization o te Internet. I te wa taua i reira ko te ahumahi pūmanawa teie mahana waitohu pai mohiotia - Microsoft. He te putanga tuatahi o te pūnaha whakahaere e matau ana tatou i tenei ra - Windows, MacOS. Kua riro rorohiko tufaki huri noa te ao.

tuarima whakatupuranga

Ko te tino pokea ana a te wha nga whakatupuranga o rorohiko - 80s waenganui-mutunga. Otiia i roto i te tīmatanga o te 90 i runga i te tukanga mākete IT-hangarau timata ki te tango i te wahi, i whakaaetia ki te tīmata tatau i te whakatupuranga hou o rorohiko. Kei te korero tatou e pā ana ki takahanga nui mua, rawa i roto i te engineering me hangarau whakatutukitanga, i honoa e ki te pūtukatuka. puta attributable ki te momo o te pere whakarara maramara hoahoanga.

te rima te whakatupuranga o rorohiko - te reira mīhini tere whakaponohia tupu hua i tau ki te tau. Ki te i roto i te tere karaka o te wawe 90 o microprocessors i roto i te torutoru tekau o mekahera, i whakaaro he tohu pai, e te timatanga o nga 2000, ko kahore tetahi kikahera miharo. Rorohiko e whakamahi tatou i teie mahana, e whakapono ki IT-tohunga - he reira ano hoki te rima te whakatupuranga o te rorohiko. Ko, te makatu'unga hangarau wawe 90 o tonu e hāngai ana.

PC no ki te rima te whakatupuranga, kua meinga e kore rorohiko tika, me te tiketike-kōeke taputapu maha-pāpāho. Ki a ratou ko reira taea ki Maunga kiriata, te mahi ki te whakapakoko, record me te rāwekeweke tangi, me te hanga i ngā kaupapa engineering ki te rere tūturu 3D-kēmu.

Āhuatanga o te ono o nga whakatupuranga

I roto i te heke mai, kia rite ki kaitätari, ka taea e tatou e ti'aturi e, e puta 6 whakatupuranga o rorohiko. Ka āhuatanga i te reira i te whakamahi o ngā āhuatanga neural i te hoahoanga o te maramara whakamahi i te pūtukatuka i roto i te whatunga tohaina.

Ka kia whanganga rorohiko mahinga i roto i te whakatupuranga i muri, pea, kore i roto i te kikahera, engari i roto i te momo faufaa rerekē o ngā waeine tātai.

whakataurite Āhuahira

Kua ako matou i te rorohiko whakatupuranga. Te ripanga e te tauturu ia i raro whakatere tatou te ine o rorohiko no ki tetahi kāwai ranei tetahi, me te turanga hangarau i runga i nei e hāngai ana ratou mahi te. Tei runga i te whai ake:

Ka taea hoki e te reira i te mātakitaki whai hua o te ine o te mahi me te whakatupuranga motuhake rorohiko. Ko te tepu, i teie nei te utu ake matou, a ka whakaata tenei tauira. tango tatou rite te pūtake he tawhā i huaina karaka auau.

Ko te kupu, feruri matou i te āhuatanga hangarau matua mō ia whakatupuranga o rorohiko. Ko te tepu tuku e tetahi o tatou, e te tauturu ia tatou ki te correlate te tawhā tēnā me te kāwai motuhake o rorohiko ki te whakaaro ki te wā ngā i roto i te whanaketanga o te hangarau rorohiko.