Waiwaro kakara, nga māngai matua, me to ratou tono i roto i te ōhanga motu.

waiwaro kakara (te kore i huaina arenes) - biosoedineniya he rāpoi organic o e roto i tetahi atu ranei huringa o ono ngā ngota o waro. mowhiti Benzene, āhuatanga e ngā āhuatanga ōkiko me te matū motuhake. Ko te ingoa "Arena" i uru ki roto i te waro me te whānui matū i roto i te mutunga o te 18 - wawe te rautau 19. Ēnei matū ngā nei ngā o pūhui matū e rua - hauwai me te waro, me i he kakara ahuareka (resins, maperi, faufaa hinu, whakakakara). Neke atu i te wa, i te ingoa "waiwaro kakara" ngaro ona faufaa, mai tutaki kakara i roto i te tahi atu akomanga o ngā pūhui matū waro, me tino kakara ranei i te kakara kino. i tawhiti Benzene mo te wa tuatahi i roto i te tīmatanga o te rau tau 19 i te hau waro. A i muri mai iti (1845) AF Hoffman tukuna waiwaro kakara (benzene) i waro uku. I tčnei wā Arenes piha (IUPAC whakarōpū) komokomo pūhui hāngai rāpoi e whai benzelnye matua. Na e wehea taua pūhui ki kotahi, me te maha-mowhiti, me te te waiwaro kakara ki karihi CONDENSED.

Mononuclear ao - he matū e roto i tetahi mowhiti benzene. Ko te hanganga o ngā rāpoi ngota benzene māngai angamaheni arenes whakaaturia tātai tino Kekule te rite te huringa o ono ngota Carbo, e e tētahi hono e ohie C-C me C = C rua here. I whakapumautia tenei hanganga i hou tātari physico-matū.

Kekule māramatanga taketake o te hanganga o te benzene he: 1) He te hanganga o te mowhiti benzene hexagonal; 2) benzelnom mowhiti esti toru ohie me toru here rua; 3) e rite ana ki ia atu e ono ngota Carbo katoa i runga i te whakakai benzene. E whakaatu ana te tātai i te hanganga mea timatanga o te benzene, me te ōwehenga ngota Carbo hauwai i roto i te rāpoi ngota, mo te kore o ngā poinanaha monosubstituted o pärönaki benzene.

He tino whānui i roto i te natura waiwaro kakara. Ko ratou he wāhi o te waro uku whiwhi e te i muri i Māturu maroke o te waro. Arena he wahi o maha ngā momo o te hinu, me te tahi atu hua tūturu (resins, maperi, me ētahi atu). I roto i te Māturu maroke o te waro i roto i te toharite whiwhi hoki e pā ana ki toru ōrau waro uku, waro uku ranei. A i te waro uku i te iheu hautanga, he maha o hautau: (kei xylenes, toluene, benzene, thiophene) hinu marama, te hinu carbolic (kei cresols, phenols me naphthalene), te hinu creosote (kei naphthalene), hinu anthracene (kei roto phenanthrene, anthracene, atu huarahi teitei), me te ware whakamahia e te mo te me'ume'uraa ara, me te rite te rauemi hanga.

Ko te whakamahi o waiwaro kakara. āhuatanga Benzene e te kakara motuhake, ngā rewa i roto i te wai. Ko reira he whakarewa pai mō te biosoedineny organic. Synthesized i waro uku. Benzene - he rauemi raw tino mo te hanga o waikano, ngā rongoā, explosives, kaiwhakatairanga tipu tipu, waipatutaru, insecticides, me ētahi atu

Ko ngāwari wairewa i roto i ngā whakarewa organic Toluene. Rite i te waro uku, me te etahi kōeke o te hinu. Synthesized i toluene benzene waipiro, benzaldehyde, waikawa-mangeo, waikano, ngā rongoā, saccharin, trinitrotoluene.

Xylitol He whakarewa organic pai. Rite i te hinu waro, me te i te iheu hautanga o te waro uku. Mai i xylenes synthesized anhydride phthalic, xylene, reiaku pareaku. I te tahi taime e honoa xylenes ki penehīni.