Whenua Oil-kaweake: hītori me te hurihuri

he whenua Oil-kaweake i roto i te hītori ōhanga mō te wa roa. Kei te whakapono te reira i e i roto i 80-90 tau o te rau tau 19 te Pākehā hua mākete hinu tukuna i te US (pai i roto i Pennsylvania, whakatuwheratia i roto i te 1859) me Russia (te mara i runga i te Absheron Peninsula, te timatanga o te whanaketanga i roto i te 1848).

i te hītori

I runga i te whanaketanga o Baku, te wahi, i roto i te 1875 tae āhuatanga pai mō te rironga mai o te moni te teina Nobel ki te whakapaipai nui i whakapumautia. He nga pipelines hinu hanga, ngā tipu tukatuka. i whakapumautia taraka, i nga ki te kaweake hinu ki ētahi atu whenua (i roto i te 1877).

E kore e taea e tatou te mea e te whenua hinu-kaweake i kaha whakataetae ki ia atu, rite hinu Russian i te wa i hokona mō te 50% neke atu i te rauemi raw i Amerika me Peru (Lima). I roto i te 1883, i tino katia te mākete o te Russian Empire i US hua hinu, a ka timata Hala mara ki te tākaro, tūranga ōhanga engari ano tōrangapū e kore e anake.

tīmata te whawhai

I muri i te tīmatanga o te whakataki papatipu o te hinu te motokā riro tino nui rauemi raw hoki i te mea kua maha ngā tekau tau e pakanga i roto i ngā wāhanga rerekē o te ao. Ko e tika ana ki te meka e kore nui, mana kaha (te US, Tiamana, France, Japan, Haina) e whai ratou ake rahui nui tenei. Na reira, ko te ahanoa o ratou hōia, me te hinana tōrangapū he whenua hinu-kaweake ki ngā rauemi māori taonga.

Ko te pānga o te hanga i runga i te paerewa o te ora

maha, tei Tūnga mua i runga i o ratou whanaunga ki te United States. Hei tauira, Hauti Arapia, Kuwait, Qatar me te United Arab Emirates ki tupu, ahakoa e rima anake tekau tau ki muri, i mua i te kitea o ngā rauemi utu nui, ko reira he kāwanatanga rawa whakamuri. Oil me te hau tāwāhi (te nuinga ki Japan, me te US) whakaaetia kua ki te waihanga i roto i te āhuarangi maroke o Hauti Arapia whitiki "palataisi i runga i te whenua", ki te whakaara i te paerewa o te ora o te taupori. I roto i tenei take, pūkete te hanganga o te pūtea o te moni te whenua o i te hoko o ngā hua hinu mo e pā ana ki 90%. I roto i Angola, te wahi i reira he rāhui hinu, i reira he reiti tiketike rawa o te tupu o te öhanga, me te whakaaturanga o te matau ki te whanaketanga o putunga nui e puritia i roto i London ko New York.

Ta'emateaki ki te māngai tino o whenua hinu-kaweake o te ao Western, i runga i te anga ke, e ngohengohe ki aukati ōhanga, whakaekenga hōia (Iran, Iraq, Venezuela).

I tua atu ki enei whenua, ki täwahi, hinu he whenua pērā i Algeria, Nigeria, Mexico, Canada, Norway, Russia me te Basileia United. E kore e te whakamutunga i nui rāhui o ngā kohuke, engari ko te reira i te kitea o te rakau nui o te waro me te ka te hinu (i roto i te Moana Te Tai Tokerau) tukua Ingarangi ki te hanga i te wāhi ahumahi o te tuatahi.

Petroleum te Kawemai Whenua i rerekē rāhui hinu. Kei te whakapono te reira e hāngai te nui rawa o ratou e i roto i Venezuela (e pā ana ki 21 ōrau), aru e Hauti Arapia (e pā ana ki 19 ōrau), Iran, Iraq me etahi atu. Russian Federation i roto i tenei rārangi kei roto i te wahi te whitu ki te 5%, i te tere o te horomanga o tūturu rauemi whakaatu e i roto i rua tekau nga tau (me te ao i te toharite o toru tekau-rima) rokiroki o ngā rauemi kohuke kia tino mauriora ai.