He aha te mea te kawemai me te kaweake? Kaweake me kawemai whenua pērā i India, China, Russia me Japan

tika e taea te huaina hokohoko International he stimulant kaha mō te whanaketanga ōhanga me te pāpori o whenua. E tauturu te reira ki te arotahi ki te mātauranga whāiti o āhua i runga i te pai tino mo ratou ahumahi me te ahuwhenua, i runga i te pūtake o ratou ngā haumi hangarau, te tangata me te rawa taiao. Ko tōna pūtake ariā ko te ariā o te painga whakatairite, i takea i roto i te XVIII rau Ingarihi ohanga Davidom Rikkardo i tona "Pakirehua ki te Nature me Causes o te rawa o nga iwi."

Ko te ōhanga o te ao ka taea te whakawhanake whenua faaaravihi i te hanga o te taonga, me ngā ratonga-utu whai hua, me te muri kaweake. I roto i tenei take e korero tatou e pā ana ki te painga whanaunga o te whenua, tuku ki te hanga i etahi momo o hua arumoni i roto i ngā rahinga nui, me te kounga pai.

Ki te moni utu ke i tāwāhi, e taea ki te whakakapi i to ratou production tino utu o kawemai i ētahi atu whenua whenua. Ka rite ki te hua, whakaiti reira te tapeke utu o te hanga i roto i te ōhanga ao. Ko ïa tenei te tūranga pai hua o te hokohoko te ao mo te whanaketanga hihiri o te ōhanga ao. Kaweake me kawemai o te whenua, te kupu, he nui ake pai, me te whanaketanga tere o te whenua.

I roto i te ariā, kia whai i te State rānei te ōhanga kati i reira te matatini ōhanga katoa tavini te mākete kāinga anake, me kawemai me te kaweake o te moti-kore tuwhera ranei. Pera i te matara e mohio ana koe, he ōhanga taua i roto i te ao i teie mahana e taea te tīariari pono i roto i te ariā. He tuwhera te ōhanga tūturu o te kāwanatanga, i reira he he hokohoko te ao kaha. taea tenei te ōhanga ao tango kakato atu painga o te wehenga ao o mahi, whai wāhi ki tona whai huatanga. mahi ohaoha Foreign whakaritea e te kāwanatanga, me te whakatau i taua ki tāwāhi me kawemai, e whakaongaonga te tupu o te moni motu, whakatere te ahunga whakamua pūtaiao, me te hangarau.

Economy roto, o waho

I roto i te ki täwahi, nui e toru: te US, Germany me China. hea ratou i roto i te hokohoko te ao he whakamīharo. Ko reira, aua, 14.2%, 7.5%, 6.7%.

A paraparau e pā ana ki te 'amanaki mo te whanaketanga o te hokohoko ao, kia tuhia te reira te' amanaki o tērā iho i roto i nga whenua whakawhanakehia. Otiia i te wa taua ki reira, ka waiho he tipu o te mahi i roto i te whenua te whakawhanake. Na tawhiti, ratou wahi i roto i te hokohoko te ao ko te 34%, engari kua tūmanakohia ki ake i tona wahi i 10%. A i roto i te whakaora o whenua whakawhanake i roto i te hokohoko te ao e waiho he wāhi sino o te whenua Kihi.

Kia pehea te Ko te kawemai me te kaweake?

Kaweake karanga hoko ki kirimana ke o taonga, me ngā ratonga mō rātou whakamahi ki waho. Fakatatau ki ai, tuku kawemai ki te tuku o taonga me ngā ratonga i ki waho e te kaikirimana ke. mahi ohaoha Foreign, ara, kawemai me tāwāhi e kawea, i rua i te State iho me ona hinonga pakihi.

Tohu o te tohu o te whai wāhi kāwanatanga i roto i te hokohoko ke ko te kaweake me kawemai hopukia. Ko te motunga kaweake - te ōwehenga o tāwāhi o taonga, me ngā ratonga ki te GDP. Ko tōna tikanga ohaoha kitea: he aha te rahi o GDP kaweake te. Waihoki tautuhi kawemai motunga rite te ōwehenga o kawemai o taonga me ngā ratonga ki te GDP. Ko tōna whakaaro - ki te whakaatu i te wahi o kawemai i roto i te kohi kāinga.

Ko te kupu, e whakaatu nga hopukia runga ake te mea rahi o te kaweake me kawemai whenua i roto i ona mahi ōhanga.

I tua atu ki o ratou uara pū, te kaituku kaiwhiwhi ranei huru matua o te kāwanatanga o mahi ohaoha ke faaite tetahi tohu - te toenga hokohoko. Ko te rerekētanga i waenganui i kaweake katoa me kawemai tenei. kawemai o te whenua tohu te tarepa o painga i roto i te hanga o te taonga, me ngā ratonga. Ka kaweake tohu hoki ki te āhuatanga whakamuri, ka te hanga o te taonga, me ngā ratonga e hanga-utu whai hua reira me te fafau.

Ki te he pai te rerekētanga i waenganui i kaweake me kawemai, ka tetahi korero o te toenga pai o te hokohoko ke i roto i te take te ritenga - te kino. Hihiri pūmanawa hanga o te kāwanatanga whakaatu he toenga pai o te rerekē haere hokohoko ke. Ka rite ki taea e matou te titiro, te toenga o kawemai me tāwāhi te whenua o ko te tohu nui o te ahunga o te whanaketanga ōhanga.

Whakaongaonga i te State o kaweake

E mea pinepine, riro te āhua te utu o te whakatairanga o ratou ki tāwāhi. Mahi e whenua maha mō painga tāke ki täwahi,, pērā i te moni Takahanga. I ngā wā, i te moni kaweake tino nui mō ngā hua ahuwhenua. e kore e whenua whakawhanakehia āwhina anake ona kaimahi, whakarato hoko whai o ngā hua ahuwhenua katoa. Atu ona ki tāwāhi - ko te raruraru o te kāwanatanga.

Ano, kaweake whakatairanga, me te noa'i te arata'i ki nui haere kawemai. puta takawaenga mauhaa auau utu konei. Kaweake moni ake i te tere o te moni motu, aua, riro te reira atu pai ki te hoko kawemai.

e kore e ngā te kawemai me te kaweake?

Me kï reira e te rere o taonga, me ngā ratonga e hāngai ana ki waho ranei te mea o kore tatau "vsploshnuyu", me ki te haunga o etahi ngā kāwai:

- taonga tauwhiro;

- kaweake rangitahi me kawemai;

- hokona e-noho kore e i roto i te whenua i hokona ki noho ora ki waho ranei;

- te hoko hoko o te whenua ake e noho i-noho kore ranei;

- Āhuatanga tūruhi.

hokohoko Protectionism me te ao

Ko reira ariki ki States hokohoko free parau tumu: ki te whakaputa i kia waiho he hua ngā, kei hea he iti utu production? I runga i te ringa kotahi i tenei huarahi, e whakarato i te tohanga ikeiketanga o ngā rauemi. I tua atu, kei te whakataetae kaiwhakanao akina ki tere te whakapai ake i to ratou hangarau.

Heoi, i runga i te tahi atu te ringa, e kore te mea tonu hua he ōhanga motu taurite o ia whenua hokohoko free. Tetahi āhua ngana ana ki te whakawhanake feongoongoi ratou ahumahi, te upooti'araa i te "ngoikoretanga" te hanga o etahi taonga. hāngaitanga kitea o ratou ake ahumahi ki te whakarite i te ahumahi korero, te whanaketanga o ngā ahumahi hou, mahi. Na reira, ka taea e tatou te mea e kua whakaritea tonu te kāwanatanga te kaweake me kawemai hanganga.

He he he tikanga protectionist o "utu faingamālie" i roto i te puka o hopukia horihori me mau ohipa, te takoha ki ngā utu teitei me kawemai iti pai. Nā ki te meka e nga hopukia, ka nui haere tariffs protectionist arai te whanaketanga tahi o te ōhanga ao, kia kore e rawa kawea atu e ratou.

Heoi, ko te mahi o "pakanga hokohoko" tohu tetahi tetahi, tikanga kore-utu here o te whakaiti kawemai: te rāhui uiui, whakaaturanga rītaha o paerewa kounga me, hopea, whakahaere pūnaha raihana whakaritea.

kaupapa here hokohoko te whenua o

Tei runga i te taumata toharite o tariffs kawemai me here ine i runga i te whenua te wehewehe wha momo o te kaupapa here hokohoko.

He tuwhera kaupapa here hokohoko āhuatanga e te taumata o takoha hokohoko, e kore e nui 10% i roto i te ngaro o here mārama i roto i te maha o ngā hua kawemai. hāngai kaupapa here hokohoko āhua ki te taumata o tariffs hokohoko o 10-25%, me te here tāke-kore i runga i kawemai 10-25% o te papatipu o taonga. kaupapa here fakangatangata āhuatanga e te tāke-kore anga hokohoko nui me mau ohipa - i te taumata o 25-40%. Ki te he tino te āhua whai ana ki ta'ofi te kawemai o te hua, i roto i tenei take, e nui te auau 40%.

Whānui kaupapa here hokohoko tohu i roto i nga whenua tino whakawhanakehia - te tipu o tona taimaha motuhake, me te whakaongaongatia e nga ratonga kawemai me te kaweake kāwanatanga.

He aha te momo o te tauhokohoko ā-ao whakaatu i roto i Russia?

Kei te motuhake ōhanga o Russia, e arotahi ana ki te hanga me te kaweake o te hinu, me te hau. meinga tenei e whenua Western nuinga tono mo nga hua o te ahumahi keri. Ko te hanganga o te kaweake me kawemai o Russia nāianei, o te akoranga e kore ko te mutunga ki te whenua,, ka takoha ia - i roto i te wā o te ao raruraru ōhanga. Katoa whenua i roto i taua tikanga i runga i te kaitutei ki te whakarei ake i to ratou whakataetae ao.

"Kāri Trump" o Russia i tenei wā e tika hinu, me te hau. kia mohio te reira e ko te take tenei me te mea o te ārai whakahāwea, "kapi ake" whenua Western mo te kaweake o ngā hua engineering. Ko te kupu, he hanganga o tāwāhi o tenei ahua, kia rite ki te mea i reira he whenua whakamuri.

I te wa ano he nui whenua, kohuke, ngahere, tikanga mo te whanaketanga o te ahuwhenua Russia. hanga whakataetae i roto i te patu hokohoko te ao, me te taputapu hōia matatini Military-ahumahi. I reira, pai Russia te huarahi tiaki i roto i te tikanga ki te etahi tona ahumahi me te whakaiti i ona fakafalala ki taiao hokohoko ao. Kaweake me kawemai o te Russian Federation, kia ka whai e ki te huri i tona whirihoranga.

I te 22.08.2012, riro Russia he mema o te WTO. te reira i tenei pai ai i roto i te oma roa atu manakohanga i te puka o ngā rerekētanga i roto i nga reiti o ngaahi fatongia ritenga me hopukia tāke. rerekē haere o Russia ke hokohoko i roto i te Hānuere-Pipiri 2013 404 600 000 000 USD (mo te wā taua i roto i te 2012 - 406.8 piriona tāra) .. moni kawemai ki 150,5 piriona tāra, i tāwāhi - 253,9 piriona tāra.

Ki te tangohia e tatou ki ngā mōhiohio pūkete mō te katoa o nga 2013, ko te hawhe tuarua o te tau tahuri atu hoki i te mahi hokohoko ke Russian he nui iti whai hua atu i te tuatahi. kitea te meka muri i roto i te hekenga i roto i te toenga o te hokohoko ke rerekē haere i rite nui rite 10.5%.

kaweake Russia

pūkete te katoa taimaha o nga tāwāhi Russian o ngā rauemi wahie, me te pūngao mō pā ana ki 74.9%. Ko te take mō te hekenga i roto i tāwāhi i roto i te tau whakamutunga e tika ana ki te maha o ngā āhuatanga. Russia Ko te tāwāhi nui o te hinu, me te hau. Kei te mohiotia te reira e kaweake 75% o te hinu masivesivá te me 25 anake% whakarato matatini ōhanga. Oil me te hau - hua, te utu o i waiho i raro ki rerekē mākete. E kore noa e Urals hinu kaweake i roto i 2013, kua heke Russia tona utu, whakaritea ki te tau 2012 i 2,39%, te tapeke rōrahi o tāwāhi hinu heke i 1.7%. ka mea ano te raruraru eurozone me nga tikanga WTO fakangatangata. haere tahi heke whānui i roto i te ia o te hokohoko ke whakamutunga tau i te taha o te hekenga i roto i te tupu o te GDP o Russia i 3.4% i roto i te 2012 ki te 1.3% i te 2013. E te ara, i roto i te hanganga o te GDP o te hinu, me te hau pūkete o Russia mō te 32-33%.

Ko te wahi o tāwāhi Russian o mīhini me te taputapu, ko te 4.5 anake%, e kore nei e hāngai ki te pūmanawa o te ahumahi, e kore te taumata o te pūtake pūtaiao. I te wa ano, i te wahi o tenei wāhanga i roto i te hokohoko te ao i whenua whakawhanakehia he e pā ana ki 40%.

kawemai Russia

I tenei wāhi i roto i te hītori Russia e tika ki te ōhanga haka (i hipoki i runga ake) kua ki te kawemai te nuinga oti hua.

Ko te wahi o kawemai Russian o mīhini me te taputapu i roto i te whenua Kihi ko 36.1%. Ko te kupu wāhikē e te tarepa o ake production (te wahi o te mīhini me te taputapu i roto i te GDP o Russia i roto i 2013 ko te 3.5%). Ratio kawemai konganuku me o ratou hua ko 16.8%, hua kai me kai mo ratou production - 12.5% wahie - 7%, pueru me te hū - 7.2%, hua ahumahi matū - 7.5%.

Ko te kupu, te tātari i te kawemai me ki tāwāhi o Russia, haere mai tatou ki te mutunga e pā ana ki āta tāwhaiwhai i roto i tona whanaketanga ahumahi, me te pāpori. Ko reira kitea e te puna o tenei āhuatanga ko te porohita o ngā ngākau nuitanga tuakiri o te tahi mau taata.

hokohoko Foreign Japan

Economy Whenua o te ra Haké - tetahi o te whakawhanakehia tino me hihiri i roto i te ao. Kaweake me kawemai o hanganga Japanese me ōhanga kaha tautuhi. Tenei āhua o tona kaha ahumahi inaianei kī tuatoru i roto i te ao i muri i te United States me China. He āhuatanga o te turanga rauemi o te whenua, ko te tino whakaritenga, me te pai kaha mahi me te ngaro mariko o te kohuke whenua. Te whenua me te tikanga taiao whakawhāiti te taea o te whakarite te ahuwhenua te whenua o i te taumata o 55% o ona hiahia.

Ko te whenua i te aronga o te whanaketanga o karetao, hikohiko, engineering automotive me aunoa. Japan kua te kaipuke hao ika nui rawa i roto i te ao.

Kia whakaaro poto tatou i te kaweake me kawemai o Hapani. Kawemai, rite matou kua whakahuatia, kai, kohuke, konganuku, kora, hua matū. te hikohiko kaweake, engineering hiko, AUTOMOBILES, rerekē waka, karetao.

China rite te mema o te tauhokohoko ā-ao

I reira, kua whakaaturia China he akiaki hari. I teie mahana, ko te rua te ōhanga i roto i te ao. E ai ki kaitätari, kia mau te PRC i te wā i 2015 ki te 2020 te United States, a tae noa ki 2040 ki te riro e toru nga wa atu kaha atu i tona hoariri tata. Rauemi, peia te ōhanga Chinese teie mahana ko te nui o te mahi (tae atu ki mohio), te aroaro o kohuke, whenua me etahi atu.

whakaritea Kaweake me kawemai o China tenei ra te kaupapa here o te whenua, e mau ana i te pūāhua ahumahi. Tenei whenua i tenei ra - he rangatira tino i roto i te hanga ahumahi o konganuku (parahi, konutea, nika, molybdenum, vanadium), taputapu whare (PC, pouaka whakaata, mīhini horoi me te mihini tuitui, oumu ngaruiti, refrigerators, kāmera, mataara). I tua atu, i te hanga o te ngā waka ki te rā, kua rokohanga China te Hononga o Amerika, me Hapani ngā. kua ona ake "Silicon Valley" ara hanga tata Beijing i rohe Haidian.

He aha te kawemai China? Hangarau, ratonga mātauranga, tohunga, tukua e whenua whakawhanakehia, rauemi hou, pūmanawa, me te koiora. Tātaritanga o tāwāhi me kawemai o Haina io te noho tuwhera tonu, me te māramatanga hohonu o tona rautaki ōhanga. Kaweake me kawemai o enei whenua he i tenei ra i te akiaki tupu tino mālohi.

Kaweake me kawemai o Ahitereiria

He ona ake pau Kaweake me kawemai o Ahitereiria. fenua tuarima, i te mea he āhua kotahitanga kotahi, he whenua kaha me ngā rauemi ahuwhenua, me taea te kai, witi, te huruhuru hipi. Otiia i te wa ano i te mākete o tenei whenua i reira ko te kaimahi o te mahi, me te haumi.

I te wa ano Ahitereiria i runga i te mahi hokohoko o te ao hei kaitukurawa mātātoa. E ai ki ngā tatauranga i roto i nga tau tata nei, mohio e pā ana ki te 25% o te GDP o te whenua kei te rite te kaweake o taonga me ngā ratonga. Ahitereiria ki tāwāhi o hua ahuwhenua (50%) me te hua keri (25%).

Ko te ki tāwāhi nui rawa o Ahitereiria - Japan me te haria nui - te US.

whakaaro ōhanga o Ahitereiria te ki kia kaha ti'aturi i runga i kawemai. He aha ki te kawe ki te rima te fenua? 60% - mīhini me te taputapu, kohuke, hua kai.

Mua, He Ahitereiria he tōraro toenga hokohoko, Heoi, āta reira heke. Kei te whakawhanake Kawemai me te kaweake o te whenua i ngā wā katoa me te piki ake.

Kaweake me kawemai o India

India he mana tōrangapū me te ōhanga nui i roto i te Tonga Asia. Kei te whai te whenua i te mahi hokohoko ke kaha i roto i te mākete ao. hanga GDP i roto i 2012 kei te ake 4,761 trillion tara, i te mea te wahi 4 th i roto i te ao nei! He mīharo te rōrahi o te hokohoko ke o India: i roto i te 90 i reira e pā ana ki 16% o te GDP, inaianei - neke atu i te 40%! Kei te tipu haere tere kawemai me tāwāhi o India. Ko te painga o te kāwanatanga i roto i te wehenga ao o te mahi e he rauemi tangata nui, rohe nui. Neke atu i te hawhe o te taupori mahi whai wāhi i roto i te ahuwhenua, e toru tekau ōrau - i roto i te rāngai mahi, 14% - i roto i te ahumahi.

Agriculture i India - te puna o tāwāhi o te raihi me te tea witi (200 miriona toni), kawhe, mea kakara (120 mano taranata.). Heoi, ki te arotake tatou te maara o te witi i roto i te katoa o te ahuwhenua ao, me te ki te faaau i te reira ki te hua o India, kitea tatou e ko rua raro te mahi o te rāngai ahuwhenua Indian. kia haapapu te reira e ko te reira hua kai kawea tenei whenua i te moni kaweake nui.

India - te haria nui o miro, hiraka, te huka kakaho, pīnati.

āhuatanga Interesting o nga tāwāhi Indian o ngā hua kai. Ua ite te reira i te pānga o te mentality motu. I roto i India - te maha rawa o nga kararehe i roto i te ao, engari ko te iti rawa i roto i te kohi o te kai ao, no te mea i reira te mea he kau ko te kararehe mo'a.

whakarato ahumahi pueru mahi ki 20 miriona iwi i roto i India. India Exports anake papanga, petrochemicals, kohatu utu nui, rino, me te maitai, transportation, hua matū. Kawemai o hinu faufau, kohatu utu nui, maniua, mīhini.

tukua Ingarihi iwi mātauranga i roto i tenei whenua kitea tona motuhake ake i roto i te IT-mara, me te hōtaka. Na hoko a he nui kawemai o ngā ratonga i roto i tenei rängai o te ōhanga me te he neke atu i te 20% o te GDP o India.

Ko te ki täwahi, nui rawa ki India ko te United States, United Arab Emirates, China. Kawemai i te taua taonga i India, United Arab Emirates, China, Hauti Arapia.

I tua atu, i te whenua kua te matatini hōia-ahumahi nui, me patu karihi mai 1974. Ko te hinganga o te India rohe pakanga te rongo-aroha ki a China i roto i 1962 me Pakistan i roto i 1965 i akina atu te whenua ki te kawemai i te patu kaha tuatahi, a ka meinga koutou ake. Ka rite ki te hua, i te 1971, ka mau te reira i te wikitoria papû mo Pakistan. Mai i te waenganui o te 90, mau India tōrangapū mana nui.

mutunga

Ka rite ki taea e matou te titiro i tenei tuhinga, ngā āhua whiriwhiri ratou rauemi mahi, me te kaha hua o te hanganga o tāwāhi me kawemai.

Me kï reira e he maha i roto i enei ra whakairia Keynes kaupapa tahi o te hokohoko te ao free āhua i hira ake. Ko te kāwanatanga o whenua rerekē i te taumata o tona kaupapa ōhanga ki te kaha whakatairanga kaweake kāinga. A maha ki tenei whakataetae te tahu i me tātai mātanga haamana'oraa o te whawhai. Ko wai toa reira? Ko te whenua e hua pukapuka nui o production ahumahi. Reira, economists mea tenei ra e pā ana ki te remake o te kaupapa here ahumahi.

Ko te pātai: "? He aha te mea te rautaki pai mō te whenua i tenei ra" He te āhuatanga macroeconomic tūturu muri: te tiaki ona rāhui utu ke, rapu te whenua ki te whakanui ki tāwāhi, whāiti ona kawemai i roto i te moni kaweake. Ki te mahi i tenei, tamata ia ki whakataka te āhuatanga i roto i te heke mai kawe te mōrea o heke moni moni ke. He aha e nga āhuatanga? auau Exchange, hoko reiti o te hinu, hau, tono tino rapa. Kua mahue te timatanga o te rau tau XXI tona tohu i runga i te ahanoa o te ao o te hokohoko te ao. whai wāhi te rōrahi katoa o ngā mahi kaweake-kawemai, he wahi nui (i runga i te 30%) e i roto i te hokohoko i roto i ngā ratonga.