Whēkau o te pūnaha ārai mate. mahi pūnaha ārai

Ko te pūnaha ārai mate ko te kohinga o te kopa motuhake, whēkau me ngā pūtau. Ko te hanganga pai matatini tenei. Next, ka matau tatou ki ta āhuatanga e ngā i roto i tona hanganga, me te aha ko nga mahi o te pūnaha ārai mate.

Overview

Ko te mahi matua o te pūnaha ārai mate - whakangaromanga o matū ke mau i roto i te rauropi me te tiaki i ngā pathologies. Ko te hanganga tohu te arai ki mate fungal, takenga viral kitakita ranei. A, no te he mate o te tangata he ngoikore ranei i reira he he kore i roto i tona mahi, faarahi te reira i te tūponotanga o te kătahi o māngai ke i roto i te tinana. Tenei e taea meinga tini o nga mate.

mōhiohio hītori

Ko te wā "wātea i te mate" i whakaurua ki te pūtaiao i te kaipūtaiao Russian Metchnikoff me Ehrlich ahua Tiamana. te uiui e ratou te ngā huarahi tiaki e whakahohe i whawhai o te tinana ki te pathologies rerekē. Tuatahi o nga kaiputaiao katoa hiahia i roto i te whakautu ki te mate. I roto i te 1908, ratou mahi i roto i te ako o te whakautu ārai i whakawhiwhia te Nobel. I tua atu, kua hanga he wāhi nui ki te rangahau me te tuhituhi i te Wīwī Lui Pastera. whakawhanakehia e ia te tikanga o te werohanga ki te maha o nga mate e te hunga kino ki te tangata. I te tīmatanga i whakapono ai e te hanganga tinana paruru e whakatika ratou mahi anake i te tango i mate. Heoi, faaite rangahau muri Ingarihi Medawar e kua rongo tikanga ārai ina tauhohe te whakaekenga o tetahi kaihoko ke, a te tikanga ki tetahi pokanoa kino. I teie mahana, i raro i te mea te nuinga te hanganga paruru ki te matau ātete o te tinana ki ngā antigens. I tua atu, i te pūnaha ārai mate - ko te whakautu o te tinana, e kore e noa hāngai ana ki te whakangaromanga, engari ano hoki ki te whakakore i te "hoariri". Ki te kahore i reira mo nga ope tiaki o te rauropi, ka kore e te iwi e taea ki te tīariari te tikanga i roto i nga tikanga taiao. Ko te aroaro o te wātea i te mate ka taea fekuki ki abnormalities, ora ki te koroheketanga.

Whēkau o te pūnaha ārai mate

E wehea ratou ki ngā rōpū nui e rua. Ko te pūnaha ārai mate ko te wahi pokapū i roto i te hanganga o te āhuatanga tiaki. People i roto i tenei wahi o te hanganga ngā o te thymus me wheua wheua. whekau piringa o te pūnaha ārai mate he taiao te wahi hua huānga haumaru antigens e haamou i. I roto i tenei wahi o te hanganga ngā te taikiri, kōateate, kiko lymphoid i roto i te wahi kūnatu. Kei te kitea hoki te reira e te āhuatanga tiaki he kiri me te neuroglia CNS. I tua atu ki te runga ake, i reira e vnutribarernye ano ki tua i te arai, me te kopa, me whēkau o te pūnaha ārai mate. Ko te kāwai tuatahi ngā te kiri. Muri i te kopa arai, me whēkau o te pūnaha ārai mate: te pūnaha pokapū io, kanohi, testes, te kukune (Pregnancy), te parenchyma o te thymus.

te hanganga o te raruraru

aroaro pūtau ārai i roto i te hanganga lymphoid nuinga lymphocytes. E hangarua ratou i waenganui i te wāhanga wāhanga o te korero. Kei te riro te reira e kore e kia hoki mai ratou ki te hinu wheua wheua, me te thymus. Taumahi o nga whekau pūnaha ārai mate ngā:

• Te hanga tikanga mo te lymphocyte matuatanga.
• Tūhono āhuatanga tiaki taupori marara puta noa te tinana, i roto i te pūnaha tinana.
• Ture o te taunekeneke i waenganui i ngā mema o ngā akomanga rerekē o lymphocytes me macrophages i te tukanga o te whakatinana haumaru.
• Whakarite huānga ikiiki wā ki te pāpaka.

Next, whakaaro atu whēkau o te pūnaha ārai mate.

kōpuku waitinana

i hanga tēnei mema e kiko ngohengohe. Waitinana kōpuku he āhua porotītaha. e kitea i roto i ngā pūtau ārai i roto i ngā rahinga nui 0.2-1.0 cm .. - Ko tōna rahi He he hanganga motuhake, e taea ai e koe te hanga i tētahi wāhi mata nui mo te utu o te waitinana toto, me te rere i roto i nga tōiti Mātauranga. Ko te whakamutunga mai i te arterioles me venules haere i runga i. Ko te pūtau waitinana kōpuku puta kano me te antibody hanganga. I tua atu, Ngā whiriwhiringa o āpiha mātauranga ke me matūriki pai. Ko te waitinana Kōpuku tona huinga ake o paturopi reira i roto i nga wahi o te tinana.

kōateate

Waho, rite reira he kōpuku waitinana nui. Ko nga mahi taketake o te okana pūnaha ārai mate te runga ake. Ko te kōateate mahi etahi atu mahi. Hei tauira, i roto i te tua ki te hanga o lymphocytes i roto i te toto e tātari reira, e rongoa ona huānga. Ko reira konei e te whakangaromanga o ngā pūtau tawhito, me te hapa. Ko te taimaha takihi o te tikanga o 140-200 karamu. aroaro tona kiko lymphoid te i roto i te puka o te whatunga o ngā pūtau reticular. E whakaritea ratou a tawhio noa te sinusoids (tōiti). Fele takihi erythrocytes ki tonu leukocytes ranei. e kore e ēnei pūtau i roto i te whakapā ki tahi i te tahi, rerekē ratou i roto i te hanganga me te rahinga. Ki te whakaiti o whenu capsule maeneene puta pana o te maha o ngā huānga neke. Ka rite ki te hua i reira he he whakaiti i roto i te rōrahi o te kōateate. whakaongaongatia ana tēnei tukanga katoa e te mahi o te noradrenaline me Adrenaline. Enei pūhui e taiea muka pukuaroha postganglionic wahi roro o te repe adrenal ranei.

wheua wheua

Tenei huānga Ko te kiko tu'ūlutui ngohengohe. Kei roto i te wheua flat, me te tubular. Ko nga whekau pokapū o te pūnaha ārai mate hua nga mea timatanga tika, e e ka tohaina ki ngā wāhi o te tinana. I roto i te hinu wheua wheua ki te whakaputa i platelets, pūtau toto whero, me te ma ngā pūtau toto. Waihoki, te tahi atu pūtau toto, hei ratou pakeke i muri i whiwhi mātau ārai. I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, i runga i o ratou kiriuhi ka hanga receptors characterizing faitatau ki ētahi atu āhuatanga rite ki reira. Haunga wheua wheua, hanga i te tikanga mo te rironga o nga āhuatanga tiaki o nga whekau pūnaha ārai mate pērā i tonsils, whakatū papa whēkau o Peyer, thymus. I roto i te mua i reira ko te matuatanga o lymphocytes B e whai he nui nui o (te rau - e rua rau nga wa nui atu taua o T-lymphocytes) microvilli. rere toto i roto i te oko e kawea i roto i, e ngā sinusoid. Na roto i to ratou wheua wheua tomo hormones kore anake, pūmua, me te tahi atu pūhui. Sinusoids he takere nekehanga o ngā pūtau toto. A, no te heke ahotea nāianei e tata te hawhe. A, no te nui haere te tohanga te raruraru kia ki e waru buka.

pāti a Peyer

E hāngai ēnei āhuatanga i roto i te taiepa intestinal. E te aroaro ratou i roto i te puka o tautau o te kiko lymphoid. Ko te tūranga matua no ki te tohanga nahanaha. Kei a ia ko aerodynamics lymphatic e hono nga waitinana. Na roto i enei awa te inu ki te kia kawea. He kahore tae. he maha nui o lymphocytes te wai kua. Ēnei āhuatanga tiaki i te rauropi i mate.

thymus

Kei te karanga a hoki te reira i te repe thymus. I roto i te thymus, te matuatanga, me te puta uri huānga lymphoid. Thymus mahi endocrine mahi. O tona epithelium ki te toto tu thymosin. I tua atu, i te thymus - he tinana immunoprodutsiruyuschy. Ko reira te hanganga o T-lymphocytes. puta tenei tukanga i roto i te mea timatanga wehenga he receptors mō antigens ke, tomo ki te tinana i roto i tamarikitanga. kawea Hanganga o T-lymphocytes te i roto i ahakoa o ratou moni i roto i te toto. He kahore pānga i runga i te tukanga me te ihirangi o antigens. I roto i te iwi taitamariki me tamariki te thymus kaha atu i te iwi pakeke. Ki te wahi o nga tau, heke te repe thymus te i roto i te rahi, a kihai te mahi riro te reira na nohopuku. Pehanga o lymphocytes T puta i raro i ngā āhuatanga ahotea. kia tenei, hei tauira, makariri, mahana, te ahotea psycho-aronganui, mate toto, nohopuku, mahi nui. Iwi whai wāhi ki ngā āhuatanga taumaha, te pūnaha ārai mate he ngoikore.

Ētahi atu āhuatanga

Ko te whēkau o te pūnaha ārai mate pā te tāpiritanga. Kei te karanga a hoki reira "puku intestinal." I raro i te mana o ngā rerekētanga i roto i te mahi o te wehenga tuatahi o te huringa kopirua me te rōrahi o limfotkani. Whēkau o te pūnaha ārai mate, tikanga nei ara iahiko kei te raro ano, ngā tonsils. E tū ratou i tetahi taha o te pharynx. E faahoho'ahia e tautau iti o te kiko lymphoid Tonsils.

Ko te kaitautoko matua o te tinana

Ko te whakaahuatia ana i runga whekau tuarua, me te pokapū o te pūnaha ārai mate. Ko te kaupapa aroaro i roto i tenei pepa whakaatu e kua tohaina ona hanganga puta noa te tinana. Ko te kaitautoko matua he lymphocytes. He kawenga mō te whakangaromanga o ngā pūtau mate (puku, mate, pathologically kino) ranei microorganisms manene ēnei pūtau. Whakaaro te nui tino o t- me B-lymphocytes. kawea ratou mahi i roto i roto i te taha ki te tahi atu pūtau ārai. ārai katoa o ratou te whakaekenga o ngā matū ke ki te tinana. I te wāhanga tuatahi ko te reira i roto i te tahi mau ara "whakaako" te T-lymphocytes ki te wehewehe noa (tika) i pūmua ke. e tenei tukanga wahi i roto i te thymus i tamarikitanga, no te mea te mea i roto i tenei wā, ko te nuinga kaha te thymus.

mahi ārai o te tinana

kia ahau mea e tipu i te pūnaha ārai mate i runga i te tukanga whanaketanga roa. I roto i te tangata hou, mahi tenei hanganga hei mīhini hinu. E tauturu te reira te akakoromaki i te tangata ki te pā tōraro o te taiao. I roto i te hanganga o te raruraru, ko te kore aronga anake, engari ano hoki excretion o ongó ki te tinana o āpiha ke, me te hua whāwehe, pūtau pathologically whakarereketia. roaa te pūnaha ārai mate te kaha ki te tāutu i te maha nui o ngā matū ke me microorganisms. Ko te whakaaro matua ko te ki te mau tonu te tapatahi o te hanganga o te reo ā-me tona tangatatanga koiora.

Ko te tukanga āhukahuka

Ka rite ki te pūnaha ārai mate whakatau te "hoariri"? e tenei tukanga wahi i te taumata ira. kia mea te reira e kua ona ake, āhuatanga i ia pūtau mo te mōhiohio ā-ira o te tangata anake. tātari te reira i te hanganga tiaki i roto i te tukanga o te kimi urunga ki te tinana, ngā huringa ranei ki reira. Ki te ko te taua mōhiohio iranga rite kua ka te kaihoko ona ake, na e kore ko reira te hoariri. Ki te kore, ka, fakatatau, he mea he kaihoko ke. I roto i Immunology "hoariri" e huaina antigens. Ki runga ki te rapunga o ngā āhuatanga kino te hanganga paruru ngā ratou tikanga tīmata "whawhai." Hoki ia antigen motuhake hua pūnaha ārai pūtau motuhake - paturopi. herea ratou ki te antigens and neutralize ratou.

tauhohenga pāwera

Ko tetahi o nga tikanga o te tiaki. āhuatanga tēnei huru e nui haere aro ki allergens. Enei "hoariri" ngā tūemi ranei pūhui e pēhia ngā te tinana. He waho, me te ā allergens. kia ngā te rōpū tuatahi, mo te tauira, riro nga hua i roto i te kai, raau taero, ngā matū matū (deodorants, hinu, me ētahi atu). allergens o roto - he reira te kopa rawa o te tinana, te nuinga o ki ngā āhuatanga whakarerekē. Hei tauira, mō ngā weranga kite te pūnaha tiaki hanganga mate rite ke. I roto i tenei whakaaro, ka tīmata te reira ki te whakaputa i paturopi ki a ratou. Ka taea te whakaaro tauhohe e ngákaunuitia ngau bumblebees, pi, patia me ētahi atu pepeke. Ko te whanaketanga o mate pāwera taea puta raupapa tere ranei.

Ko te pūnaha ārai mate o te tamaiti

haamata Ko tōna hanganga i roto i te wiki tino tuatahi o te gestation. ki te whakawhanake i muri i whanau tonu te pūnaha ārai mate o te tamaiti. Tohuwāhi huānga haumaru taketake kawea i roto i te thymus me wheua wheua kukune. Ka rite ki te roa rite te tamaiti kei roto i te kopu o te whaea, kitea tona tinana te ki te maha iti o microorganisms. I roto i tenei whakaaro, he hohekore ana parepare. I mua i te tiaki i te whanautanga o te tamaiti kei i mate immunoglobulins whaea. Ki te ka raruraru ai e tetahi āhuatanga, te hanganga tika, me te whanaketanga o te te tiaki o te tamaiti e taea e pakaru. I muri i te whanautanga, i roto i tenei take kia whiwhi te tamaiti mate atu pinepine atu i te tahi atu tamariki. Ko tetahi mea e taea e tupu i roto i te ara rerekē. Hei tauira, ka taea e te wā hapūtanga pēpi whaea whakawhiti mate. Ka taea e te kukune te hanga i te kaha wātea i te mate ki te mate.

I muri i te whanautanga o te tinana huakina e te maha nui o papapūata. kua ki te pato'ii te ratou te pūnaha ārai mate. I roto i nga tau tuatahi o te ora, hanganga o te tinana ko te ahua o "whakangungu" ki te mohio ki a te whakangaro antigens. Fakataha ki tenei puta tamau whakapā ki microorganisms. Nā tēnei, i roto i te "mahara immunological". E mea titauhia hoki te tīmatanga atu tere o whakautu ki te antigens mohiotia kua. E ti'a ia tatou amo e te pūnaha ārai mate fanau he ngoikore, e kore te mea te reira tonu e taea ki te whakaea ki te ati. I roto i tenei take, ki te āwhina o paturopi i takea mai i te kopu o te whaea. e kitea i roto i te tinana mo e pā ana ki te marama tuatahi e wha o te ora ratou. āta, Neke nga marama e rua o pūmua i takea mai i te whaea i muri horo. I waenganui wha a ono marama, ko te tamaiti tino haria ki te mate. hanganga kaha o te pūnaha ārai mate o te tamaiti mai ki runga ki te whitu nga tau. I roto i te whanaketanga o te kaiao mohio ki antigens hou. Ko te pūnaha ārai i roto i tenei wā, whakangungua me rite mō te paari.

Me pēhea te ki te tauturu taha e te tinana teeki?

Tohunga tūtohu ki te tiaki o te pūnaha ārai mate o te tamaiti i mua i whanau. tikanga o tēnei e hiahia te whaea teuteu ki whakakaha tona hanganga paruru. I roto i te wahine prenatal kia kai tika, tangohia āhuatanga wahi motuhake, me huaora. He nui hoki te pūnaha ārai mate ano hoki mahi āhua. He tika te tamaiti i roto i te tuatahi o nga tau o te ora ki te whiwhi te waiu o te whaea. e tūtohu ana e tonu whāngai ū hoki i te iti rawa 4-5 marama. Ki te huānga waiu ô te tamaiti tinana paruru. I roto i tenei wā, he tino nui hoki te mate ratou. Ka taea e keri ara te tamaiti ki roto ki te pupuha o te waiu i roto i te urutā rewharewha. Oku i ai e he rota o pūhui whai hua, a ka tauturu i tō tamaiti akakoromaki i te āhuatanga kino.

tikanga atu

Ka taea te kawea whakangungu o te pūnaha ārai mate i roto i roto i ngā huarahi. E whakaaro ana te nuinga noa ki te pakeke, mirimiri, te faaohipa i roto i te pai-hā ruma, ra me te rangi pati, kauhoe. He hoki ngā taputapu mō te wātea i te mate. Ko tētahi o ratou ko te werohanga. E ratou te kaha ki te whakahohe i te tikanga ārai, whakaongaonga te hanga o immunoglobulins. Ki te whakataki o serums motuhake i hanga hanganga mahara o te tinana ki te rauemi tāuru. Otiia tetahi tikanga mo te mate - he reira taka motuhake. whakaongaonga ratou te mahi o te hanganga paruru o te tinana. E huaina ēnei rongoā stimulators ārai. Tenei taero interferon ( "Laferon", "IFN"), interferonogen ( "Poludan", "Abrizol", "prodigiozan"), stimulants leykopoeza - "Metiluratsil", "Pentoxyl" immunostimulants takenga koiora - "Prodignozan", "Pyrogenalum" "Bronhomunal" immunostimulant otaota - tincture Schisandra, wāhanga Ginseng Siberian, huaora me te ake. et al.

Vahe ki taea anake enei moni kia te immunologist tākuta tamariki ranei. e kore te whaiaro-whakahaere o raau taero i roto i tenei rōpū tino tūtohutia.