Waiwaro kukū: āhuatanga whānui, poinanaha, āhuatanga matū

Waiwaro - te piha haapiiraa māmā o matū waro, te rāpoi ngota i rua anake ngota o ngā huānga matū - waro me te hauwai. O te pūwaro ngā na tikanga kōtuitanga matū rite te nuinga akomanga o ngā pūhui matū waro.

E wehea waiwaro ki rua subclasses - acyclic me te huringa. Na roto i te waiwaro acyclic, ranei waiwaro fatty ranei waiwaro memeka, ngā te rōpū e whai ake nei: waiwaro kukū (waiwaro tahi), hamanga (ngā waiwaro rua, alkynes, dienes), terpenes acyclic. Ko te rōpū pūwaro huringa kanohi cycloparaffins, huarahi, me te terpenes huringa. ētahi wā ka kīia Terpenes ki rite te ahanoa o ako o matū bioorganic.

waiwaro kukū (waiwaro tahi) - pūhui o ngā rāpoi ngota waro me te hauwai i roto i nei valency katoa toe i muri i te hononga i waenganui i ngā ngota waro he here kotahi, kukū ngota waro o te hauwai. Ka taea te whakaaro waiwaro tahi katoa rite homologues pärönaki o te mewaro ranei. Ki te pūwaro, e kua he tātai rāpoi o te CH4, tango tetahi ngota hauwai i hanga te matūriki - CH3 tuwhena. Nā ki te meka i roto i te rāpoi ngota o te taonga organic rite waro ko te tikanga tetravalent, hononga o rua taua Radicals ai te ahua o te māngai tuarua o te raupapa huirua - ewaro (C2H6). Ki te te hanga e ewaro i te tetahi tango o Hauwai ngota, he Ethyl tuwhena, e, i muri i te hononga ki te toru o nga homolog hanga CH3 - pōwaro.

Tātari tātai hanganga pōwaro, ngāwari ki te tāuta, e ngā te hanganga o tona muingota o e rua ngā momo o ngā ngota waro - tuatahi, me te tuarua. herea ia ngota waro tuatahi ki tetahi ngota waro o tetahi o tona valency, me tuarua - e rua valencies ki ngota waro rua. Ki te tangohia i te ngota waro tuatahi o Hauwai pōwaro, i hanga propyl tuatahi i tuarua - propyl tuarua. Hono i te pūkeha propyl tuatahi tuarua ranei ai te hanganga o ngā rerekētanga hanganga o te wha o nga homolog. E hanga e rua hononga - tika pūwaro noa me te mekameka waikawa isobutane branched waro mekameka.

waiwaro kukū: hanganga

He māngai angamaheni o waiwaro he mewaro. tātai rāpoi CH4. Hoki ngā rāpoi ngota o waiwaro he here sigma angamaheni. Ko te rāpoi ngota o te mewaro waro ngota hanga wha here kotuari tika ki te toru s- me p-orbitals me ia ngota he hauwai, - e tika ana ki te s-orbitals.

waiwaro kukū: nomenclature me te poinanahatanga

A, no te memenge atu, te tātai hanganga o te raupapa huirua o mewaro, te pūwaro C4H10 mai e farereihia e tatou i te āhuatanga o te poinanahatanga. Hei tauira, tātai rāpoi C4H10 whakatau rua pūhui takitahi S5N12 - toru. I muri, te maha o ngā poinanaha ki te maha o ngota waro i roto i te rāpoi ngota o te piki waiwaro tahi. Hei tauira, S6N14 whakatau tātai rāpoi tātai rima hanganga me pūhui takitahi, aua, S7N16 - 9, S8N18 - 18, C10H22 - 76 S12N26 - 355. Ko te wha waiwaro tahi māngai tuatahi - hau i te rima ki te tekau ma rua - wai, mai i te ono - totoka .

āhuatanga matū o waiwaro kukū

saturates katoa matū e mangere. Ko tenei kia e te rāpoi ngota o ngā waiwaro o waro me te hauwai ngota hono sigma here, koia e kore e taea te piri enei pūhui ngota hauwai. Waiwaro tahi huru tuwhena kōnakonakotanga, nitration, wāhinga. I roto i te kōnakonako kōnakonakotanga ngāwari ngota whakakapi i roto i te rāpoi ngota o te Hauwai waiwaro tahi. A, no te nitriding nitro ngāwari whakakapi mo hauwai i roto i te mätauranga matua, uaua - i roto i te ngota waro tuarua, me te tuatahi.

Kukū me waiwaro hamanga ko nga rauemi raw mō te whakaputa ngā matū organic. Wāwāhi atu ngota hauwai i te waiwaro kukū taea te whiwhi hamanga (ngā waiwaro rua, alkynes).