He aha e waiwaro kakara: āhuatanga Tātai

A feruri i waiwaro kakara. Ko te tātai o te māngai o tenei raupapa huirua - SpN2p-6.

Āhuatanga o te piha haapiiraa

I roto i te tīmatanga o te rautau tekau ma iwa i Faraday i kitea benzene - C6H6. Ina whakaritea ki waiwaro kukū, te tātai hanganga o e te aroaro waiwaro kakara i roto i te puka o koropiko. Hoatu e i roto i roto i te rāpoi ngota he nui iti o te hauwai, i hanga te mowhiti kakara i roto i te whakakai.

Me pēhea te ki te tahu waiwaro kakara? Ko te tātai whakaarohia e Kekule, whakamārama te hanganga o tenei piha o waiwaro. Ko te aroaro o rua here haapapu te āhua kakara o te benzene me ona homologs.

āhuatanga matū

Ko te tātai whānui o waiwaro kakara presupposes te oraraa o te pūhui katoa o te piha haapiiraa o ngā tauhohenga tua: hydrogenation, kōnakonakotanga, hydration. Ko nga hua o maha ngā faaite iti mahi matū benzene.

whakaaturia te reira nui ake ātete ki te hāora, ko reira, e nehenehe o te hononga anake ki hihi katinga radiation he pāmahana teitei ranei.

Āhuatanga o te hanganga o te benzene

Ko te tātai rāpoi o te waiwaro kakara - C6H6. Ko nga ngota katoa waro i roto i te kāwanatanga cp2-kākano, kua whakaritea i roto i te kotahi manureva. Ia o ratou he kotahi kākano-kore C ngota, e kua ngā ki te kapua irahiko noa e noho hāngai ki te waka rererangi o te whakakai. conjugated tēnei pūnaha mowhiti te p-here, me te whakatau i te passivity benzene matū.

American Chemical Pauling whakaarohia benzene i titiro rite e rua ngā hanganga hono e rerekē te kimi irahiko kiato, haere tahi i te tahi.

Nomenclature me te poinanahatanga

Pehea e taea e koe te karanga kakara? Ko te tātai o pūhui e no ki te maha o waiwaro kakara, me fakatatau ki te hanganga rāpoi whakaarohia. Ko te homologue māmā o te benzene he toluene. Ko te rerekētanga i waenganui i taua mea me te pūwaro kakara māmā ko CH2.

A, no te te ingoa o te māngai o tenei piha rite te pūtake mō te tango benzene. kawea te taua o nga ngota waro i roto i roto i te aronga tākaraka, timata i te tuakana ki te kawana teina. Ahakoa (2 me 6) kitea te tūranga o te Ortho-tūranga, me 3 me 5 (rerekē) taatou meta.

Kiripuaki o te āhuatanga ōkiko

He aha ngā āhuatanga tinana e: waiwaro kakara, e hāngai ana ki te tātai piha SpN2p-6?

Benzene me ona homologues haere mai i raro i ngā āhuatanga noa he inu paitini he kakara kino āhuatanga. Hoki te ao katoa āhuatanga e memehatanga iti i roto i te wai. I roto i te moni mutunga, he wairewa i roto i ngā whakarewa organic ratou.

te kōwhiringa mō

I roto i te whakatinanatanga ahumahi benzene hua me ētahi atu māngai o te piha haapiiraa o waiwaro kakara, ka taea e tetahi whakaaro tukatuka o waro uku hinu ranei. He putanga waihanga o te rironga mai o nga māngai o tenei piha ko te rerekē e whai ake nei:

• Wāhinga i ngā rāpoi ngota cycloparaffins hauwai (maroketanga);
• aromatization o waiwaro kukū (waiwaro tahi).

Rua te tikanga e whakaarohia ana i roto i te faafariuraa o pūhui o whakatinanatanga kakara, whai wāhi te whakamahi o tiketike pāmahana me te whakakōkī.

I roto i nga tikanga noa o te whiwhi taiwhanga arenes reira kia kia whakahuatia Wurtz kōtuitanga. Kei te āhuatanga i te reira e te pāhekoheko o te waiwaro tahi halogenated ki te konutai konganuku.

Āhuatanga homologues o benzene

Toluene, i roto i te mea reira he rōpū methyl, ka tomo ki te tauhohe matū atu benzene. Ka Mai CH3 orientant ngā ahua tuatahi i roto i nga substituents kia hāngai (ara) tūranga Ortho. Ko te ahei o te kōnakonakotanga (chlorination, bromination, iodination), me nitration Toluene.

mutunga

waiwaro katoa kakara e ōrite ana ki te tātai whānui SpN2p-6. I roto i ngingiha o te rangi hāora tukua rahinga rawaka o te ngarahu e te ngāwari faataa e te nui haere ihirangi o te waro i roto i reira.