Harore rauropi pūtau me ratou tūranga i roto i te natura

mohiotia pūtautahi kaiao ka ki te tangata anake ki te haerenga mai o ngā pūrere i whakanui. I teie mahana, Heoi, ratou - te pūtake o te rangahau ira mo te haaputuputuraa o te rauemi ariā i runga i maha ngā take o mataora, te koiora rāpoi, iranga. He rerekē kaiao pūtau-tahi. Harore - tetahi o ratou. Ehara i te katoa, o te akoranga, engari rawa he wahi nui. Ka titiro tēnei tuhinga i te mea ko nga māngai i roto i te kāwai o te harore ohie me aha ngā āhuatanga me ngā āhuatanga riro ratou.

He rauropi pūtau me te multicellular harore: āhuatanga whānui

O te katoa e rima kingitanga o āhua harore - tino rerekē. Ko te mea, ko te e ki te whakatau i te mana taxonomic o te tipu ranei he tino ohie kararehe. Huakita me huaketo rawa rerekē whakaritea, kia ki a ratou i kore e taea e hapa katoa e.

Na harore anake - he kaiao matatini e whai mo te wa roa kihai i no ki tetahi rangatiratanga ngā enei. I te tīmatanga i whakaaro ratou tipu, kowaiwai noa o chlorophyll. Kua whakaaturia atu rangahau tata e i roto i te parariraa o ratou hua i roto i Urea, he taiepa pūtau titoa te nuinga o chitin. I roto i tenei take, nakunaku waho, a he maha whākōkī rite ki taua whakaputaina e te tinana o whāngote.

E mārama ēnei tohu korero e pā ana ki te harore no ki te kararehe. I tua atu, ka mohiotia ai e taea pakete harore Division uku rauropi pūtau (uku) neke i roto i te ahunga o te kai, me te marama i raro i etahi tikanga. fakamo'oni'i kotahi ano tenei e i roto i enei kaiao me kararehe faaite i te tipuna noa.

Kua arahina tenei katoa ki te meka i pēnei te harore ki te kingitanga motuhake o te natura. He āhuatanga noa mo ratou tuakiri he:

• multicore aroaro mycelium rauropi pūtau multicellular ranei;
• weuweu - kakawaea kikokore mumu ahei hanga tinana fruiting me te mycelium;
• ara heterotrophic o kai;
• chitin i roto i te taiepa pūtau;
• Urea i roto i te hanganga o ngā hua matū pirau;
• plastids hapa;
• uri i te tikanga o pua.

I teie mahana Tapeke reira e pā ana ki 250 mano momo o enei rauropi. Te nuinga o ratou - harore kotahi-tahi.

Whakarōpū o te harore rauropi pūtau

Ki te taua kanorau reira he he hiahia i roto i te whakarōpūtanga. Na reira, a ka systematized reira harore pūtau-tahi katoa, tauira o e taea te iti, ki te whakaaro tatou ki te whakarōpūtanga oti.

kihai i te tīariari reira Single tenei ra, pera kore e te taua rerekē kaituhi. Ko te kupu, te whakarato 4 ngā rōpū matua.

1. Deuteromycetes - ka karanga ano hoki harore tia ore. Kaua e whai tikanga whakaputa uri tōkai. Māngai sklerotium, Rhizoctonia, he maha ngā momo o Candida.
2. Chytridiomycota - matatini harore pūtau-tahi, te mycelium fakafofonga'i nei e ngā hanganga branched roa kei roto otaota mai maha. Māngai olpidium, silhitrium, spizellomy, monoblefaridy me etahi atu. Ko te nuinga o āhua moana ranei āhua-moana, he pirinoa o moana, me te wai tipu me ngā kararehe.
3. Zygomycetes - angamaheni harore rauropi pūtau, etahi māngai o te mycelium ki te torutoru taiepa ngoikore. Māngai Mucor, trihomitsety, spinellusy, zoopagalisy me etahi atu. Ko nga tangata o te oneone, me pirinoa tangata, kararehe, me ngā otaota i roto ia ratou.
4. Ascomycetes - tino multicellular, engari i reira e ano harore pūtau-tahi. Tauira: rewena, morels, truffles, ngā rārangi, me te tahi atu Parmelee. ka te reira i tona ingoa mo te hanganga āhuatanga o te tautohe, e te hunga kua huaina ascospores. Ētahi māngai o te ngaro i roto i te ora te kaha ki te whakaputa uri tōkai, a kua tuku ratou i Deuteromycetes, e ko te harore tia ore.

he ona ake peculiarities me ngā āhuatanga, me te ake anake te momo o te tino kanorau tari ia. He ara ngā o te ora, he mea nui ki te uara ōhanga. I tua atu, te tākaro he wāhi kaiao nui i roto i te natura harore.

Āhuatanga o te hanganga me te ara o te ora

I mua i whakahoki te pātai: "Te whakaahua i te wāhi o te harore rauropi pūtau i roto i te natura", kia whakaaro ratou hanganga ngā, me te āhua noho. I muri i te katoa, ko reira i tenei, a ka whakawhirinaki ki runga ki te aha uara e whai ratou mo nga kaiao a tawhio noa, tae atu te hunga hoki te tangata.

Ko te kupu, ko te hanganga o nga harore rauropi pūtau āhuatanga.

1. Mycelium kore ranei whakawhanakehia i te katoa, ranei te tino ngoikore. Ka taea te māngai reira e te-matua maha pūtau kotahi ranei ki tetahi karihi.
2. Reproduction te tikanga tōkai, ahakoa mo te tokomaha āhuatanga o te tukanga fakasekisualé.
3. zoospores I roto i ngā māngai moana i hanga (chytridiomycota), e neke noa i roto i te wai i te tikanga o te flagella. I roto i te ascomycetes spore tinana motuhake peke i roto i nei te ascospores pakeke. e kore e ratou tau nui e waru nga wahi.
4. Ētahi Zygomycetes oneone hanga mycorrhiza ki pakiaka rakau.
5. tomo harore ta'ehaohaoa ki symbiosis ki te huakita, te hanga kombucha hauora.

I roto i te whānui, ko tata ōrite te hanganga o tata katoa harore, me te te hanganga pūtau ā-. Aita e hi'oraa e, te rawa tia ore ia ranei. Na reira, ko tonu te pūtake o te whakarōpūtanga te āhuatanga matua - te tikanga o te uri.

Āhuatanga āhua:

1. Ko te nuinga nui - faahepo nei me werau facultative.
2. E rave rahi i urutau ki te ora i roto i te te wai oneone ranei.
3. Ētahi māngai E faatae mai nui o whākōkī ki te taiao, ki te taka kai hoki ratou. Ahakoa kahore he he mycelium branched, etahi rauropi hua rhizoids kikokore, e kua piri ki te tïpako, ka hopu (mimiti) te kai.
4. I roto i Zygomycetes whai māngai motuhake - zoopagalisy. ka te reira i tona ingoa mo te āhua konihi. hopu ratou torongū weuweu piripiri o pepeke, nematodes me ētahi atu kararehe pūtau, ka kai ratou, horokai, te waho.
5. I roto i te tukanga o te ora, he maha māngai (rawa rewena) e taea ki te whakaputa i taero nui, whākōkī, pūhui nui matū.

Te tāutu ngā āhuatanga noa o te āhua noho katoa he uaua, no te mea he nui rawa te maha o ngā momo. Na reira ko te reira pai ki te noho i runga i te auau tino me nui mo te tangata.

Ko te tukanga o te uri

Kua haamaramaramahia kua matou e te āhuatanga matua o te kaiao i roto i te pātai - ko te ara o te fakatupú reira. Ka taea te kawea uri o te harore rauropi pūtau i roto i roto i ngā huarahi e toru:

• moepuku;
• vegetatively;
• asexually.

Whakaaroa nga kōwhiringa katoa i roto i te taipitopito atu.

1. whakaputa uri tōtahi tā te hanganga o pua i roto i sporangia ngā motuhake. Na, mo te tauira, kei te neke zoospores chytrid, i ascomycete - ascospores take endogenous.
2. Vegetative mō te hua pūtau-tahi tā māngai. Ko, kotahi pūtau me te riro te tupu he tinana motuhake. Ko te take i roto i te rewena, e e te tikanga whakaaro ki te kia te rua te harore pūtau-tahi tenei.
3. puta rerekē te tukanga fakasekisualé i roto i ngā momo rerekē. Heoi, E wātea ana kōwhiringa e toru katoa: heterogamy, oogamy me isogamy. I roto i tetahi take, takoto te ngako i roto i te hononga o tohuhema ki te hanga i te whakatō kākano. Nuinga o ngā wā, kua taupokina ai a reira ki te anga pūrerehu, a i roto i te āhua o te okiokinga mo te ia. I muri i tenei tīmata ki te hanga i mycelium me tupu te tinana hou. Ahakoa i roto i te take o te oraraa o māngai multicellular o nga wahi tane, he wahine o te pātai. Just tohu te aroaro o "+" me "-" taha o te mycelium, e hanumi ki te hanga i dikaryons.

O te akoranga, i reira e miramira ana hoki i taua tokoni ki te tautuhi i te tahi mau melo. Heoi, ko te tauira whakatö harore rauropi pūtau whānui ara whakaahuatia ana i runga te hunga.

Penicillium me ona āhuatanga

He aha te penicillium - he harore pūtau-tahi, e kore e taea e matou te mea. Ko te mea, ko te e no ia ki te piha haapiiraa o māngai o pakete, te nuinga o nei ko te māmā o te whakahaere. Na maha, a ka, ka kiia ia ki ngā āhuatanga rite. Heoi, ko te penicillium, me tona hoa tata, Aspergillus - Ko te taata tei mau o te mycelium Pekanga multicellular.

I kitea tenei mushroom e Ernest Duchesne i 1897. Ko ia te tangata e tuatahi kumea ana whakarongo ki te ara i roto i whakamahia Arapia he ƒpüata≈ hoki puwhero ke ki te whakaora i te patunga o hoiho. Wherawhera i te hanganga, te tangata taitama (a ko te mēmeke tau 23 anake tau) ka tae ki te mutunga e tenei tinana - ko reira he harore, e he āhuatanga antibacterial, rite taea whakangaro eysherihiyu ki te - tetahi o nga huakita tino whakarihariha, me te pathogenic.

Hoki te wa roa mo tona whakatuwheratanga whakarongo kahore tetahi. I roto i te 1949, Fleming whakamatauria tupuna, me te antibacterial o te harore, a ka mohio te kaiaka o te mēmeke, ahakoa i muri i anake te matenga o te whakamutunga.

Ko te wāhanga matua i whakamahia mo te hanga o te rongoā paturopi medicament - he rongoā paturopi whakaputaina i roto i te ora o te rauropi.

poru

Ki te te whakahoki ki te pātai: "Te whakaahua i te wāhi o te harore rauropi pūtau i roto i te natura," ka kore e taea e tatou e te mea e pā ana ki ētahi atu māngai o pokepokea ai. I muri i te katoa, noho te nuinga o ratou i runga i te whenua, hoatu ana e ia he urukehu grayish kikorangi ranei i te puka o te tohu. I te wa ano te whāwehe o mea waro mate. Na reira, i roto i te āhua o te harore whai te tūranga o ngā nēhi.

tino nui mo te tangata e te whai ake māngai:

• Aspergillus;
• penicillium;
• "Pirau Noble";
• "Pirau Noble".

Katoa o ratou - whai wāhi mātātoa i roto i te tukanga o te faaineineraa o te tiihi onge me te monamona, waina, tāpiritanga kai, paturopi, me ētahi atu matū tino.

Mucor

Ko te māngai tino angamaheni o te kaiao i roto i te pātai - Mucor. harore rauropi pūtau e he nui nui kouru i hanga mycelium ki tetahi anake pūtau. Pātaki i roto ia ia. E pā ana te reira ki te pakete tari Zygomycetes.

Ka karanga whai hua, he uaua tenei harore, no te mea i tona paetae matua - he spoilage me te hanganga o maha mucormycosis. Heoi, etahi whakamahia tonu i te tangata mō te hanga "rewena Hainamana". Ko te rewena motuhake, e te kaimahi hoki i te faaineineraa o etahi kai tenei. Hei tauira, soy tīhi. Ētahi momo o Mucor ko te puna o whākōkī me paturopi.

I runga i te pūtake o te raraunga, me ngā hua o te harore koroni hanga paninga fluffy o kirīmi me te hina, e āta wehea ngā ki te kanohi tahanga.

rewena

Hoki te harore rauropi pūtau ngā taua māngai rite rewena harore. Heoi, kia i titiro enei rauropi rite te tuarua pūtau-tahi, no te mea e ora ratou mnogopochkuyuschimisya koroni. Ko te mycelium o ia rauropi pūtau māngai, kahore pātaki. Ko te tata tahi-oraraa o puka maha hanga whakaaro tetahi o kaiao multicellular.

I roto i te whānui, rewena - harore tino whai hua. Ehara i te katoa, o te akoranga, engari he tokomaha o ratou. Na, kua whakamahia ratou iwi mai i nga wa onamata mō te tunu taro, production waina, me te kōpiro. Tetahi 6 mano. Tau BC. e. enei te whakamahia i roto i Ihipa, i nga wahi katoa.

tunua taro ki ngā toenga tawhito rewena. Tenei arahina ki te tupu o te ahurea, ka tino mārama, me te ira kākahu. Heoi tenei ra i reira e "kamaka" o te rewena e kore i hanga e te kunenga mai i roto i te āhua me te ko te hua o ngā mahi a te tangata.

He āhuatanga ngā o te rewena ko e he ratou pirinoa facultative. Ko, i te aroaro o te hāora ki a ratou manawa noa, te tuku hauhā. Otiia ano i raro i ngā āhuatanga anaerobic kore e ngaro, oxidizing huka (FERMENTATION).

momo rerekē o te rewena ahei o whāwhā te tïpako pāhiwihiwi. Ka taea e anake ētahi rīriri huka ohie, hexoses. Ko reira te hunga e kua tukinotia warowaihā kore anake, engari ano hoki pūmua, lipids, waikawa.

Tangata nui te hunga hua e kua tukua rite ki te hua o te mahi faufaa o raraunga harore. ara:

• diacetyl;
• waipiro isoamyl;
• hinu fusel;
• pūngāwhā dimethyl, me ētahi atu.

Ko te huinga o enei matū whakatau te kounga o te hua. Kei te tika kitea tenei i roto i ona āhuatanga organoleptic.

māngai harore rauropi pūtau pirinoa

I roto i te pirinoa tino mōrearea e pūtau-tahi hunga e meinga mate fungal i roto i te tangata, me te kararehe, me te he momo o te pokepokea ai, me te pirau i roto i ngā tipu.

1. Trichophyton ko mikrosporum - rua momo e meinga mate kiri nui i roto i te tangata.
2. Fungi o te puninga Candida - mate take Candidiasis.
3. Dermatophytes - harore e meinga mate o te pereti titi - onychomycosis.
4. Piedra, ekzofila, malaziza - meinga hawahawa rerekē i runga i nga wahi o te tinana.
5. harore Black Hari ai te mate, e faaite ake ki pāti pango i runga i te arero o te tangata me te kararehe.
6. Phytophthora - he harore mōrearea e pāngia e te tipu, me te ai te hanganga o te pirau pango i roto i te pakiaka me rau.

Na ko te rārangi wāhanga o te hunga māngai e e pathogenic, kino, me te tino mōrearea ki te hauora me te hua tenei.

Ko te tūranga o te harore pūtau-tahi i roto i te āhua

Ki te fehangahangai koe te wero o te mahere taua: "Te whakaahua i te wāhi o te harore pūtau-tahi," kia te mea tuatahi ki te tautuhi i te taua painga katoa. Kua kua tokomaha whakahuatia matou o ratou:

• whakamahia i roto i te ahumahi matū;
• te kai;
• E whakamahia hoki te faaineineraa o te kai ahuwhenua;
• Ko ratou kaiwhakapopo tūturu o te mea waro, e ko, ngā tapuhi me etahi atu.

Otiia ano e kore e ti'a ia tatou e wareware e pā ana ki te āhuatanga, o nei i reira he nui. I muri i te katoa, te nuinga o te harore rauropi pūtau - kaiao pirinoa.