Ahuahu: e ko, te whakamāramatanga o ngā raruraru, me ngā whāinga o te pūtaiao

I te mutunga o XlX timatanga o XX rau pūtaiao ko i runga i te ara. Ko te tohanga o "Te Origin o momo," tuhituhi Darwin hoki i roto i te tau 1859, hokona atu i roto i te mea o nga ra, me te tautohe e pā ana ki te kunenga mai o te ara, me taea ki te whakaawe kihai i mutu i te reira mo te kau. Hoki te maha o ngā tekau tau, kua ako inarā kaiputaiao te huarahi whanaketanga, i reira e maha ngā wāhi i roto i te koiora, etahi o nei whakaherea he mana kaha i runga i te akoranga o te kunenga tangata.

Ahuahu - he aha te mea te reira?

I roto i tona hītori, kua whakamahia te taata te tīpakonga ki te whakapai ake i loto ahuwhenua me te hua o te kararehe. Ko te kupu, e te hītori o ahuahu ona pakiaka i roto i te hiahia rawa tangata ki te whakanui i te mahi o kore kararehe anake, engari ano hoki ratou ake momo.

He ako whakatapua ki te matatika pūtaiao i roto i XlX rautau kihai i te tīariari, na te tūranga o te puru matua me te tutukitanga ki te haereraa i mua o te momo tangata ka tango i runga i te Ekalesia, e mātātoa i whakahē tetahi ngana ki te wawao i te whakaritenga o te hanganga hanahana.

Ko te kupu, ahuahu whakaaro ko ki te hanga i te kōwhiringa mā te ngā i te whakapai ake o te momo tangata, te faaohiparaa i te mana i runga i te whanautanga tamariki, me te uniana raua moe tahi.

Te rongonui me te ingoa rukahu

I roto i te tekau tau tuatahi o te rau tau XX ka reira na rongonui e timata te tahi mau āhua ki te whakaata i runga i te whakatinanatanga mahi o ona tikanga matua. Na puritia te uniana o te pūtaiao Nasí Tiamana, me te mahi ahuahu. i raro te reira i te tikanga Nasí kua riro te horapa tino fakalilifú o mehua pērā i ngā sterilization takoha i runga i te tangata, me te mohio e te Kawanatanga houhou te whakangaromanga o ngā rōpū katoa.

Otiia i tono ahuahu ture tawhiti tua atu i te Germany Nasí. Hei tauira, i roto i te Hononga o Amerika i roto i te tahi mau āhua ki te rawakore me te iwi ki te IQ iti e whakahere tatou he utu mo te wahi o te sterilization tūao. I riro te reira kia e te iwi ki te āhuatanga houhou tūkino i te puna ira o te meka rawa o he tamariki.

Tuatahi o te katoa, ahuahu - te pūtaiao e tuatapapa i te kōwhiringa tāwhaiwhai, te ahanoa matua o e ko te tangata. E rua ngā huarahi ki te mana ki runga i tenei kōwhiringa: arotahi te ahuahu pai pera-ka karanga i runga i te akiaki i te mau faaipoiporaa e hua i roto i ngā tamariki whanau ki ngā āhuatanga rongonui; hāngai iranga tōraro kei i runga i te whakarerenga o ngā tamariki whanau ki hē whakawhanaketanga huru au ore mō te hapori ranei. Ki te whanaketanga o hangarau hauora i roto i te täoro ki tātaritanga o ahuahu i taua tikanga o te mana whanau, pērā i whakamātautau ira me tātaritanga ultrasound.

hoki mai ahuahu

He aha te mea te mau parau tumu eugenic, riro te reira mārama ki te titiro tatou ki te raruraru i roto i te retrospect. Ko te tuatahi ko te ki matau te uara o te kupu ake. Iritihia i te kupu Kariki whakamāoritanga whakatuma rite "te hanahana whanau." Ko te kupu i whanau i te parau haapiiraa o ahuahu. He aha te mea kōwhiringa tāwhaiwhai, ka reira mārama i roto i te 1883, ka he kaiputaiao F. Galton whakaputaina tona mahi taketake "Ko te ako o ngā kaha tangata, me to ratou whanaketanga."

Ko te matua tautoko-pūtaiao eugenicists ko te Māoritanga o te faaotiraa ira. Ko te ngako o nga mau haapiiraa o Galton i ki te whakarite kia kore te e kore mātauranga ranei mātauranga radically pā te tikanga o te whanonga, ko te tūranga ārahi he whakapapa e whakatau tae atu whanonga pāpori.

Ki te whakaputanga o tenei pukapuka, te whakamanamana i o mahi ahuahu tangata e wānanga i roto i Europe. Kua roaa Pūtaiao he wahi i roto i te taiao mātauranga.

Ahuahu rite te pūtaiao. tumu

I roto i te 1907, i hanga Britain Galton Society, i roto i nei whanake te tikanga o te pūtaiao hou, me te rapu mō taputapu ki te tono ia ratou i roto i te mahi. I roto i te US, ka haere mai he hapori rite i roto i te 1921, ka ko te ingoa te American Ahuahu Society.

He mea paihere te hītori o ahuahu ki te ariā o Darwinism pāpori, e hāngai ana nei i runga i te meka e ki anake etahi akomanga me te piha haapiiraa, me te iwi ki etahi āhuatanga tikanga tangata tika tonu ratou utuafare.

matatika Ahuahu i runga i te meka e kore e te iwi whanau rite, anake ka whai i te tika tino te tika ki te whakahaere i te akoranga o te kukuwhatanga tangata, pokanoa ki te tukanga whakaputa uri. Ko te kupu, ahuahu - te pūtaiao e tuatapapa i te kōwhiringa tangata.

to'utangata faaino

Ahakoa o te hīkoi ikuna o te pūtaiao hou i roto i ngā whare wānanga me tari kāwanatanga, e kore tonu pūkenga katoa ona tikanga. He hoariri pūmau o ngā mahi eugenic nga kaituhi Chesterton, sociologist American Lester Ward, me te koiora Fisher me JBS Haldane, e faaite te feaa e ai te sterilization o "defectives" arahi ki te ngaro o te taupori tangata o huru e hiahiatia.

ngā te puni hoariri ōrite tino maha, me te kaha o te sterilization takoha me te kōwhiringa tāwhaiwhai o ngā māngai o ngā rōpū fakalotu. Ahakoa te meka e i te timatanga, mutu etahi aratai haapaoraa me ona hua te pūtaiao hou i muri i 1930, tautoko. Mai korero ture ki te whakamahi o te eugenic Pope Pius XL, e mārama ana te tuhi e whai i te mana fakamāmaní kahore tika ki hoko o nga tinana o ratou kaupapa.

Nazi, e tukupu ana i te taumata o te rangahau

timata raruraru Reputational i roto i te mahi ahuahu tangata rite te pūtaiao i roto i 1930, ka tangohia e te Nasí geneticist Ernst Rudin ki te whakamahi i te reira ki te whakatika i te hara o te Tuatoru Reich. E te wa ko reira mārama kua e pā ana ki mahi kōwhiringa pehea māori, me mahi ahuahu. He aha te mea ka riro rongoā Nasí mārama he iti i muri mai, engari kei te faatumu-tenei hononga ururua i te ingoa o te pūtaiao eugenic.

Ki te mutunga o te Pakanga II o te Ao ahuahu ingoa i pakaru tūturu. faahoho'araa faahiahia o te kukuwhatanga o ngā whakaaro i runga i nga tikanga o te kōwhiringa tāwhaiwhai ko te kōrero i HG Wells, he kaitautoko ōrite o te sterilization takoha toru tekau nga tau tahuri te toa pūmau mō ngā tika tangata. I roto i ngā, kī ia e kore tetahi e te tika ki te mono i te tangata, noa'tu eaha te fifi kia mau ai ki he mate, engari, i runga i te anga ke, kia tango hapori tiaki o reira. Ko, ahakoa te pato'iraa o te tahi mau melo o te iwi whānui i roto i Sweden, hei tauira, takoha castration "hapa" i kawea i roto i tae noa ki 1976.

Ko te whakaoranga o te moni

I muri i te puaretanga o nga hara o Nasí Germany faauruhia e rangahau eugenic, ko ingoa pūtaiao, e au ra i te reira tino pahuatia. Heoi, i muri i te moni te warewaretanga roa i roto i ngā ka hoki ia me te rangahau ariā i runga i te genome o te hou ora, engari i roto i te iranga anō.

He kaha o te mahi ahuahu revolution hou ko te United States, te wahi i reira he he maha rawaka o pokapū rangahau nui-tech whai wāhi i roto i te engineering ira, whakapūruatanga me te tātaritanga prenatal, e noho he wahi motuhake i roto i tenei mara pūtaiao. Na kua tonu te whakaaro o ahuahu i engineering ira.

I roto i te 2003, Tania Simoncelli, e mahi i te wa Kaiwhakahaere Kaiāwhina o Criminology i te kāwanatanga US, ka mea e oroko prenatatsionnaya tātaritanga ira te wā hou o ahuahu, e, i rite ki te Nasí, e kore e mahi i rite te Māoritanga misanthropic, a ki te whakahoki kupu ki te tono o te iwi noa.

mahi whakanohonoho

Ingarangi kaikoiora whanaketanga Richard Dawkins mea i roto i te tuhinga ā-nūpepa i roto i te 2006 e ahuahu - te pūtaiao o te heke mai. Ia i mea ano e tika ana ki te meka i whakamahia te pūtaiao ki te tango i te rawa o te feia faatere o Nasí, huaina reira te atarangi e haukotia hoki tekau tau whakahaere rangahau whāinga i roto i tenei rohe.

Ko te kairangahau tapiritia e, i roto i tona whakaaro, tenei huarahi rerekē iti i hua i roto i te ahuwhenua. O te akoranga, i roto i tona pūtaiao tika e hāngai ana huarahi eugenic te i runga i te meka e mai te wa o te Tuatoru Reich, e kore e nga matatika o pūtaiao tu tonu, ka taea ki te whakahoki kupu maha ngā pātai uaua, me te āwhina i kitea he otinga i roto i ngā āhuatanga rangirua.

Heoi tino rerekē huarahi Dawkins i ona matua. Ia e kore e anake tuku ki whakaawe i te putanga o te hapūtanga, ka ki te whai wāhi i roto i te kōwhiringa tāwhaiwhai, he tokomaha tohe e ka tauturu i te ahuahu i te tangata ki te ako atu e pā ana ki ia. Hei tauira, i muri i pangia mātua whakamātautau ira kore e noho te wā i runga i te waiata te ako o te tamaiti, ki te kahore e whakakitea nga whakamātautau te aravihi e tika ana. E tika ana e ka tauturu i enei whakamātautau ki te whakapai ake i te whakatutukitanga i roto i te hākinakina, ki te he mōhio o ratou kaha me ngoikoretanga iwi. E ai ki Dawkins, te otinga o ngā raruraru maha o te ao hou e taea e te iranga, me te mahi ahuahu.

He aha te mea whakahāweatanga, tuku reira ki mahara te Tikanga Ōmataora Komiti International, whakapono e oroko he huarahi taua te tatau ki te whakahāwea me te stigmatization, ka maka te feaa i runga i te whakaaro o te taurite tangata te ao nei i te mau melo.

Ahakoa te meka e ahuahu hou mawehe whakatairite ki te mahi o te rau tau rua tekau, mā te whakamahi i te kupu "iranga whakaputa uri" me "whiriwhiri Germinal", i roto i te meka, enei akoranga katoa he wahi o te tupuranga tangata.

Ko tētahi o nga ngā tukanga hauora tino noa i teie mahana - āta prenatal - hoki e taea te whakaaro rite te ahua o te whakatinanatanga o te huarahi eugenic. Mai i te wāhi hauora o te tirohanga, ka taea e te āta taua ārai i te whanautanga o te tamaiti ki te nui hē ira me mate tuku.

ahuahu Modern: raruraru Mahinga

Hoki te wā tuatahi e pā ana ki te mau fifi ki te whakatinanatanga o ngā tikanga āta ira ka mea eugenicists i roto i te tau 1915 Thomas Hunt Morgan, ko wai i whakapono e pükenga kore e taea te haere ki runga ki, riro ana ia ia, pērā i etahi e taea te haere te keno ki te tutu me te taihara i ngā mātua ki ngā tamariki, ka tohu atu, puta taua kainga i pāpori i roto i te whakangungu, nui atu i roto i ira.

I tua atu, faahitihia e ia nga hua o ngā kitenga o te namu i whakakitea e te āhuatanga kino - pēnei i te rua anō o kanohi me ringaringa - puta i roto i te hua rere kore anake rite ki te hua o te tupu, engari ano hoki i rite te hopearaa o irakētanga.

I teie mahana, Heoi, whakawhirinaki ahuahu pūtaiao i runga i te pai hangarau. Hei tauira, whakamātautau e faaipoipo haere i mua i hapu he tamaiti e taea te whakatau ranei te tīari te mōrea o ia i te tamaiti ki te hē ira, me te, no reira, ki te hoatu whanau ki te take taua. Otiia ano e pā ana ki te whakamātautau nui-tech kore e taea te mea e hoatu ana e ia te tiaki pūmau i te hapa: i reira he take te wahi i whakaritea e faaipoipo ki hapu tonu te tamaiti ahakoa te hua kino whakamātautau, a ka whanau ki ngā tamariki hauora.

Te rironga o te kanorau ira

I roto i te iranga, me te tohunga koiora whanaketanga e tangi te whakaoho e tika ana ki te meka e overreliance i runga i te kaupapa here whiriwhiri taea arahi te kinonga o te taupori tangata, tika rite taupori inā e noho i roto i kāinga iti rawa ranei i runga i nga motu.

vili Edward Miller e kia kia hoatu tetahi whakatupuranga te whai wāhi ki te hanga i te takoha iti ki te momo whanaketanga o te whanaketanga, me te tohu i roto i e ara nga ari e kia mea ki a tatou kino, te mutunga ko o faufaa nui mo te whanaketanga koiora.

Fakafepaki ki Ahuahu

tohu te nuinga hoariri o nga mahi ahuahu i e noa'tu te pai nga whakaaro o kairangahau, faifai ka arahi tenei katoa ki ngā mahi e poka ki matatika. Taua mahi hoariri o ahuahu ngā takoha sterilization, whakahāweatanga ira, Pharoah, me te pea kohuru.

I roto i tona pepa huero i runga i te whanaketanga o Lori Endryus tohe e ki te tūkino o te pea wawao i te akoranga o te kukuwhatanga ka arahi ki te putanga o te posthuman pera-ka karanga, e ai kia rerekē i te huinga ohorere nāianei o huru maitatai. I tua atu, taunaki ia kahore ki te pokanoa ki te tukanga faufaa pērā i hoholo me te ora ngā, i te mea hiahia noa i roto i ahuahu.

He aha te ora tangata? He aha te mea tona tikanga me mehemea e taea te tango i te tangata i runga i te tūranga o te kaihanga? whakaturia ēnei take e maha bioethicists. Whakahoki kupu ki te kau, i reira e maha, engari e kore ratou e titiro ki te kia te māia, me tenei tikanga e ki te whakaoti e te raruraru matatika e whawhai neke atu i te kotahi whakatupuranga o ōmataora, ethicists, philosopho me theologians. raruraru tika o ratou Ahuahu i utua te aro te nuinga.