Āhuatanga Chemical o waiwaihā

pärönaki waiwaro ki tetahi atu ranei ngota hauwai i roto i te rāpoi ngota, whakakapia i rōpū -OH (te rōpū hydroxyl rōpū hydroxy ranei), - i te reira waiwaihā. Ko te āhuatanga matū whakaritea e te pūwaro tuwhena me te rōpū hydroxyl. Waiwaihā hanga motuhake huirua raupapa māngai reira o ia rerekē ngā i te mema mua hoki homology rerekētanga e hāngai ana = CH2. Ka taea te māngai e te tātai matū katoa o tenei piha haapiiraa: R-OH. Hoki pūhui monohydric whāiti tātai matū whānui ko CnH2n + 1OH. E ai ki ngā ingoa nomenclature ao kia hanga e mā te tāpiri i te ol pūwaro katinga (mewaro, te waihā, waihā pōwaro, me ētahi atu).

Ko te piha rawa kanorau, me te whānui o te pūhui matū tenei. Tei runga i te maha o ngā rōpū -OH i te rāpoi ngota, kua wehea ai ki Pālesi, di- me trihydric na i runga i - pūhui polyhydric. whakawhirinaki hoki āhuatanga Chemical o te waiwaihā i runga i te ihirangi o ngā rōpū hydroxyl rōpū ia rāpoi ngota. He kūpapa ēnei rauemi, me te kore e dissociate ki ngā katote i roto i te wai, pērā i te waikawa kaha turanga kaha ranei. Heoi, i reira kia kia rite te waikawa ngonge (heke ki te hua i roto i te maha o te waipiro taimaha rāpoi, me te wana o te mekameka pūwaro) ranei taketake (hua ki te whakanui ake i taimaha rāpoi, me te wana rāpoi ngota) āhuatanga.

āhuatanga matū waiwaihā whakawhirinaki i runga i te momo, me te whakaritenga mokowā o ngota: he rāpoi ngota ki te poinanahatanga mekameka me poinanaha tūranga. Tei runga i te tau mōrahi o kotahi here o te ngota waro (rōpū hydroxy herea ki) ki te tahi atu ngā ngota waro (ki te 1 st, 2 ranei 3) wehewehe waiwaihā tuatahi (noa), tuarua ranei tuatoru. waiwaihā tuatahi i te rōpū hydroxyl piri ki te ngota waro tuatahi. I tuarua, me te tuatoru - ki te tuarua, me te tuatoru, aua. Mai waihā pōwaro puta poinanaha e rerekē i roto i te tūranga o te rōpū hydroxyl: propyl waipiro C3H7-OH, me isopropyl waipiro CH3- (CHOH) -CH3.

He mea tika ki te whakaingoa i te torutoru o nga tauhohe matua e tohu nga āhuatanga matū o waiwaihā:

1. A, no te pāhekoheko ki konganuku alkali ranei waihā (deprotonation tauhohenga) alcoholates i hanga (whakakapia hauwai ngota e te ngota whakarewa), i runga i te waiwaro tuwhena whiwhi i te methoxide, ethoxide, propoxide me pera i runga i rānei, hei tauira, te konutai propylate: 2CH3CH2OH + 2Na → 2CH3CH2ONa + H2 ↑.
2. A, no te pāhekoheko ki te waikawa hydrohalic i hanga waiwaro halogenated takiwa: HBr + CH3CH2OH ↔ CH3CH2Br + H2O. Ko te reversible tenei tauhohenga. Ko te hua ko te whakauru nucleophilic o te katote kōnakonako, he rōpū hydroxyl.
3. Ka taea te oxidized waiwaihā ki te hauhā, ki aldehydes ranei ketones ki. tahu waiwaihā i te aroaro o te hāora: 3O2 + C2H5OH → 2CO2 + 3H2O. I raro i te mana o te kaihoko kaha oxidizing (waikawa chromic, pāhare , me ētahi atu) e tahuri waiwaihā tuatahi ki aldehydes: C2H5OH → CH3COH + H2O, me te tuarua - ki ketones: CH3- (CHOH) -CH3 → CH3- (cho) -CH3 + H2O.
4. puta maroketanga tauhohenga ki runga ki whakawera i roto i te aroaro o āpiha dehydrating (konutea pūhaumāota, waikawa pungatara, me ētahi atu). hua waiwaro rua tenei: C2H5OH → CH2 = CH2 + H2O.
5. puta te tauhohenga hākawatanga ano ki runga ki whakawera i roto i te aroaro o dehydrating pūhui, engari, i roto i te rerekē ki te tauhohe o mua i te pāmahana o raro, me te ki te hanga i ethers: 2C2H5OH → -C2H5O C2H5O. Ki te waikawa pungatara, puta te tauhohenga i roto i rua ngā wāhanga. Tuatahi, i hanga hākawa waikawa pungatara te: C2H5OH + H2SO4 → C2H5O-SO2OH + H2O, aru i te whakawera ki te 140 ° C me te taikaha o te waipiro te hanga e, diethyl (maha kīia ki rite whanariki) Etera: C2H5OH + C2H5O-SO2OH → C2H5O-C2H5O + H2SO4 .

Ko te āhuatanga matū o polyols, i te faaauraa ki o ratou āhuatanga ōkiko whakawhirinaki i runga i te momo o te pūwaro tuwhena, hanga he rāpoi ngota, me o te akoranga, te maha o ngā rōpū hydroxyl reira. Hei tauira, ethylene glycol CH3OH-CH3OH (ira e koropupu 197 ° C), i te mea 2 waipiro ngota ko te wai te huitahi (he reka reka), i konatunatua nei ki H2O, me ngā waiwaihā raro i roto i te hanganga katoa. glycol ethylene rite nga homologues teitei mai ona i roto i tauhohe katoa āhuatanga o waiwaihā monohydric. Nonireka CH2OH-CHOH-CH2OH (koropupu wāhi 290 ° C) Ko te māngai māmā o 3 waiwaihā ngota. Ko te wai reka-kai matotoru, e te mea taimaha atu ia wai, engari kua konatunatua ki reira i roto i tetahi ōwehenga. Wairewa i roto i te waipiro. Hoki glycerin me ona homologues e āhuatanga hoki e te tauhohenga katoa o waiwaihā monohydric.

tautuhi matū āhuatanga waiwaihā tohutohu o ratou tono. E whakamahia ratou rite wahie (te waihā ranei waihā pūwaro, etc), ka rite ki whakarewa i roto i te whānuitanga o ngā ahumahi; rite rauemi raw mō te hanga o surfactants me teretere; mo te kōtuitui o ngā rauemi polymeric. Ētahi māngai o tenei piha o ngā pūhui matū waro whānui whakamahia rite lubricants fluids waipēhi ranei, a hoki mo te hanga o medicaments me matū kaha biologically.