Austenite - he aha te mea tenei?

Heat maimoatanga o te maitai - ko te tikanga kaha ki te whakaawe tona hanganga me ngā āhuatanga. Kei te hāngai te reira i runga i whakarerekētanga o te wini whakakahokaho karaihe rite te mahi o te pāmahana o te kēmu. Ko te tikanga ngā i roto i te rino-waro koranu e taea e hakari ferrite, pearlite, cementite me austenite. Ko te whakamutunga E whai wāhi nui i roto i te katoa o panoni waiariki i roto i te maitai.

whakamāramatanga

Steel - he koranu o te rino, me te waro, ai te mea ki runga ki te 2.14% o ariā te ihirangi waro, engari reira he hangarau ngā hāngai i roto i te moni e kore neke atu i 1.3%. Nä, ko te hanganga katoa e kua hanga e reira i raro i te mau mana o waho, he rerekē hoki alloys.

Ko te ariā he ratou oraraa i roto i te 4 rerekētanga: kătahi otinga totoka, he otinga mārō o te okotahi, he ranunga aunoa i te purapura pūhui matū ranei.

Austenite - he waro ngota otinga granetsentricheskuyu kătahi totoka i roto i te mea ripekapeka karaihe pūtoru o rino, tuku ki rite γ. Kei te whakaurua waro ngota ki te kōhao o te wini whakakahokaho γ-rino. Ko tōna āhuatanga nui te hunga kōputaputa i waenganui i ngā ngota Fe, e whakamārama te iti haere ratou i roto i te "taiepa" o te hanganga turanga. I hanga i roto i huringa pāmahana o ferrite me pearlite i te whakanui ake i te 727˚S wera i runga ake.

Ko te hoahoa o alloys rino-waro

Kauwhata i huaina wāhanga hoahoa o te rino-cementite hangaia e te tamataraa, ko te whakaatu mārama o rerekē taea katoa o panoni i roto i steels me maka rino. uara motuhake mō te pāmahana i homai te nui o waro i roto i te koranu hanga he wāhi tino i roto i nei i reira e nui ngā rerekētanga hanganga i roto i te tukanga whakawera tautauā ranei, i whai ahua ai hoki e ratou he aho tino.

rārangi GSE e kei wāhi me Ac ₃ Ac _m, whakaatu te taumata o te waro memehatanga ki te whakanui ake i ngā taumata wera.

Āhuatanga mātauranga

Austenite - he hanganga i hanga e te i roto i maitai whakawera. A, no te ki te pāmahana tino whai ahua ai Onemata me rauemi wāhi ferrite.

rerekētanga whakawera:

1. Uniform, tae noa ki te taenga te uara e hiahiatia ana, he tufaa poto meangiti. Tei runga i te āhuatanga o te koranu, kia hanga e te austenite rite he tino wāhanga ranei.
2. Te ara puhoi i te pāmahana, o te tiaki i te taumata tutuki o te wera ki te hanga i te austenite parakore te wā roa.

Ko te āhuatanga o te rauemi wera, me te taua e e puta rite ki te hua o te tautauā. Tei nui i runga i te taumata tutuki e te wera. He mea nui ki te karo pukā perepal ranei.

Microstructure me Āhuatanga

Ia o nga wāhanga, angamaheni o alloys rino-waro, ahu ki te ake i te hanganga o ngā huānga me purapura. austenite hanganga - pereti he āhua tata ki te ngira-rite me te hinengaro, me te potakataka. A, no te rewa tino waro i roto i te purapura γ-rino i te āhua, kahore te marama inclusions cementite pouri.

Ko te pakeke o 170-220 HB. Ko raro atu i taua o te ferrite kawenga Thermal me hiko. e kore e wātea āhuatanga autō.

Rerekē me te auau meangiti arata'i ki te hanganga o putanga rerekē o te kāwanatanga "makariri": martensite, bainite, troostite, sorbitol, Onemata. E ratou hanganga ngira-rite, engari rerekē manene matūriki, te rahi witi me te korakora cementite.

Mana o te meangiti austenite

puta pirau austenite i roto i te ngā tino taua. Tei Ko tōna whai huatanga i runga i te āhuatanga e whai ake nei:

1. Ko te tere o te tautauā. Pānga te āhua o te poke waro, te hanganga o te purapura, hanganga o te microstructure whakamutunga me ona āhuatanga. Tei te reira i runga i te taiao, whakamahia nei te rite te coolant.
2. tuku iho te ki te tetahi taumata pāmahana, te tiaki i te wera te kainga i roto i te tetahi wa, i muri i tonu tautauā tere te, ranei ahakoa puta te reira i roto i te taha ki te taputapu whakawera (oumu) - te wātea wae isothermal runga tetahi o nga wāhanga o te pirau.

Ko te kupu, taratahi me te tonu panoni isothermal o austenite.

Āhuatanga o panoni huru. tūtohi

tenei hoahoa huringa austenite - kauwhata e whakaatu ana i te tauira o te huringa o te microstructure whakarewa i roto i te wā wa i runga i te huringa pāmahana rānei C-āhua. Ko te tautauā tūturu tonu. E anake etahi wāhanga takoha pupuri wera. whakaahua ana i te kauwhata i te tikanga isothermal.

Ka taea e Pūāhua e ruia ana, me te Diffusionless.

I te huringa tere paerewa whakaiti wera purapura te tūringiringi austenite puta. timata nga ngota rohe tapepe thermodynamic ki te neke tahi. Ko te hunga e kore e nei whakahaere ki tomo te wini whakakahokaho rino, i whai ahua ai inclusions cementite. E piri ratou e nga matūriki tata o te waro, wetekina o ona tioata. i hanga Cementite te i te rohe o te purapura vavahiraa. tioata e purea kėia pereti ferrite tēnā. i hanga hanganga marara te - ranunga o purapura, te rahi me te kukū o e tei runga i te'oi'oi o tautauā me te ihirangi o te waro i roto i te koranu. I hanga i rite Onemata me ona wāhanga takawaenga: sorbitol, troostite, bainite.

Ki te tino tere pāmahana whakaiti kore whāwehe austenite e āhua diffusive. distortion karaihe matatini puta i roto i nei ngota katoa wā kotahi neke i roto i te manureva, kahore te huri wāhi. Ko te kore o te tūringiringi whai wāhi ki te putanga o te martensite.

Ko te pānga o te tinei i runga i ngā āhuatanga whāwehe austenite. martensite

Pakeke - he momo o te maimoatanga wera, e tino ngā i roto i te whakawera ake tere ki pāmahana teitei i runga ake i te wāhi tino me te Ac ₃ Ac _m, aru i te tautauā tere. Ki te te hekenga i roto i te pāmahana e wahi ki te wai i te tere o te neke atu i te 200 ° C ia tuarua, ka he wāhanga acicular he ingoa martensite mārō.

Ko te otinga totoka supersaturated o waro i roto i te kătahi rino momo karaihe ripekapeka ki α. hē No te mea o te nekehanga ngota kaha te ka hanga te taiepa ripekapeka tetragonal e te kaimahi take pakeke. Ko te hanganga i hanga he rōrahi nui. rohe i te tioata hua i rererangi kōpeke papa paraharaha, nucleate acicular.

Martensite - roa, me te rawa pakeke (700-750 HB). I hanga anake rite ki te hua o te tinei nui-tere.

Tempering. hanganga tūringiringi

Austenite - Ko te hanganga o e taea te āwenewene hua bainite, troostite, sorbite, me Onemata. Ki te puta te tautauā tinei mō velocities raro, kawea te faafariuraa i roto i tūringiringi, whakaahuatia ana i runga i to ratou tikanga.

Troost - he Onemata, āhuatanga nei i te he nui rawa o te purara. I hanga i i 100 ° C hekenga i roto i te mahana o te kau. tohaina he maha nui o purapura pai o te ferrite me cementite te i runga i te waka rererangi katoa. "Ka whakapakeke" i rawe ki āhua pereti cementite me troostite hua i tempering muri, kua he whakakitenga potakataka. Pakeke - HB 600-650.

Bainite - he wāhanga takawaenga, i te mea he nui atu ara tioata o ranunga nui-marara o ferrite me cementite. E ai ki nga āhuatanga hangarau me te hangarau iti iho ki te martensite, engari nui troostite. I hanga i roto i te whānuitanga pāmahana te wahi te tūringiringi e taea, me te kaha kōpeketanga me neke te hanganga, tioata ki te tahuri ki te martensite - iti.

Sorbitol - te momo acicular ngā wāhanga pearlitic pokepoke, i meangiti tere o te 10 ° C ia te rua. He takawaenga i waenganui i troostite me pearlite āhuatanga mahi aunoa.

Onemata - he plurality o purapura o ferrite me cementite, e ai kia potakataka, ranei pereti hanga. I hanga i rite ki te hua o te whāwehe maeneene o te austenite i te meangiti 1s auau ia te rua.

Peteheana troostite me - tirohia ki te hanganga tineia, ia taea te hanga e sorbitol me Onemata me tempering, kōpeke ana me te Whakapūnoa āhuatanga e tautuhi te āhua me te rahi o te purapura.

Pānga o te kōpeke ana i runga i te whāwehe ngā austenite

Tata ki te katoa momo o kōpeke ana me te māori e hāngai ana i runga i te huringa tau utuutu o te austenite. whakamahia tonu, me te wahi-wa kōpeke ana te ki te doevtektoidnyh steels. Kōrero te tahu i roto i te oumu i runga i nga ngā tino Ac ₁ ko Ac _3, aua. Hoki te momo tuatahi āhuatanga e te wā puaretanga auroa, e whakarite te faafariuraa oti: austenite-ferrite-austenite me pearlite. Aru e billets tautauā puhoi i roto i te oumu. I te putanga hoatu ranunga pai o ferrite me pearlite, kahore taumahatanga ā-me te totoka kirihou. kōpeke ana ngohengohe iti pūngao-kaha, e taui te hanganga o Onemata anake, ferrite mahue tata tonu. Māori titau te auau teitei o heke te pāmahana, Heoi, atu kirihou me te iti iho te hanganga pokepoke i te putanga. Hoki maitai koranu ki te ihirangi waro o i 0.8 ki te 1.3%, ka te matao o roto i te pirau māori puta ki: austenite, pearlite, austenite-cementite.

Ko tētahi atu momo o te maimoatanga wera e hāngai nei ki runga i te panoni hanganga, he homogenisation. Ko reira hāngai ki ngā wāhanga nui. fakahu'unga reira pūmau whakatutuki kāwanatanga pokepoke austenitic i pāmahana 1000-1200˚S me manawanui i roto i te oumu i roto i te wā ki runga ki te 15 haora. tonu ngā tukanga Isothermal tautauā puhoi, e whai wāhi ana ki te aifaitoraa o te hanganga whakarewa.

kōpeke ana isothermal

Ia o enei tikanga o awe te whakarewa mo ngä o māramatanga i titiro rite huringa isothermal o austenite. Heoi, He āhuatanga ia o ratou anake i te wā ngā. I roto i te vairaa mau, huringa puta ki te hekenga on o te wera, te tere o e whakatau te hua.

Ko tētahi ara e ko tata ki te tikanga pai - kōpeke ana isothermal. ngā ano tōna ngako i roto i te whakawera, me te te rongo ki te tiango oti o hanganga katoa i roto i te austenite. te kitenga o te tautauā i roto i te maha o ngā wāhanga, e whai wāhi ana ki te pōturi, atu roa me te ake thermally pūmau o tona pirau.

1. Te maturuturunga iho tere i roto i te pāmahana ki te uara i raro 100 ° C ki Ac ₁ wāhi.
2. uara pupuri Whakaū tutuki (whakanohoia i roto i te oumu) mo te wa roa noa otinga o te hanganga o te wāhanga ferritic-pearlitic.
3. Meangiti i roto i tonu rangi.

He hāngai hoki te tikanga steels koranu, e kua āhuatanga e te aroaro o te austenite wäriu i roto i te āhua paemahana.

austenite wäriu me steels austenitic

I te tahi taime te mea e ahei pirau wāhanga, ka reira te mea he austenite wäriu. Ka taea e puta tenei i roto i te āhuatanga e whai ake nei:

1. tautauā tere rawa ka puta wehenga oti. Ko te wāhanga hanganga o te bainite martensite ranei.
2. High maitai waro koranu iti ranei, mo e kua faingataa tukanga marara panoni austenite. E titau te reira i te whakamahi o ngā tikanga maimoatanga wera motuhake, pēnei i, mo te tauira, homogenization isothermal kōpeke ana ranei.

Hoki high-- whakaahuatia No tukanga e panoni. Alloying maitai ki nika, konupora, whakatairanga chromium te hanganga o austenite rite te hanganga totoka tuatahi e kore nei e rapua e te mau mana atu. Kei te āhuatanga steels Austenitic i kaha nui, te waikura resistance me te ātete wera, resistance wera me te ātete ki ngā āhuatanga pukuriri mahi uaua.

Austenite - Ko te hanganga i te mea e taea, kahore hanga kahore nui-pāmahana whakawera o te rino, me te whai wāhi nei i roto i tata katoa ona tikanga maimoatanga wera ki te whakapai ake i ngā āhuatanga hangarau me te tukatuka.