Agglomeration Urban - ko te wāhi tāone nui rawa ...

hoatu ara te kainga, me nga kainga ki nga pa, te whakamutunga, i roto i te tahuri, e kanawa tahi, ka riro agglomeration: te mata tere te huri o te ao. Tenei tukanga taupori me te ōhanga e whakawhanake māmālie me i ngā wāhanga, e kore e taea te mutu i te reira. Fakalakalaka iho puaki te tikanga ki te taata ona whakatere nui. katoa te rau tau rua tekau, ko te wā o te ahumahi nui. Ko te hua ko te whanaketanga o ngā ahumahi i roto i ngā ahunga rerekē me te tipu e pā ana o te taupori tāone, e taea ai tetahi rauemi mahi tuatahi ahumahi - kaimahi.

Ko te kōrero o

agglomeration Urban - ko te tukanga o te tini o te rohe o te kainga e tika ana ki tona hanganga me te hopu o ngā whakataunga pātata. kua hohoro nui haere tāone mō te 80-95 tau. Ki te whakarite tatou i te raraunga tatauranga i runga i te timatanga me te mutunga o te rau tau rua tekau, whakaatu e ratou i te ōwehenga o ngā taupori tuawhenua, me te tāone. I roto i ngā ōrau, ko e whai ake: i roto i te 1903, 13% - nga tangata o nga pa, na 1995 tenei ahua, ko te 50%. tonu i tenei ra te au, engari puta nga pokapū tāone nui tuatahi i roto i te ao tahito. Ka rite ki te tauira, Atene, Alexandria, a, o te akoranga, te Roma nui. He nui i muri, i roto i te rau tau XVII, puta te agglomeration tuatahi i roto i Europe - ko Paris ko London, e noho wāhi nui i roto i te fenua Peretane i tenei. I roto i te rau tau XIX, tīmata te hanganga o whakataunga nui tāone i roto i Amerika Te Tai Tokerau. Ko te wā "agglomeration" te whakaurua hoki te wa tuatahi i te matawhenua French M. Rouget. E ai ki tona whakamāramatanga, te agglomeration tāone - ko te putanga o ngā mahi kore-ahuwhenua o te anga whakahaere mo te whakataunga me te whai wāhi i roto i reira o whakataunga a tawhio noa. I tēnei wā i ngā whakamāramatanga mō te whakaaturanga o nui kanorau, engari generalizing te parau tumu o te tukanga o te roha, tupu o te pa. A, no te riro tenei te ki pūkete he maha o paearu.

whakamāramatanga

whakaahua ana N. V. Petrov te agglomeration rite te tautau o nga pa, me ētahi atu whakataunga i runga i te parau tumu rohe, a ka tupu tahi ratou i roto i te tukanga whanaketanga, i reira te mea he whakapakari o ngā momo katoa o te whanaungatanga (mahi, ahurea, ōhanga, a na i runga i. D.). I roto i tenei take, me kia te tautau kiato, me te whai i te mārama rohe whakahaere - e rua ā, me te waho. homai Pertsik EN he whakamāramatanga paku rerekē: te agglomeration tāone - ko te ahua motuhake o te tāone, i whai wāhi ko öhanga taupuhipuhi tautau fakasiokālafi tata whakataunga, me te faaite i te kōtuinga ikiiki noa, engineering hanganga, whanaunga ahumahi me te ahurea, turanga pāpori, me te hangarau noa. I roto i ana mahi, fakamamafa'i ia e tenei momo o te rōpū ko te taiao tino hua mō ngā mahi pūtaiao me te hangarau, te whanaketanga o hangarau me whakaurunga matatau. Nä, ko reira konei e kua whakarōpūtia nga kaimahi tino mohio mo te haratau e whakawhanake rāngai ratonga, me te hanga tikanga mo te okiokinga pai. Nga pa nui rawa me ngā wāhi tāone ko nga rohe rohe o te pūkoro, e kore te reira noa te wāhi tūturu o ngā tūemi takitahi, engari pau wā wa i runga i te kaupapa o te tangata utanga ranei i te karihi ki te taha.

Paearu mō te whakatau agglomeration

I roto i te maha pa hou whakawhanakehia rawa, ki te taupori o 2-3 miriona iwi. Whakatau e taea ranei te whakarōpūtia te takiwa rite wāhi tāone, ko reira taea, te whakamahi i ngā paearu aro mātai motuhake. Ko konei, rerekē whakaaro kaitätari ': tono etahi ki te arotahi ki runga i te rōpū o ngā āhuatanga, te tahi atu he ranea ki te whai tetahi āhuatanga e mārama, ka tuhia. whika matua rite ki e taea te pēnei te pa ki te agglomeration:

1. Ko te kiato taupori ia 1 m ^2.
2. Ko te tokomaha (100 mano iwi, he mutunga te rohe o runga).
3. Ko te tere o te hanganga, me tona tonu (iti iho i te 20 km i waenganui i te pa matua, me ona āmiorangi).
4. Tau ua tamauhia o rohe (āmiorangi).
5. Ko te kaha o te haere mō te ngā take i waenganui i te matua me te taha (mo te mahi, ako ranei te rēhia, te heke porowhita pera-ka karanga).
6. He hanganga integrated (taputapu, torotoro waea).
7. whatunga logistics Tapeke.
8. Ko te wahi o te taupori mahi mahi kore-ahuwhenua.

Ngā momo o agglomerations tāone

Ahakoa te kanorau o ngā tauira ngā taunekeneke me ngā āhuatanga o te coexistence o nga pa, me o ratou āmiorangi, i reira te mea he pūnaha poto mō te whakatau i te momo o te takiwa. E rua ngā momo matua: monocentric me te wāhi tāone polycentric. Ko te tokomaha rawa o ngā, me te hanga i te hanumi no ki te kāwai tuatahi. i hanga Monocyclic agglomeration i runga i te parau tumu o te faatîtîraa o tetahi o te pa matua. He ko he matua e ngā i tupu ki roto ki tona rohe o ētahi atu whakataunga, me mahia takotoranga mo ratou whanaketanga atu i roto i te symbiosis ki to ratou faito puai. Ko te agglomeration tāone nui rawa (te nuinga) e hangaia ïa mo Monotype. He tauira ko te Moscow New York ranei. wāhi tāone Polycentric ko te okotahi, te whakakotahi ratou e rave rahi pa, ia o nei ko te pata motuhake, me te absorbs te takiwa e karapoti ana. Hei tauira, i roto i Germany te reira Ruhr peihana, tino hanga ake hinonga nui, ia o nei he maha ngā āmiorangi i te wa ano e kore ratou e whakawhirinaki ki runga ki tetahi ki tetahi, me te e ngā ki tetahi wae anake i runga i te kaupapa rohe.

hanganga

Ko te nui rawa ngā wāhi tāone o te ao i hanga i roto i te pa, tona hītori kaute i te 100 ki te 1000 tau. Tenei mua, tetahi complexes ahumahi, hokohoko mekameka, pokapū ahurea māmā ki te whakapai ake i te ki te waihanga mea hou i te wahanga. Ko te okotahi anake he pa American i tuatahi i whakaritea hei agglomeration mō teitei auau tipu ōhanga.

Na, kia hanga tatou i te mutunga poto. agglomeration Urban - ko te whakataunga hanganga, e te mea (āhua, e kore e mārama rohe tīariari) e taea te wehea ki nga wāhanga e whai ake nei:

1. Center o te pa, tona wahi hītori, i te mea te ahurea tuku iho o te rohe. Tona tae ko te tihi teitei rawa i roto i te awatea, i reira e maha here i runga i te urunga ki te rohe o te waka whaiaro.
2. Ring e karapoti ana i te wahi pokapū, he pokapū pakihi. Kei te tino Tuitui tenei wāhi hanga ake whare tari, i roto i te tua, i reira he he pūnaha whānui o hinonga kai (wharekai, tutaki, wharekai), ko ano hoki te hōkai o ngā ratonga e whakaratohia ana rawa whānui (salons ataahua, te hī me fare hākinakina, ateliers ahua, me te pera. D.). He he whatunga hoko pai whakawhanakehia-, tautautefito ki nga toa utu ki ngā hua motuhake, i reira e whakahaere pūtahi tūmatanui.
3. Te wāhi ora, e no ki te whare tawhito. I roto i te tukanga o te agglomeration maha ia tahuri ki te mahi takiwa. Ko tenei tika ki te utu nui o te whenua mō ngā whare fare. Nā ki te tono tamau mo reira, te hanganga kahore e i pā ana ki te urupa o te hoahoanga me te hītori, wahia hou hoki te tari, me te tahi atu whare ranei.
4. Maha-papa hanga nui. wā roa-(moe) ngā wāhi, ahumahi me ngā rohe ahumahi. Tenei rāngai Ko te tikanga aronga nui pāpori (kura, putanga nui hokohoko, hōhipera, whare pukapuka, me te rite. D.).
5. Tapa wāhi, ngā pāka, kari, kainga-āmiorangi. Tei runga i te rahi o te wāhi tāone, kei te whakawhanake i tēnei wāhi, me te whakatau.

ngā wāhanga o te whanaketanga

Ko nga ngā tukanga matua o te hanganga wāhi tāone katoa o te ao. E mutu tokomaha kainga i roto i to ratou whanaketanga (i etahi wā), etahi e tīmata noa ratou ara ki a tino hāneanea mō te hanganga nohoanga tangata. Ka taea te wehea te takahanga e whai ake:

1. agglomeration ahumahi. Ko te hononga i waenganui i te matua me te taha e hāngai ana i runga i te hanga āhuatanga. rauemi Reipa e herea ki te hinonga ngā, i reira he kahore hoko whenua whānui, me te mākete whenua.
2. atamira panoni. Āhuatanga e nui haere te taumata o te commuting, aua, i whai ahua ai te mākete mahi noa, ko te pa nui te pokapū o nei. tīmata karihi agglomeration ki mātātoa te hanga i te rängai o ngā ratonga me ngā mahi rēhia.
3. agglomeration Hihiri. Tenei wāhanga whakarato mo te ao hou, me te whakawhiti o te hanga kaha i nga wahi piringa. I roto i te whakarara, te whakawhanake pūnaha logistics e taea ki a koe kia atu coalescence tere o te matua me te amiorangi pa. He mākete mahi noa, hoko whare, kei te hanga hanganga whānui.
4. Ko te agglomeration pou-ahumahi. Te atamira whakamutunga, āhuatanga nei i te te mutunga o nga tukanga pāhekoheko. E whakakaha ka whakawhānui ngā kōrero (matua-taha). E haamata te reira mahi ki te whakapai ake i te tūnga o te agglomeration ki te kukume atu rauemi me te whakawhānui i te mahi.

Āhuatanga o agglomerations Russian

Hei whakanui i te tere o te tupu o te öhanga me te whanaketanga o tiketike-hangarau production, kia whai tatou whenua pai-tautuhi me costed he mahere mo te heke mai e tata ana, me te tawhiti. Mua, i reira ko he āhuatanga i roto i i hāngai agglomerations tāone Russia i anake i runga i te momo ahumahi. A, no te te ōhanga whakaritea e i nui, engari i te whakawhitinga takoha ki wāhanga panoni (te hanganga o te ōhanga mākete), i reira nga he maha o ngā raruraru e i ki kia to'o i roto i 90 tau. whanaketanga atu o ngā wāhi tāone rapua e wawao a te kāwanatanga pokapū. Ko te aha te maha tenei kaupapa kōrero e tohunga me nga tinana nui rawa o te mana kāwanatanga. He mea tika ki te whakaoti i te whakahokinga mai, ao hou me te hūnuku o te hanga turanga, e e uta e te tukanga agglomeration hihiri. Te kore te whai wāhitanga o te kāwanatanga rite te māngai, me te tinana whakahaere o tenei atamira kore ko reira e wātea ana ki nga pa maha. e taea te whakakorekore nga painga ohaoha o agglomerations whakahaere, na kei te fakasiokālafi whakaongaonga tukanga rōpū hono pa me nga pa. Ka taea te hanga agglomerations tāone o te ao nui i roto i Russia i te heke mai e tata ana. E tatou nga rauemi e tika ana katoa, he mea e tika ana ki te whakamahi i tika te matua - whakahaere.

Ko te nui rawa agglomerations tāone Russia

I roto i te meka, ki te rā i reira he kahore tatauranga mārama. E ai ki nga paearu aro mātai agglomerations i Russia taea te tāutuhia 22 nui rawa, kei te whanake piki haere. I roto i to tatou whenua kaha momo monocentric o hanganga. agglomeration Urban Russia i roto i te nuinga o te wā e kei roto i te wāhanga ahumahi o te whanaketanga, ko ratou supply o ngā rauemi tangata rawaka mō te tupu ake. Kua whakaritea te maha me te poraka hanganga i roto i te raupapa e whai ake (tuatahi 10):

1. Moscow.
2. St Petersburg.
3. Rostov.
4. Samara-Togliatti.
5. Nizhny Novgorod.
6. Novosibirsk.
7. Ekaterinburg.
8. Kazan.
9. Chelyabinsk.
10. Volgograd.

Kei te tipu haere te maha o agglomerations tāone i roto i te Russia rite ki te hua o te hanganga o ngā rōpū hou, e kore e tika ngā megacities: te hononga e wahi i te utu o te taupū rauemi ngākau nuitanga ahumahi ranei.

agglomeration ao

Ka taea te whiwhi meka Amazing me whika i ako i te kaupapa. E ētahi he wāhi agglomeration ao, me te taupori i rite nei ki te hunga o te whenua katoa. Ko te katoa maha o ngā kaupapa uaua ki te tātai, hoki whakamahi motuhake (tīpakohia ratou) ia tohunga huanga rōpū ranei tetahi o ratou. Otira ka whakaaro te nui rawa tekau taea e koe te tatau i runga i te whakaaro o ngā tohunga. Na:

1. agglomerations nui tāone o te ao - Tokyo, Yokohama. Ko te taupori - 37.5 miriona iwi (Hapani).
2. Jakarta (Initonīhia).
3. Delhi (India).
4. Seoul-Incheon (South Korea).
5. Manila (Philippines).
6. Shanghai China (PRC).
7. Karachi (Pakistan).
8. New York (USA).
9. Mexico (Mexico).
10. Sao Paulo (Brazil).

Raruraru o agglomerations tāone

Ki nga āhuatanga pai katoa o te whanaketanga o te ōhanga, ahurea, ahumahi me te pūtaiao, i reira e he maha rawa o drawbacks, e kua āhuatanga e megacities. Tuatahi, he whānuitanga nui o kōrero, me te tonu te whakanui ake kawenga (i roto i te whanaketanga hohe) arata'i ki raruraru i roto i te whare, aua, heke te taumata o te whakamarie o tangata. Tuarua, e kore e waka me logistics kaupapa whakarato tonu te taumata tika o te waka te tere o taonga me te iwi. A toru, te taumata tiketike o te contamination o te taiao (te hau, te wai, te oneone). A maha, te agglomeration kukume te nuinga o te taupori mahi o te pa iti e kore e e ratou hoa. I roto i te rima o, te whīwhiwhi o te whakahaere whakahaere o rohe nui. mohiotia enei raruraru ki nga noho pa, a ki te whakatutuki titau ratou i te mahi roa, me te wā-kai o ngā hanganga pa katoa.