Dzheyms Chedvik: biography, whakaahua, tuwhera

Tā Dzheyms Chedvik (Photo tangohia i roto i te tuhinga) - ahupūngao Ingarihi me Nobel Laureate, e riro rongo i muri i te kitea o te iramoe. Kua faufaa ke te reira i te ahupūngao o taua wa, ka whakaaetia pūtaiao ki te waihanga tūemi hou, engari arahina ano hoki ki te kitea o te whakangotangota me tona whakamahinga mō te hōia, me te take rangimarie. ko Chadwick roto te rōpū o kaipūtaiao Ingarangi, e i roto i te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao i āwhina te US te whakawhanake i te poma ngota.

Dzheyms Chedvik: he haurongo poto

whanau Chadwick i roto i Bollingtone, Cheshire, Ingarangi, Oketopa 20, 1891, te tama a Dzhona Dzhozefa ko Anne Meri Noulz. ako ia i te kura tiketike tūmatanui rohe timatanga me Manchester. Ko te ono riro te karahipi i te University o Manchester. hiahia James ki ako pāngarau, engari pōhēhē tae kauhau talateu i runga i te ahupūngao me te whakauru i roto i tenei motuhake. I te tuatahi, i ia ruarua e pā ana ki tona whakatau, engari i muri i te tuatahi o nga tau o ako, kitea ia atu ngā te akoranga. i whakauru Chadwick i te piha haapiiraa o Ernest Rutherford, te wahi ako ia hiko me te autō, me te kaiako i muri i whakaritea kaupapa rangahau Hemi i runga i te konutuki huānga iraruke.

akoranga wawe

puta Dzheyms Chedvik i 1911, ka haere tonu ki te mahi ki a Rutherford mo absorption o kama ki tohu o te ariki i te 1913. wāhi Supervisor ki tona whakaaro o karaati rangahau, i karanga a hoki mahi wāhi kē. faaoti ia ki te ako i roto i Berlin ki Hans Geiger, e tae mai Manchester i te wa ka riro tohu o te ariki Hemi. I roto i tenei wā, whakapumautia Chadwick te oraraa o te tūāwhiorangi tonu o te peta radiation e pehi kairangahau, ka arahina ki te kitea o te neutrino.

E noho i roto i te puni

Taimi nounou ki mu'a te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao, ka he mooni mahi hōia, fakatokanga Geiger Chadwick e hoki wawe tonu ia ki Ingarangi. ko James puputuu kamupene tohutohu haere, a noho ana a tae te mutunga o te whawhai i roto i te puni POW Tiamana. I roto i nga tau e rima o tona whare herehere i taea ki te whiriwhiri ki te kaitiaki, me te whakahaere fluorescence rangahau taketake Chadwick.

Ko te mahi i te taiwhanga Cavendish

Dzheyms Chedvik, i nga tūponotanga katoa ki te kia oti i roto i 1918 nei haurongo kei roto i te ahupūngao, te whakawhetai ki te mau tautooraa o Rutherford hoki ki te pūtaiao, me te whakau i te tiaki karihi i rite ki te tau ngota. I te 1921, i whakawhiwhia ia he karahipi rangahau i Cambridge College Gonville ko Keyes, a ka tuarua i te tau e whai ake nei ki a Rutherford i te Cavendish Laboratory.

Mahi i nga ra, ia kitea tonu wa mo te rangahau, aronga o nei rite te katoa i te whakaaro e Rutherford. ka tonu Chadwick me mate mutunga Charles D. Ellis akoranga i roto i te Trinity College ko Rutherford, tirotiro huānga transmutation ka takiwā ki korakora ārepa (karihi haumāmā). Ko te rōpū rangahau i roto i Vienna, korerotia i runga i te hua kore e e ōrite ana ki te raraunga whiwhi e te taiwhanga Cavendish, te tika o e kua tōtikatia awhina e atu ngā Chadwick, me ana hoa.

I roto i te 1925, ka moea e James Aileen Stewart-Brown. i whanau i te tokorua kua tamahine māhanga.

I roto i waenganui i te 1920 whakahaere Dzheyms Chedvik ngā i runga i te tukituki o ngā korakora ārepa i pihi te ūnga i konganuku, tae atu te koura, me te konukarihi, a ka te nuinga o te haumāmā nei matua kua te papatipu taua ki te korakora ārepa. i hangarite apuhau, a faataa Chadwick reira i roto i te 1930 rite te āhuatanga aronui.

Ko te kitea o te iramoe

Hoki i roto i 1920, whakaarohia Rutherford te oraraa o te matūriki electrically kūpapa i huaina iramoe ki te whakamārama i te oraraa o kanoirite hauwai. whakapono matou e ngā tenei matūriki o te irahiko me te iraoho, engari kua kore i kitea te take o te hanganga.

I roto i te 1930, ka kitea taua mea e, no te takiwā ki te hihi Arepa karihi marama tukuna polonium maranga ongó radiation i waho te tiaki hiko. I mahara te reira ki hihi kama. Heoi, ka whakamahi i nga he hihi ūnga teriuma maha nga wa atu ongó atu te whakamahi i te tahi atu mau materia. I roto i te tau 1931, Chadwick, me tona hoa Maori te whakaaro e mau i whakaaturia hihi kūpapa ki te oraraa o te iramoe.

I roto i te 1932, he ongo me'a mali o kairangahau Iren Kyuri me Frederika Zholio whakakitea e ko te radiation teriuma atu ongó atu te hunga korerotia e kairangahau o mua, engari ka karanga ano hoki ratou kama reira hihi. lau Dzheyms Chedvik te pūrongo, me te tonu tīmata ki te mahi i runga i te tātai o te papatipu matūriki kūpapa, e pai e taea ki te whakamārama i te hua hou. whakamahia e ia teriuma radiation ki te karawhiuwhiu i ngā āhuatanga, me te kitea e he rite ki te mana o te matūriki kūpapa ki te puranga tata ōrite ki te nga hua papatipu o te iraoho. Ko te haamauraa whakamātautau o te oraraa o te iramoe. I roto i 1925 mo tenei paetae, riro Chadwick te Nobel i te ahupūngao.

Mai i iramoe tauhohenga karihi

Iramoe kua hohoro riro te taputapu o physicists whakamahi i te reira ki te tomo i te ngota o te huānga me ratou panoni, na karihi pai whakatupato reira e kore te fakalili'a. Ko te kupu, rite Chadwick te ara ki te wehenga o te konukarihi-235 me patu karihi. I roto i te 1932, mo tenei kitea nui i whakawhiwhia e ia te Hughes Medal, a i roto i te tau 1935 i te Nobel. Na ka ako ia i kitea Hans Falkenhagen te iramoe i te wa ano ki a ia, engari i wehi ki te whakaputa i o ratou hua. mataotao Tiamana tano i peka te tuku ki te faaite i te Nobel, i hoatu ki a ia Dzheyms Chedvik.

Ko te kitea o te iramoe i tauturu hanga āhuatanga transuranic i roto i te taiwhanga. arahina tenei ki te kitea o Nobel toa Enrico Fermi tauhohe karihi piri e ngā iramoe puhoi, me te kitea nga Utaina Tiamana Otto Hahn me Strassmann o whakangotangota, i i te pānga o te hanga patu karihi o.

Ko te mahi i runga i te poma ngota

I roto i te 1935, ka Dzheyms Chedvik Ahorangi o ahupūngao i te University o Liverpool. E ai ki nga hua o te pukapuka o Frisch-Peierls, 1940, te whaihuanga o te haamauraa i te pahū karihi , i whakaritea e ia ki te Komiti Maud ki te titiro i tēnei take i roto i te taipitopito atu. I te tau 1940 tae mai ia Amerika Te Tai Tokerau i te Tizard misioni ki te whakawhanake i mahi tahi i roto i te rangahau karihi. I muri e hoki ki Ingarangi, ua faaoti ia e kore e mahi i te reira tae noa ki te mea i runga i te whawhai.

I roto i Hakihea o te taua tau Frensis Saymon, e mahi i roto i te Maud, kitea ha faingamālie ki wehe te kanoirite konukarihi-235. I roto i tona pūrongo parau ia i whakarite ai, me ngā whakaritenga hangarau mo te hanganga o te hinonga nui mō te konukarihi haamaitairaa. i muri i tuhituhi Chadwick e na anake te kitenga ia e te pahū karihi i taea e kore anake mooni engari. Mai taua taime i ia ki te tīmata tango pire moe. Hemi me rōpū poma te tikanga tautokona o U-235, a whakaaetia tona tuku i tūringiringi o te kanoirite U-238.

ora putanga

I maoro haere ia ki Los Alamos, te tari matua o te Project Manhattan, a tahi ki Niels Bohr hoatu mahu'inga tohutohu ki nga ngā o te poma ngota maturuturu iho i runga i Hiroshima me Nagasaki. Chedvik Dzheyms, i nei ngā āhuatanga radically ke te akoranga o te aamu o te taata, i roto i 1945, i te Tā.

I te mutunga o te Pakanga II o te Ao, ka hoki ia ki tona pou i Liverpool. rihaina Chadwick i 1958. I muri te haamau'araa kotahi tekau nga tau i roto i Te Tai Tokerau Wales, ka hoki ia ki a Cambridge i 1969, i reira ka mate ia Hōngongoi 24, 1974.