Dzhon Fon Neyman: Haurongo, me te rārangi pukapuka

Ko wai te mea te von Neumann? Ko maheni ki te marea whānui o te taupori tona ingoa, kihai i te kaipūtaiao noa mohio he nui te pānga i roto i te pāngarau teitei. Ko te mea, ko te e kua whakawhanakehia reira he arorau whānui o te mahi o te rorohiko. Ki te rā, kua whakatinana reira i roto i mirioni o rorohiko kāinga me te tari.

Ko te paetae rahi o Neumann

I karangatia e ia te mīhini tangata-pāngarau, he parakore arorau tangata. Ia pono hari ina tutaki ia he mahi uaua ariā e titau whakaae kore anake, engari i mua ano hoki ki te hanganga o tenei taputapu ahurei. Te pūtaiao ia, me tona haehaa mua, rawa poto, i roto i nga tau tata nei - e toru ngā - i kite i tona takoha ki pāngarau:

- turanga o rehe aronui;

- hanganga o te ariā o ngā e oti'a;

- ariā ergodic.

i kore noa whakahua ia ona takoha ki te ariā o ngā kēmu, te putanga o rorohiko hiko, automata ariā. Ko te mārama tenei, no te mea ka korerorero ia e pā ana ki te pāngarau mātauranga, te wahi mea ana whakatutukitanga tihi rite mīharo o te maramarama tangata, me te mahi Anri Puankare, Rawiri Hilbert, Germana Veylya.

momo sangvinistichesky whakahoahoa

Ahakoa haamana'o e me ki te kaha mahulu ki te mahi, i te tikanga faahiahia o te whakakatakata von Neumann ki ana hoa katoa, ko he kaikauhau pakiwaitara ngingila, me tona whare i roto i Princeton (i muri i neke ki te United States) i mohiotia rite te manaaki tino me hoa. Hoa o te wairua e kore e chayali reira, a ka karanga noa kanohi noa i te ingoa o Johnny.

Ko ia he mathematician tino mohiotia. moni Hungarian i roto i te iwi, i tona kawekawe rerekē takaro. Heoi, ko ia neke atu i faaoroma'i o paruparu taata. Ko te mea anake i ia tino maro, - i roto i te ti'a ore mātauranga.

Pūtaiao rite kohikohi paruparu tangata me quirks mo te huinga o tatauranga pūnaha ine. aroha ia hītori, tuhituhinga, meka ma'uloto encyclopedic me ngā rā. Von Neumann anake te reo Māori reo korero Ingarihi, Tiamana, Wīwī. ka korero ia ano, ahakoa kahore i waho kohakore, i Pāniora. tai'o ahau i roto i te reo Kariki,.

titiro reira rite tenei poto? tangata ki tonu i te teitei reo i roto i te take hina ki te kiwi e leisurely, engari pāhiwihiwi, engari te hopoia māhorahora tere, me te decelerating. Ongó titiro. conversationalist pai. I ngā kaupapa o te moni i taea te kōrero mō te haora.

, Me te houkuratanga

haamata Haurongo von Neumann ki 23.12.1903 tau. I taua ra i roto i Budapest i te tuaana whānau i whanau Max von Neumann János, te kaumatua o ana tama e toru. Te reira i a ia i roto i te heke mai puta noa te Atlantic ki riro Hoani. Kia pehea te nui te auraa mātauranga tano i roto i te ora o te tangata, te whakawhanake ratou aravihi tūturu! i mua i Ahakoa utua te kura rite Hoani kaiako papa. Kua riro mātauranga Tuarua te tamaiti i roto i te whiriwhiri o te Lutheran Gymnasium. E te ara, me ia ako ano hoki E. Wigner, he toa Nobel heke mai.

Na ka puta te tangata taitama nga University o Budapest. Ki tona oaoa, ara i roto i te kura nui i János tutaki he kaiako o te kiore Pāngarau Laslo. Ko te kupu tenei he kaiako ki te reta whakapaipai i hoatu ki te tamaiti ki te whakatuwhera i roto i te heke mai i te poto pāngarau. whakaurua ia ki roto ki te porohita o Hungarian János whiriwhiri pāngarau, i roto i nei te vaiolini tuatahi tākaro Lipot Fejer. Ngā mihi ki te Tuhinga o M. Fekete ko J. von Neumann Kyurshaka kua i te wa o te matriculation roaa i roto i te ingoa pümätauranga taranata taitamariki o. Ko tino tona tīmatanga wawe. Tona pepa pūtaiao tuatahi, "I runga i te tohatoha o te ngā kore iti rawa o pūrau" tuhituhi János i te tau o 17 tau.

Romantic me matarohia hurihia ki tetahi

tu Neumann roto i nga mathematicians kaumatua mo tona ringa rehe e. Te kore, pea, anake te ariā o ngā tau, i te awe atu manga katoa o pāngarau i roto i rerekē nekehanga e whakaaro pāngarau Hungarian. Scientists (whakarōpū B. Oswald) ko rānei Romantics (generators o ngā whakaaro), te waiata ranei (taea ki te unu i te mau hopearaa o ngā whakaaro, me te whakatakoto i te ariā oti.) Ka taea te pēnei te reira ki ngā momo e rua. Tohu mō te mārama mahi nui Neumann papamuri, ko te kupu tohu i te wāhi o pāngarau ki e pā ratou.

1. Tautuhi ariā :

- "I runga i nga axioms o huinga ariā" (1923).

- "Ki Hilbert ariā tohu" (1927).

ariā 2. Game:

- "I runga i te ariā o kēmu rautaki" (1928).

- mahi Pumau "whanonga Economic me kēmu ariā" (1944).

3. rehe Quantum:

- "I runga i te pūtake o rehe aronui" (1927).

- Ko te pukapuka "Foundations Mathematical o Mechanics Quantum" (1932).

4. ariā Ergodic:

- "I runga i te taurangi o ngā mahi .." (1929).

- He raupapa o mahi "I mowhiti o ngā" (1936 - 1938).

5. tono hanga rorohiko:

- "koaro-tau o tāhū, o te tikanga teitei" (1938).

- "He Arorau me General Theory o Automata" (1948).

- "pūnaha Synthesis pono ki āhuatanga hārakiraki" (1952).

Tuatahi tata Dzhon Fon Neyman kaha o te tangata ki pukumahi ki tona pūtaiao tino. E ai ki a ia, kua hoatu te ringa o te Atua ki te iwi ki te whakawhanake i ngā pūkenga pāngarau, me te 26 tau. Ko te tīmatanga wawe, kia rite ki kaipūtaiao, he faufaa rahi. Na, i nga tangata piri ki a te "kuini o sciences", he wā o te aravihiraa ngaio.

Whakatipu whakawhetai ki tekau tau o mahi tohu, kia rite ki Neumann, Whakarite tikanga reira mo te heke o ngā kaha tūturu. Heoi, ara i muri i maha nga tau o te pūtaiao taiea, me te mahi mohio, me te mīharo, hoko mure ore i te taumira o ngā mahi nui. Hei tauira, te turanga pāngarau o te aronui ariā he rua nga tau noa ka mau ia. He ako hohonu, ko reira te ōrite o tekau o nga tau o te mahi o te hapori pūtaiao katoa.

I runga i te mau parau tumu o von Neumann

Hea te tikanga ka anga ratou akoranga taitamariki Neumann e pā ana ki te mahi i mea ahorangi tairanga e "i te matikuku o te raiona ako"? timata ia ki te whakaoti i te raruraru, tuatahi whakatakoto te pūnaha o axioms.

Me tango tatou i te take ngā. He aha e te mau parau tumu o von Neumann, te takanga o roto i te waihanga o ratou kaupapa pāngarau o hanga te rorohiko? Ratou axioms hautanga tuatahi. He kore aitia taua pūmanawa pūtaiao ngingila enei kupu whakaari!

He mārō, me te lalahi ratou, ahakoa theorist Written, ka kore i te rorohiko ano i roto i te titiro:

Me ki te mahi tahi me tau kei ngā i roto i te puka ā-rua 1. Computers. faatanohia te whakamutunga ki nga āhuatanga o Semiconductors.

2. whakaputaina te tukanga rorohiko e te mīhini, te mana e te tikanga o te hōtaka mana, i te mea he raupapa ōkawa o whakahau whakamahi.

3. Ko te maharatanga ki o te rorohiko mahi he mahi rua: rokiroki me raraunga me ngā hōtaka. Na kua whakawaeheretia hunga me ētahi atu i roto i te puka ā-rua. Access ki te hōtaka, ko te rite ki te uru raraunga. E ai ki te momo o te raraunga e ratou te taua, engari rerekē ratou i roto i te ara o te tukatuka, me te whakauru i te pūtau mahara.

4. pūtau Memory Addressable rorohiko. I te wāhitau etahi, ka taea e te uru tonu koe i te raraunga rongoa i roto i te pūtau. Ko te kupu te mahi o taurangi hōtaka.

5. Ko te whakarato o te mahi kia ahurei o whakahau mā te tono i te tauākī herenga. Heoi, ka rere ratou i roto i te raupapa tūturu o ratou pūkete, me te whai i te kaihātepe i tohua ngā whakawhitinga.

physicists maere

tukua Outlook Neumann ki te kitea whakaaro pāngarau i roto i te whānuitanga o ari tinana ao. ngaahi tefito'i mo'oni John von Neumann i hanga i roto i te mahi auaha tahi ki te waihanga i tētahi EDVAK rorohiko ki kaipūtaiao tinana.

haamana'o tetahi o ratou, ko Urama e tonu a Hoani te hopukanga atu ratou whakaaro, ka i roto i tona roro ki te iriti i te reira ki te reo o pāngarau. Tuku i te faaiteraa whakatakoto me te iahiko (prikidochnye te tātai i pūtaiao tata tonu hua i roto i te hinengaro), Kei te kupu reira i matau i roto i te mauri o te raruraru. A i roto i te wā whakamutunga o te mahi mahi e te deductive Hungarian puta hoki ratou kitenga ki "te reo o te ahupūngao," a ka hoatu ketekete te mōhiohio tino nāianei hoa.

hanga taua deductive he ongo kaha i runga i te hoa e uru i roto i te whanaketanga o te kaupapa.

mahi rorohiko whakaaroaro ana tātari

Ko te mau parau tumu o te mahi o te rorohiko von Neumann whakarato mihini motuhake me ngā wāhanga pūmanawa. Ki te huri koe i te hōtaka tutuki taumahinga ta'efakangatangata. whakahaere te pūtaiao rawa tōtika arohaehae tautuhi i te āhuatanga mahi matua o te pūnaha heke mai. Ka rite ki te huānga o te mana, riro ia i te reira urupare. hoatu hoki te pūtaiao te ingoa o te pūrere wae mahi, i meinga te kī ki te heke mai o te revolution mōhiohio. Ko te kupu, ngā o te rorohiko pohewa von Neumann:

- mahara rorohiko pūrere rokiroki ranei (haapotohia - SP);

- he kōwae tauhanga-arorau (ALU);

- te wae mana (CU);

- kōkuhu me te whakaputa whakaaro.

Ahakoa noho i roto i tetahi atu rau tau, ka taea e tatou e kite tutuki ratou arorau ngingila rite te Ihowā, he whakakitenga. Heoi, i te reira tino a? I muri i te katoa o te hanganga i runga, i roto i te ngako, i te reira i te hua o te mahi ahurei o mihini arorau i ahua tangata, te ingoa o nei - Neiman.

ka Pāngarau tona taputapu matua. Pükenga tuhituhia e pā ana ki te tītohunga taua, kāore, he kua he aronui o te mutunga o Umberto Eco. "Kei te tākaro tonu Genius i runga i tetahi huānga. Ko Ko na ngingila e tenei kēmu ngā atu āhuatanga katoa te kēmu! "

hoahoa Taumahi o te rorohiko

E te ara, kī tona matauranga o tenei mataotao pūtaiao i roto i te tuhinga "Pāngarau". Ko te ahunga whakamua o tetahi pūtaiao e whakaaro ai i roto i tona kaha ki te hei i roto i te mara o te takahanga tikanga pāngarau. kua meinga e whakatauira pāngarau whakahaeretia e ratou he wahi faufaa o te tenenga runga ake-whakahuatia. I roto i te whānui, i te puāwaitanga hoahoanga o von Neumann titiro pera, e whakaaturia ana i roto i te hoahoa.

Tenei kaupapa mahi e whai ake nei: ko te raraunga taketake, me te hōtaka whangai ki te pūnaha i roto i te pūrere tāuru. I muri e tukatuka ratou i roto i te kōwae arorau tauhanga (ALU). Ka puta te reira i whakahau. Ia o ratou kei te kōrero: i aha e riro i ngā pūtau i te raraunga i ki whakawhitinga ki runga ki a ratou mahi, te wahi ki te whakaora i te hua (whakatinanahia te muri kei roto i te mahara - ko te mahara). Ka taea hoki te raraunga putanga e putanga tika mā te pūrere huaputa. I roto i tenei take (rite te ātete ki te rokiroki i roto i te mahara), e urutau ratou ki perception tangata.

General Whakahaere me ruruku o nga wae hanganga i runga kua oti te whakarite e te wae mana (CU). whakahaere te reira i te mahi i whakaritea ki te counter hōtaka, ārahi i te kaute tino o te tikanga o to ratou mahi.

He raruraru hītori

Hei kia tino, he mea nui ki te mōhio e ko te mahi i runga i te hanga o te rorohiko tonu te ngā. Computers Von Neumann whakawhanakehia e te tikanga, me te mo te moni ballistic Laboratory o te US ope patu. raruraru Historical, rite ki te hua o nei te mahi katoa kawea atu e pūtaiao GROUP pēnei ki a Hoani von Neumann, i whanau i te aituā. Ko te take i te whakaahuatanga whānui o te hoahoanga (e tonoa nei ki te hapori pūtaiao mō te arotake) Kei roto i te waitohu kotahi i runga i te whārangi tuatahi. A ko reira te waitohu Neumann. Ko te kupu, no te mea o te ture o te rēhitatanga o ngā hua o pūtaiao rangahau i te mana'o i taua te kaituhi o tenei mahi katoa i te ao pai-mohiotia Hungarian.

hei utu o te mutunga

I roto i te tika kia tuhia te reira e ara i tenei ra i te hōkai mathematician nui mo te whanaketanga o ngā whakaaro rorohiko nui nga kaha o te ao hou. I roto i ngā, fokotu'u te mahi o von Neumann hoatu pūnaha mōhiohio whai wāhitanga ki te whakaputa uri. A muri, mahi oti o tona ka karanga sverhaktualno ara tenei ra: "Ko te rorohiko, me te roro."