20 Congress o te Pāti me tona uara. pūrongo Nikity Hruscheva "I te Fifi Personality me ona faahopearaa"

Nikita Sergeevich Hruschev tonu tetahi o nga whika tino enigmatic me tautohetohe i roto i te hītori Russian. Ko te ka puta reira te pera-ka karanga "koero" i roto i whanaunga ki te ao capitalist, engari, i te wa ano, whakairihia te ao i roto i te toenga o te whawhai karihi. haere mai ia ki te mana, he i roto i te manakohia ki Stalin, engari i muri i te matenga o te whakamutunga ai ringihia hoki ki te paru i te upoko ki te koromatua, ka pānui i te pūrongo i runga i te fifi o te tuakiri me ona mau hopearaa.

I. V. Stalin, ranei he aha te tikanga e "tuakiri tūmatanui"

I roto i te whakaaro he take matatini taua, e whakaata te pānga o ngā mōhiohio i runga i te putanga o te tangata kotahi i runga i te whanaketanga roto, o waho o te kāwanatanga, whakatika te pātai, he aha te mea tenei tangata? I roto i te ao i teie mahana e whakapono reira e kore e taea e tetahi tangata te huri i te whanaketanga o te whenua katoa, me te hapori rite te katoa. Heoi, ki te mea etahi o nga momo ngā o te mana riro te reira taea, rawa, ki te he āhuatanga volitional tiketike e tukua ki reira whakatairanga ratou whakaaro, arā, i taua tangata, "Pīkitai ki to ratou aho."

Tīmata i te 20, i te matenga o te kāwanatanga Soviet fehangahangai he tuakiri kaha - I. V. Stalin. i taea e ki te pupuri ona mau tautooraa whakahou rawa pai mo te hanganga o te tikanga fakatikitato ia. te mana katoa i roto i tenei take i roto i te ringa o te kaiārahi rōpū, me ko reira ko te kaiārahi "i raro i te araa" i Stalin ia. Hoki tata 30 tau o te wā mana Soviet i taea ki te radically huri te mau taata tōrangapū, ōhanga, me te pāpori o te whenua ia. Me uru te reira, i ia he rota. Ko tenei nui i kore anake meka pai. He kua whakamataku, pāhuatia taehae, e te mea uaua ki te kitea he kupu whakahoki.

Nikita Khrushchev enei āhuatanga katoa kino o tona mahi tōrangapū whaki katoa: "tona" me "waho", kia ai ko te tino pai te mua, a pakipaki. I te tino taua Soviet Union kua i reira he pānga e totohu hohonu i roto i te whenua.

Mai te mate o Stalin i kua neke atu i te 60 tau. Ko te tino nui ki te whakatau i tona wahi i roto i te aamu ao rite te Statesman tenei wa. pupuri ana Time i ngā "paru meka" me te noho tonu te tino nui - takoha.

I teie mahana, i reira he kōrero e tuhituhi e pā ana ki te whakaora me te whai wāhi o Stalin i te whanaketanga me te tairanga, ka patua i roto i te ahi o te whawhai ā, te āhua Russian. Ko te kupu, ko reira te wa ki te aromatawai i te tūturu Stalin rite te tuakiri tūmatanui. Ki te haamana'o koe Pita ahau, e i tupu i te mea e hara kore iti, engari te hītori o te whenua ko ia he hero motu, vyvevshim Russia i te taumata ao. Papau, i runga i nga tau, Stalin i riro hoki i te hero, engari mo etahi wa o ta'engata kia haere koe.

kohuru

20 Congress o te rōpū, ko tetahi o te wā-poto ngā hītori torutoru o pānga tōrangapū, me te wä ao nui i runga i ngā āhuatanga katoa o te hapori - me nga mana e kia, me tangata noa. Kua arahina te reira ki huringa faufaa i roto i te kāwanatanga nui rawa - te USSR. Otiia ko e te kōhanga o tenei pūrongo hītori?

Ko te whenua i roto i te mana katoa ki tonu i. Ko te āhua i taea wawao ara i roto i nga take whaiaro o tetahi tangata. Na ara te tangata e pupuri ana tari tūmatanui tiketike, e kore i taea e i roto i te ata noho o tona ora, me te mahi, me te tona utuafare.

I roto i te Pakanga Civil, a i roto i te 20-doma o rau XX, whakangaromia nga mana Soviet te pūmanawa ahurea katoa o te hapori kotahi tino whakawhanakehia. I roto i aua tau i reira i tetahi kohuru tino o te ahurea o te kāwanatanga Russian. i huna te hanahana rite te piha haapiiraa. Okotai tomokanga - pere, taronatia, he mea patu ki te mate, tekau, rau me nga mano puta noa te whenua. Enterprise, rite te āhuatanga 'ulungaanga o te tangata, i poto i roto i te tupu - te bourgeoisie me whakaaturia peasants taonga i ringa, ka mau riro o o te iwi "taonga." i hoatu ratou i te aroha toona weriweri ki te ënei whenua. wahi o te pūmanawa hinengaro te raiona o, i puritia te kingitanga Russian, "rere" ki te Te Hau-ā-uru. Kua kitea kaituhi Russian me pūtaiao ratou whenua tuarua "i reira" ki waho, atu i te wehi whero. Stalin, rite tetahi o nga rangatira runga o te kāwanatanga hou, i whai wāhi fakafo'ituitui i tenei, na te XX Congress o te CPSU ko he whakaata o te mo'oni e tupu e i roto i te whenua.

Ko te kowhiria o Stalin, "Stalinism"

Ko te hua o te whanaketanga i runga i te toharite whānui o te hapori. A, i roto i ngā o te rauemi, engari i roto i te ahurea me te hinengaro e kore anake. Ko te pato'iraa ki te mutunga o te 30raa kihai i whai ki te mea - te reira noa e kore i reira. peia tangata katoa ki te matenga o te tika o te ara whiriwhiri o te whanaketanga o te Pāti Communist. Citizens i roto ratou whakamate i tetahi feaa e pā ana te mana o te mahi. He ko te ture tohia i te tepu ki te tono i te inu "mo Stalin", ka aru katoa ia ia. i kino noa ki te matapae i te tahi mea mo e taea e koe "tango" Humor, ko reira tata e taea. Ki te pā ki tenei, ko reira taea ki te kawe, he korero e pā ana ki aua ra:

"Noho, e toru i roto i te kāmera.

- He aha te hoatu?

- ka korerotia e Joke. A koe?

- rongo ahau ki te talanoa.

- hoa, a ka kei koutou mo konei?

- hoki te mangere! I roto i te kamupene, i rongo ahau i te talanoa. haere au i te fare, a whakaaro: ki te pūrongo e kore ranei ki te pūrongo. Te mangere, e kore e korerotia. A e kore he mangere rawa nei. "

Tenei, o te akoranga, he talanoa. Engari kia rite ki te mea ratou, he hautanga anake o te kata i roto i nga kata reira. Ahakoa he mirioni o te iwi i roto i nga puni. Ki te kore nga, kua ngaro tata katoa hapu tangata i ratou i te mau melo. Otiia kihai i korerotia e tangata te tangata e pā ana ki reira. Ko reira kino tona mangai ki te puaki kotahi ano. 20 Congress o te rōpū ko te wāhi i nei, i reira ko ha faingamālie mo kōrero o ngā mahi he, rawa Stalin.

I te tirohanga i tika whare Stalinist nui - ahuwhenua, whakawhanakehia ahumahi rawa tere. Vahi atoa whakairihia pānui ki mata oaoa o tangata Soviet me waea anaanatae ki te mahi.

Mai i te toenga o te ao i wehea te Soviet Union - te pā ngā mōhiohio, taupori irirangi ke e kore patapata e tika ana ki tona kore o waerehe poto-poipoi. E ngohengohe ana te toenga o te pāpāho ki he tonu Māoritanga me te whakatö-.

kore kua faaino o Stalinism puta i roto o wahi - i korero i te reira e pā ana ki, engari ko te kotahi tuatahi nei tīmata reira, e kore e Khrushchev, i reira ko Peria, heoi kihai ia i i rongo tetahi mea. Nikita tona "whiua".

"Komihana Pospelov"

Nikita roa i te whakarite mo tenei Congress. Tona iti moni ki te nuinga o te kaupapa, me ngā pūrongo o ratou hoa. I hiahia i roto i te kotahi anake pātai ia - he pūrongo i runga i te tuakiri fifi o Stalin. Ki te mahi i tenei, pau Khrushchev nui ohipa faaineine. Tuatahi, i whakakikitia e ia te whakahaere runga katoa o te hiahia mo te aro mātai o hara o "rangatira." Aru e te rōpū motuhake i whakapumautia, i muri i huaina te "Komihana Pospelov."

Ko te kōmihana whakatutuki te take o te whakanohonoho o tangata hetia mau o te taputapu USSR Stalinist. Ko tētahi o nga kaiwhakaatu tino nui o te hunga ngā ko te herehere Boris Rhodes. I raro i Stalin, ko ia he imi mō te wā ngā nui o te MGB, a ko roto i nga kaihaka runga o nga tukanga e pā ana ki te "tōrangapū", i tangohia e wahi i roto i te 40s. whakapumautia ana kupu wehi o Stalin ki ratou ake iwi, me te, rawa, kaimahi rōpū me pononga ture. A ia tohe i te hopoi'a o te generalissimo, engari i roto i tetahi take kahore atu tau tōrangapū. Khrushchev kotahi i hiahiatia ai. Ahakoa ko ia pai mohio e he kawenga mō te kaupapa, e kore e iti iho Stalin rangatira katoa matua rōpū me te feia faatere o te lepupilika uniana. I muri i te katoa, i ratou e mahi ana "rohe" me te karanga ki te rangatira o te rironga mai o hou "rohe" i roto i hopukia auau.

Teuteu mo te XX Congress

e kore faaineineraa o te pūrongo o Khrushchev i te XX Congress o te CPSU i tango pai wahi. Kia te tahu tautohetohe i runga i te take o te aromatawai o Stalin ia. noho mateaki ki te rangatira o mua Molotov, tohe ia e "i roto i te noa'tu o nga mea katoa, Stalin ko te continuer pono o te take o Lenin", ka kitea e ia te tautoko i Voroshilov me Kaganovich. Saburov ko Mikoyan, i runga i te anga ke, i whakawakia ai ia o ngā whakaaro anti-hapori, me te, tino nui, mahi. kehe whakaaro o Khrushchev. whakapono ia e te kaituku Stalin hapori, engari i whakamana ana kaha katoa mohoao, whakarihariha. e kore te mea ia he Marxist, kī Khrushchev, Feia Mo'a katoa, e ko i te tangata, i huna hinga o ratou hiahia katoa.

Kua rite "Pospelov Komihana" he pūrongo whakarāpopoto hoki whakaaro te marama Stalin mahi hoki 1935-1940 gg. He whakapehapeha i roto i o ratou pikitia nanakia. Kua raraunga katoa kua tāruatia e tuhinga pūranga, na ko neke atu i te māia tatou. I roto i ngā, faahitihia te tatauranga neke atu i te 1.5 miriona. Tangata hopukina mō te 1937-38., Mō 700 mano o kua ratou koperea! He te hoki whakarato tatauranga i runga i te whakangaromanga o te Pāti me te kaiārahi Soviet. I pania mea katoa mō whakaata iti-tūemi te pikitia ki tonu o te āhuatanga i roto i te whenua ki te pā ki te hopukia, tāmitanga me executions.

February 9, 1956, t. E. Te wiki i mua i te tīmatanga o te Congress, i tukua te pūrongo ki te Presidium o te Komiti Central. I miharo te whare i te mea i rongo ia, ka whakaarahia te pātai i pā ana ki te akiaki ia o te pānui taua o. 20 Party Congress i pa ki poto ki runga ki nga tau o te mahi a Stalin, heoi, rite tahuri reira i roto i, arotahi aro motuhake i runga ia.

Ko te ra i mua i te tairururaa, ie. E. February 13, i whakaritea e te reira ki te pupuri i te hui tūmataiti, e ka whakaora i te pūrongo Khrushchev. 18 o te kuputuhi o te kupu anake i rite e Pospelov ko Aristov, engari kihai i Nikita Sergeyevich ia farii i tino, reira timata whakahounga. Te ra i muri mai, ka karangatia e Khrushchev te stenographer ka mangai tona putanga o te pūrongo. Tenei putanga ko te ranunga o ngā mōhiohio, "Komihana Pospelov" me take whaiaro, me whakaaro huritao Khrushchev.

20 Party Congress

Rā o te Congress 14,02 - 02.25.1956. haere Mō rua wiki tenei hui o mua, tika hanga tona ra whakamutunga hītori - 25 February. Ko e taimi ia tai'o Khrushchev tona kupu ngaro rongonui. Engari kia tatou katoa i roto i te raupapa. Ka taea te wehea Takahanga 20 Party Congress kia rua nga wahi taurite.

Ko te tuatahi ngā o 19 hui tūmatanui. Ko kahore rerekē i te toenga o te Congress o te rōpū tū tenei wahi. Ka rite ki te tikanga, ka timata te pūrongo o ia kaikōrero whakamoemiti ana nga mahi o te Pāti Communist, ka aru te pūrongo. Me mea e ahau, i rorotu nga pūrongo katoa i roto i te manawataki me te whakaata o te akiakinga tino pai o ngā mahi i roto i te mara o te rōpū, me te i roto i te rohe. E au ra te reira e te mahi i te rōpū flawlessly. Heoi, i roto i te meka, mai i 1952 ka reira kitea nga rahunga nui me hape.

I roto i te tika, me te mea te reira i taua, i roto i te tua ki te whakamoemiti i te rōpū, me te rangatira o mua Iosifa Stalina, faaite etahi kaikōrero faaino. I roto i ngā, i hoatu e Anastas Mikoyan te aromatawai kino o a Stalin "Poto Course" me te tuhinga, maramarama i te hītori o te nui Oketopa Revolution me te whawhai ā muri me te hītori o te kāwanatanga Soviet. Me te mea ahau, e kore e tautokona taua tauākī i Congresses, a kahore he mea maere i roto i te meka e kore i kitea Mikoyan tautoko i roto i te hunga reira. tohu hoki e mohiotia ana academician Pankratova ki te meka o falsification o hītori.

wātū kati me he "pūrongo ngaro" Khrushchev

whakamatauria nō te wāhanga tuarua o te Congress mo te whanaketanga o te USSR me o te hapori Soviet. Kua mea matou e nga wahi e rua o Congress he takarepa - reira tino he. roa te wahi tuatahi 11 ra, me kore ake iti iho ranei, nui kihai i tupu i te reira. ka tango te wahi tuarua wahi i te ra whakamutunga o te Congress. lau Nikita Khrushchev te "pūrongo ngaro", i whakaurua te whare i roto i te āhua o te hiamoe, me te ru hohonu. pōhēhē ia te pūrākau o tuakiri fifi o Stalin , a meinga ana ia e te kaiwero matua me anake o repressions papatipu, me te tahi atu hara i runga i te tau o tona noho i roto i te kaha, ie. E. hoki katoa 30 tau. Ehara i Koinei, i whakaritea e te reira ki te horoa ki tautohetohe me te kōrero o te pūrongo - i roto i te whare i reira ko he puku ataahua i roto i te pūrongo, me i muri ia ia i reira ko kahore he pakipaki, i he rerekē hoki taua ngā.

Reliably mohio rite te mea Khrushchev korerotia kaitautapa, i kore i homai te rave'a. Kua tae mai kuputuhi tāngia iho ki a matou, kua whakatika reira, me oro recordings rīpene i tenei wāhi i roto i te wa e kore kua ano i kitea. Ko homai te meka hangatanga, te pūrongo "I te Fifi Personality me ona faahopearaa" kia rerekē i te kuputuhi, i i tīmata i roto i te taimaha mo koutou tohutoro.

Ko te hua, me te whakautu tūmatanui ki te "pūrongo ngaro"

Arotake i Ko te tino uaua te pānga o te kupu a Khrushchev i te Congress 20. ahu iwi ki "mäminga" i tetahi rawa ki tetahi. Tae noa February 25, 1956, ko Stalin he "icon", ara te whakaaro o tona kore rite he kaitōrangapū kore ki te puta, a tae noa atu pera i runga i pāhuatia taea tukua e ratou. ka korerotia e tenei katoa 20 Party Congress. i ohorere tōna mahu'inga hītori. Te nuinga pea, i ara te Khrushchev e mohio ki ta e tona mahi.

wehea te taupori i roto i te pūrongo aro mātai kia rua nga wahi - kotahi mahi "hoki", ka whakaekea ki tonu te mahi i roto i tenei aronga, kua mahi i te wahi tuarua koi ki fakaangá o te rangatira o nga wa, me te iwi katoa.

timata te Komiti Central ki te farii i pukapuka me ngā kōrero, te wahi i whakaarohia ai ki tonu i te mahi debunking te "pūrākau o Stalin." He nga tono motuhake mō te mema ia rōpū ki te korero, me te pā ki tenei take.

Ka rite ki ako nga tini e pā ana ki tenei pūrongo? Ko te mea, ko te e rite te mutunga o ta 20 Congress o te Pāti Communist, ka anga pakanga nui-tauine ki te hanga i te iwi o ngā kāwai katoa ki te kuputuhi o te kupu a Khrushchev.

I muri i taua, i reira nga pātai e pā ana ki te Ture o te kimi i te tinana o Stalin i muri ki a Lenin. He nga tono mo te whakanohonoho o tahae whakapakeke, Trotsky, Bukharin, Kamenev, Zinoviev, Rakovsky. I tua atu i a ratou, i reira i tokomaha mano o horo'a i runga i te hokinga o te ingoa pai hetia mau tangata Soviet.

Te mau ohipa toto i roto i te Tbilisi

Ētahi taime i te mau ohipa i roto i te Tbilisi, kua ki rö nei 20 Party Congress. Tau 1956 kawea ati ki te iwi Hōriana. i ki matau aha i taea e arahi ia kupu maharakore Nikita Sergeyevich. Georgia ko kāinga o Stalin. I roto i te wa ko ia i roto i te mana, ko te mana e timata te reira kia ka karanga ki te tipua a ka deified. E te ara, ki tenei ra ki a ia i roto i Georgia ko o ngā hāngaitanga. i te pānui i te pūrongo Secret i te mutunga o Pepuere 1956, a i roto i Maehe timata te pōuri papatipu.

Khrushchev taea unga ki Georgia ite kaiwhakatairanga, ko wai e taea ki te "tika" katoa ki te whakamārama me te whakamōhio i te iwi whānui. Otiia kihai i hiahia i roto i reira Khrushchev - ka tonoa e ia ki te ope whiu. Ko te hua - he rota o te toto i maringi. A ki roto i Georgia Khrushchev i tenei ra mahara he kupu kino.

Ko te tino tikanga tuku iho

i hua whakauru pūrongo o Khrushchev. Tuatahi, ko reira te timatanga o te democratization i roto i te kāwanatanga - rāhuitia tāmitanga me te wehi i roto i te pakanga rōpū. Ko, i te wa ano, i te kāwanatanga e kore e hiahia ana ki te hoatu i te iwi i te rota o te haere noa o mahi. Na, iwi taitamariki, rite te wahi tino ahu whakamua o te hapori, mahino ngā i roto i ngā mahi tōrangapū, rerekē. whakapono ia e ia nga mekameka o te mua, kua tae mai haere noa pono.

Otiia ko reira he pohehe. hiahia Khrushchev ki hoki nga mea katoa hoki, pōturi iho te tukanga o te de-Stalinization, engari ko reira te mutunga rawa, a inaianei i ia ki te urutau ki te ngā nāianei, opuahia ki te manapori.

Ko te kaiārahi rōpū hoki e kore i puta ke - tonu reira te taua, engari e hiahia ana tonu nui taea i roto i te whakahenga nui Stalin ko Peria, reira fakae'a ratou mahi i roto i te marama atu priglyadnom.

whakatau Congress i runga i te whakatairanga whānui o "pūrongo ngaro" arahina Khrushchev ki te huringa nui, engari kihai i matau noa i te feia faatere o te runga aha hopearaa e arahi tenei. Ka rite ki te hua o te tukanga o te whakangaromanga o te pūnaha kāwanatanga o te hapori taurite ao.

"Koero"

Ko te hawhe tuarua o te o 50 - waenganui 60-doma o te rau tau XX haere mai i roto i te aamu motu rite te wā o Khrushchev koero. Ko te wa o tahuri te Soviet Union i totalitarianism ki te tahi mea manapori Ahakoa tenei. Kua pai ake whanaunga ki te ao capitalist, te "pihi rino" riro kua atu permeable. I raro i Khrushchev, te hakari tamarikitanga ao whakaritea i roto i Moscow.

whakatoi o kaimahi rōpū kua mutu, he tokomaha o te hunga mau i raro i Stalin i rehabilitated. i waiho i raro te whakanohonoho iti i muri mai ki tangata noa. I te wa taua i reira ko he tika mo te iwi o tinihanga, e ngā Chechens, Ingush, Tiamana me te tini ke atu.

wetekina nga peasants i i te "pononga o te pāmu ngā" i iti workweek. ka mau tana harakoa iwi reira, i i te whai pānga pai whānui i runga i te ōhanga. Puta noa i te whenua timata hanga kaha o ngā wāhi noho. Ki tenei ra, kahore tetahi i roto i Russia me ētahi atu whenua o te Union mua o te pa, i roto i nei i reira te mea i te iti rawa tetahi o te "Khrushchev".

20 Party Congress i te hui vnutrisovetskogo tauine kore anake, engari te ao ano hoki. Hoki whakaaturanga i tenei Congress, a Khrushchev te rota tika - ngā Hungarian, te kohuru i roto i Tbilisi ko Novocherkassk, koropiko o te Te Hau-ā-uru, tona whai wāhitanga mātātoa whaiaro i roto i ngā mahi repressive i roto i te kingitanga o Stalin, huru boorish me kino ki te intelligentsia. I roto i nga tau o perestroika, i reira te mea noa he tono ki te kōiwi, Nikita Sergeyevich i te waewae o te taiepa Kremlin. Ae, o te akoranga, ka e ia he ahua ao rite ki te hua o tetahi o te korero rongonui. Ko te rite i muri Fulton kupu a Churchill, ua faaite te timatanga o te "Cold War," me te tonu ka te ahua pokapū i roto i tōrangapū ao.