Ascomycete: whakaahuatanga, tohu

E te tīariari marsupials harore? Tenei ngākau nuitanga pātai o nga atu kura anaanatae ako akoranga koiora. no enei harore ki te kingitanga, e ngā māngai i te tinana vegetative afa. E ratou he āhuatanga takoto motuhake - peke. ngā ratou e waru ascospores. He tia ore ētahi momo o enei harore, no te mea ngaro i roto i te tukanga o te ora o ratou āheinga uri. Ko ratou whakaputa uri tōtahi.

Enei kikokiko i roto i enei harore e tata kore i hanga. Okotahi he he torutoru kaiao pirinoa anake. Ko te hanganga o te melo tata'itahi o tenei piha ngā chitin (i te 20 ki te 25 ōrau) me glucan.

Ora marsupials harore (ka e whakarārangitia māngai i raro nei) i runga i nga toenga o ngā tipu me ngā kararehe.

Me kï reira e maha ngā momo o pokepokea ai (whero, parauri, hina-matomato) no ki te Ascomycetes. Ngā mihi ki te harore ao karaka-māwhero o iranga kua tutuki maha angitu. Ascomycetes wehea te ao.

piha Ascomycetes ngā pā ana ki 2 mano puninga me 30,000 ngā momo. Ko te māngai pai-mohiotia ko te rewena, truffle, Morel, Parmelee, raina.

Morphology

Kei te tinana vegetative o te maha wawahitanga, e wehe ai. Ngā mihi ki a ia, ka taea e te harore ngaro iti rauemi pūtau i te mātauranga filamentous. Ki te whakarite tatou i nga Ascomycetes me zygomycota, he reira ia tapao e te nui ora roa tuatahi.

Ascomycete whakaritea i roto i te tikanga taua e taea tona tinana, ko te ki te kia whakawhiti i waenganui i pua cytoplasm, karihi, organelles. I roto i ia pūtau reira he te tikanga he āhuatanga hanganga haploid kotahi e toa me whakawhitinga te mōhiohio iranga (DNA).

ngā mōhiohio whānui e pā ana te whakaputa uri me te whanaketanga

Marsupials harore E rua ara o te uri:

• anamorph (ara tōkai);
• teleomorph (hanganga fakasekisualé i).

I roto i te koiora, e karangatia e enei tukanga e rua holomorphs. e kore e ratou rite tahi e te tahi. Hoki o anamorphs tinana e taea te neke i roto i te teleomorph. Ko te aha whanau ascomycetes kotahi momo engari i roto i ngā huarahi rerekē e tukinotia pūtaiao rite māngai takitahi. Ngā mihi ki te pūtaiao rangahau rāpoi homai ngāwari ki te mārama me pēhea te he tetahi harore marsupial i hanga e e te tukanga.

Anamorph (Ara tōkai)

kawea tukanga anamorphs te roto i roto i conidia. E tano ia tapao e ko tino kanorau te Morphology tata. Ka taea e kia ia o ratou rānei rauropi pūtau multicellular ranei. pātaki hake to ratou here i te maha. maha Conidia whai āhua porotaka.

Tikanga, kua nui haere te harore marsupial wai te matatini o te huānga hanganga. E kitea ngā māngai pērā i runga i te rau o te rakau, e kua roa kua rumakina i roto i te wai.

Teleomorph (aitanga) i roto i te puka o raro

tenei piha o harore taea te tā i te tikanga o ngā hanganga fakasekisualé, engari kahore te hanganga o tohuhema. Hei kawe i tenei tukanga i runga i weuweu i hanga tane me okana wahine. Tenei āhuatanga o marsupials harore rite ki te whakaahuatanga o te rimurimu - Kei te hoki paku whakarerekētia ratou oogonia.

Ki te whakaaro tatou ki nga puka o raro, ki te teleomorph rite zigogamiey. Tenei Ko te mea i te gametangia i hanga he puka ōrite, me muri i te tukanga o te whakakotahi ratou puta hononga karihi. Ko enei harore pānga mahi whakamutunga e kore o nga āhuatanga hanganga katoa, tupu karyogamy kia maha. I muri i taua, te whāiti pūira, i muri haere ki te putea kākano.

Teleomorph (aitanga) i roto i te puka teitei

Whakaaro i te tukanga o te uri i roto i nga puka teitei, me mea te reira e te iti ake uaua atu i roto i te raro i hanga e ia. cover askogon Arhikarp. I tua atu, kua rerekëtanga reira. I te tihi o reira "mai" i roto i te puka o ngongo. rauropi pūtau Antheridium Ko te huānga e he hanga porotakaroa. I muri i te hanumi,, e kore e te cytoplasm uho kōrero, engari ūngutu. i hanga Dikaryons. Ratou karihi, i tahuri, kua wehea ki nga wahi. I roto i ngā puka uri ascomycete asci, i muri nei i reira ko te tütakitanga o te karihi haploid. Te kore wa mangere i mahi whāiti pūira. Kua wehea nga otaota i hanga metoticheski. Ko te hua ko te waru huānga hanganga.

Reproduction: Conclusions

Tei runga i te mema o etahi momo o te uri o tenei piha haapiiraa i roto i te tikanga maha e taea te māmā. Hei tauira, e kore e taea te hanga e antheridia - e whakakapi ratou ki te tinana vegetative conidia ranei. rerenga hau, te wai i roto i spermatsii ngārara whakawhitia ki trichogins ranei ka hanumi te cytoplasm o ngā pūtau. Weuweu me peke e hanga e kore matapōkeretia anake hoki engari i runga i o ratou tinana, e he piri toaati maite manga hanganga.

E wehea tinana fruiting ki wha momo:

• Apothecia. Harore marsupial taketake ki tenei momo i te putea nui. Ka taea te hanga e ratou parafizy.
• Perithecia. E katia Pēke o enei harore tino wahi ranei. Ratou oko āhua.
• Cleistothecia. tinana Fruit o te harore he āhua kati.
• Pseudothecia. no tenei tinana ki te tetahi momo o te harore anake. Kua kawea e te tukanga fakasekisualé i roto i muri i te hanganga gametangium. Perithecia kei i runga i weuweu, e te hunga kua huaina te stroma.

Te tikanga hoki te tangata, me te ao

Ko te huringa ora o ascomycetes whai hua mō te ao ao teretetiera. Nā ki te meka e manga mate, rakau, rau whatiia e ratou ki raro, whakakiia supply o waro me te hauota i runga i te whenua. Hoki te kararehe (hei tauira, kiore, hātaretare, etc). He kai Ascomycetes. I roto i te taiao moana o te harore tino nui.

i hanga te wahi nui te i ascomycetes pukoko. ngā ratou enei kaiao - neke atu i te 95%. i hanga hoki Mycorrhizae ki te āwhina ratou. Ētahi popokorua me termites e "tupu" i roto i te rauropi he tetahi momo o te harore.

E mea pinepine kitea i roto ascomycetes māngai pirinoa, e kua hanga e i roto i ngā tipu me te i roto i ngā kararehe. Ko ratou nga āpiha fakatupu o maha mate tika nui. I roto i te tangata, rawa, parasitize marsupials harore. Ētahi kai e kua whakamahia e te iwi, kia awe e te Ascomycetes.

Truffles me morels, e ko te māngai o enei harore, kei te maha whakamahia rite kai tangata. E whakamahia yeasts mo te tunu o ngā hua parāoa, etahi inu whakangao, mo te whanaketanga tarukino. Ascomycetes kitea ratou tono i roto i te pūtaiao.

Rewena - te māngai tino rongonui

hopoi mai huihui tenei taitara māngai rerekē 1,500. E taea e ki te noho i roto i substrates wai, me te āhua-mārō ratou.

Ko te kupu "rewena" ahu te i te ihoparau Proto-Slavic e te tikanga "ki te pēhi", "te pokepoke i". Tenei ingoa mohiotia te ki nga tangata Russian-korero. Ko te pakiaka o "wiriwiri" whakaahuatanga tika mo'oni o nga tukanga katoa e puta i roto i FERMENTATION o te harore. E tano ia tapao e tangi te ingoa Ingarihi rite ki te rewena. Iritihia ki Russian, te auraa "ki te tohatoha i te hau."

rite marsupials titiro te reira i te harore (rewena), mohiotia ki katoa, no te mea ratou i whakamahia ratou mo tenetere ngaahi uaifi tauhi mo tunu. Kua Peerehepa kua brewed hoki e pā ana ki ono mano nga tau i mua BC, kua whakamahia kē enei harore. iwi hangarau Baking kua taukei i he iti i muri mai - i roto i te 1200 BC. e.

I kitea te rewena tuatahi i raro i te karu i roto i te 1680, engari ka hoki o te ngaro o te iti rawa etahi o ratou nekehanga kore mohio rite kaiao ora. A iti i muri mai, i hoatu mua te ariā e te rewena mau - matū koiora me ratou tauhohe - matū. Neke atu i te wa, kua tenei ariā kua fakahalaki. Whakamatauria e te FERMENTATION waipiro - he tukanga māori.

momo rewena

E wehea yeasts ki rima ngā momo: kaihanga taro, maroke, pia, waina, me te aki.

E wātea ana i roto i ia taonga tunu harore. Ka taea te rongoa ratou mo te wa roa, me he pera ohie to ratou hanganga e ko reira ngāwari tetahi ki te tunu i te paraoa pokepoke, he tamaiti noa.

e kore e harore e aki ora roa: kahore Refrigeration ratou e taea te pupuri kaua e nui ake 14 ra. He pāmahana nui e taea ratou tupuheke i roto i iti iho i te i te wiki. Ki te hoatu ratou e koe i raro i te pouaka tio, ka uru te harore tetahi 2 marama. I mua i te whakamahi, kia rewa ratou i roto i te wai mahana.

Maroke rewena - harore i te ora papa roa. I roto i te wahi raumati, te wahi i reira he kahore haumākū, e taea ki te takoto ki raro, mo te 2 tau ratou. Ki te he kaha ratou, rewa me ratou kia i roto i te wai (kia mohio ki te whakamahana). whakarerea hoki mushroom Inamata, engari ka waiho ratou rite mō te whakamahi i roto i te 10-15 meneti.

E wehea harore Peerehepa ki te maha nui o momo. Ki te whakaaro tatou e ia o ratou i reka rerekē, me te kakara, ka inumia, hanga o ratou ano he āhuatanga rerekē. E tohaina ēnei harore i roto i te puka wai, na e kore te mea e tika ana ki te memeha ratou. Kei te hoki ratou maha whakamahia ki kvas, engari i roto i te rerekē ki te pia i roto i te inu, me te miraka, i reira he huakita.

He hoki kai rewena, engari e kore e hoki te kohi tangata tūtohutia ki te tāpiri.