E kore te mea kotahi te membrane pūtau? Te hanganga me te mahi o kiriuhi pūtau

Na roto i te complexes nadmembrannym pūtau tipu, harore me etahi huakita pā taua hanganga rite ratou taiepa. Ka titiro tēnei tuhinga te hanganga o te taiepa pūtau i roto i ngā rōpū rerekē o rauropi, a hoki haamaramarama nga mahi mahi reira. Ka rite ki mohiotia te, i tuatahi kitea tenei wae e te kaipūtaiao English Robert Hooke i te rau tau 17. Kia mōhio hoki e he ngaro i roto i nga kararehe pūtau-tahi, me te membrane pūtau kaiao multicellular, i coelenterates me whakamutu ki vertebrates: ika, amphibians, ngokingoki, manu me whāngote.

He aha e hiahia ana koe i te reira

Ahakoa te meka e te hanganga me te matū hanganga o te taiepa fungal, tipu, me te drobyanok rerekē, kiriuhi pūtau mahi e tino rite ratou. Tuatahi o te katoa, ko reira te tiaki o te cytoplasm me ona organelles i te mana ino o ngā āhuatanga taiao.

Tō muri mai: nadmembranny matatini ko te hoapā tautoko pono, me te whakarato kaha i roto i te kopa o te tipu me te harore. Kei raro e whakaaro tatou i roto i ngā kōrero hono i te hanganga anga e ki te mahi e rave i te reira.

Āhuatanga o te taiepa pūtau o ngā tipu

Tenei hanganga i roto i te tipu kaiao ngā tino o te waerau no ki te piha o polysaccharides - cellulose. Ko te rite i o te māngaro huawhenua (C ₆ H ₁₀ e _{5) n} Ko tōna tātai _rāpoi. Macromolecules o hukarau i roto i ngā toenga o te beta-kūhuka, a ka whai anake te hanganga rārangi, kia taea e ratou te hanga muka, kohia ki paihere. ahua ai ratou he anga pakari taiepa pūtau -depth i roto i te kopu colloidal, e te hoki titoa nuinga o te warowaihā - hemicelluloses me pectin. Hoki, ka kitea maha cellulose i te tahi atu wahi o tipu, hei tauira, te muka miro o 99% ngā o cellulose parakore, harakeke me te Hemp roto i te reira i roto i te nui o 75-80% o te rakau - ki runga ki te 55%. Ka rite ki i whakahuatia i mua, kua meinga te mahi o kiriuhi pūtau e kaiao ki te kiko e tomo te reira.

Haunga cellulose kei taiepa pūmua, lipids me ngā rauemi pararopi. Hei tauira, i roto i nga taiepa pūtau o ngā tipu teitei spore - horsetails - ngā takawai hāorarua, na te whakato iho he tino mārō, me te roa, me te he kararehe inedible. Ko tētahi o nga papa hanga te kakau o ngā tipu te koiora, me te huaina puru, piki i roto i te anga taonga ngako-rite - suberin. Ka rite ki te hua, te cytoplasm me ona organelles te fatifati i me te pūtau taea ratou te mahi anake te mahi tautoko (kakau oprobkovevanie).

Ki te i waenganui i whakaemi tahi muka cellulose lignin, hemicellulose ki whakarei ake te reira i te kaha pūkaha o horahorangia me kakau o te tipu o te momo kākano, me ngā uhi roto i roto i te lignin, rakau take Whaitae. Kei roto hoki te taiepa kōputaputa kapi katoa ki te membrane, e whakarato waka o matū.

Te hanganga me te mahi o kiriuhi pūtau o harore

Ko te māngai o te rōpū ngā o te harore turanga taiepa he chitin - he hukarau, kitea nei hoki i roto i te kōhiwi waho o angawaho, me i roto i te tahi mau huakita. Nadmembrannye complexes Kei roto hoki harore cellulose me te kararehe māngaro - glycogen. Hei tauira, māngai te hanganga matū o te taiepa rewena pūtau kei te nuinga warowaihā - glucan me te mannan. Wall ano i a ratou he kaha nui, me te te ruarua digested i roto i te wahi gastrointestinal o kararehe, na e kore e ngāwari ana te āhei ngā matūkai me te kore e rewena whenumi epithelium o te whēkau iti.

āhuatanga huakita

Ki te he ngaro i roto i protists te membrane pūtau, prokaryotes ka kua reira he hanganga rawa matatini, tae atu ki te murein, lipoproteins me lipopolysaccharides, me te waikawa teichoic. whakatairanga adhesion o huakita lipopolysaccharides taiepa ki te momo o substrates, hei tauira, ki te tohu te niho ranei ki nga kiriuhi o eukaryotes. Na reira, ko te taiepa pūtau o huakita me ano he āhuatanga antigenic.

Te nuinga o huakita pakitara runga hipoki capsule mucous (capsid), i runga i nei kia kei tetahi paparanga tiaki - peplos. Runga anō i ona hanganga, i roto i te koioraiti kua wehea huakita katoa ki Gram-pai, me te Gram-tōraro.

Pārōnaki o huakita i te hanganga matüora

tauturu te tikanga ki te wehewehe prokaryotes i runga i nga pau o te hanganga matū o ratou anga, i whakaarohia e te kaipūtaiao Danish G. Gram i te rau tau mutunga o XIX. kitea ia e etahi momo o huakita he ōpure pai waikano aniline me te hanga i pūhui eu tae papura e hanga ake te membrane pūtau.

Kua oti te ingoa taua karamu prokaryotes pai: hei tauira, Staphylococcus ko streptococcus. E haria ki te maha o paturopi rongoā paturopi me actinomycin katoa o ratou. Ētahi atu huakita, ka karanga karamu-kino, e kore e whakapoke ki methyl puru. He ātete ki te rongoā paturopi ratou, no te mea to ratou he capsule iti-uruhanga mārō, me te taiepa pūtau. Ko ētahi o ēnei Salmonella, Shigella, Helicobacter. Ko te kiriuhi pūtau o huakita, e kua he hanganga matū rerekē, ko te nui āhuatanga microbiological o e kua oti te tuhituhi i roto i te Pūtaiao me te rongoā.

Āhuatanga o mycoplasmas

Kia noho tatou i runga i te rōpū o te huakita iti rawa - mycoplasma. rangahau mōkitokito i whakakitea ai e he ngaro i roto i a ratou i te membrane pūtau, kia mycoplasmas tairongo ki etahi paturopi, pērā i tetracycline. Kei te whānui tohaina Mycoplasmas i te natura, ko nga āpiha fakatupu o maha mate, tae atu ki te pūnaha urogenital tangata.

hiahiatia te nuinga mycoplasma i roto i to ratou pākia te ki te whakamahi i te hāora, me te he aerobes tino. Ka rite ki pirinoa te tangata me kararehe, tini tere ratou, pera i roto i te hanganga o te pūtau kiriuhi te aroaro o te cholesterol, i te mea he tïpako pai mo te tupu me te tārua o mycoplasmas.

Urutaunga i roto i te māmā

I mua, whakahuatia matou te meka e he ngaro i roto i ciliates me ētahi atu kararehe pūtau-tahi, mo te tauira, rhizopods te membrane pūtau. kitea i āu ake e kapoke he oti kaiao kararehe, e kua nga mahi katoa o: tupu, whakaputa uri, te kai tōtika, respiration, excretion. Ano, e noho ana i roto i te taiao moana oneone hou ranei, protists whakamana i roto i te waka membrane angiangi o te wai me te kohuke tai, e te hunga i roto i te taiao o waho, me te membrane wē taratahi i roto i kōputaputa ake hua pūkoro tinana. Na reira, kahore he kararehe rauropi pūtau uaua nadmembrannyh complexes e he idioadaptatsy ki te āhuatanga o ngā āhuatanga ambient.

Hei tiaki me te tiaki i te tapatahi o te pūtau-anga i pelikulu - apiapi waho ectoplasm apa. tonu pelikule Nā he elasticity me te mauroa te āhua tamau o te tinana o te kararehe.

I roto i tenei pepa, te hanganga, me te matū hanganga o nga kiriuhi pūtau kua ako āhuatanga o te tipu ngā pūtau o kaiao, me te huakita me te harore.