He aha te mea he GPU (GPU): deciphering mahi. Ko rerekē i te GPU te Cheka

February 6, 1922 te Executive Komiti Central o te CPSU (b) ohi he whakatau i runga i whakatū o te State Political Directorate. He aha te mea he GPU? E kore nga mua i hāngai te tinana karayusche-whakahaere o mua - te Cheka? Ka tamata tatou ki te whakahoki kupu i roto i tenei tuhinga.

faaapīraa o te Cheka

I mua i whakahoki koe te pātai, he aha te mea te GPU, he mea e tika ana ki te mahino aha mutu ki makona te Cheka (katoa-Russian faahiahia Komihana) i roto i te tau 1922, i te mau melo o te rōpū.

whakapumautia Cheka i tata i muri i te ärai Bolshevik o te kaha. Kominiusi kua karangatia e ratou i tenei hui he revolution, me te historiography Soviet i huaina ai "te Great Oketopa-pāpori Revolution." haamana'o tatou e i roto i Hui-tanguru 1917, kua haere kē te revolution bourgeois nui. I hurihia te kingi, kia haere i te kaha ki te kāwanatanga manapori - te amuiraa. Heoi, i runga i Oketopa 25, kawea Lenin me ana hoa i roto i te ärai patu o te kaha.

Noatia, kihai i nga ope pāhoro tautoko i te taua āna haere rikarika. i huaina e fakafepaki "counter", i.e., kaitautoko o te counter-revolution. I muri, ka anga te wā ki te whakamana i te hunga katoa e kore e te hopoia i whakaae ki nga mahi o nga mua. Ko reira ki te mahi ki "counter" a ka hanga e te Kōmihana faahiahia katoa-Russian i roto i Hakihea 1917. I ahu te reira i na F. Dzerzhinsky, tapaina a te "Iron Pirika" o te huru kaha, me te riri pakeke.

He aha mutu Cheka ki makona nga mua?

Cheka - he tinana whiu, nei mahi kua whakahaua ki nga kaitautoko o te counter-revolution. "Contra" taea whakaatu i tetahi tangata e whakahuatia te hopoia whakaahunga ki te kāwanatanga o nāianei. Hei matau ki ta te GPU me pehea faikehekehe reira i te Cheka, whakarārangi te mana whakahaere whiu. rangatira haumarutanga mara i te mana mutunga. ngā ratou kawenga:

• He rapu i tetahi wa o te ra ranei te po, kahore tetahi whakamāramatanga.
• Te hopu me te patapatai o tetahi parenga, rite ki te KGB, te tangata.
• Expropriation o taonga i te "kulaks" me "counter" kahore tiaki tamataraa ranei. I roto i te mahi arahina ki te pahua katoa.
• Ko te tupato ai, e te mahia, kahore tamataraa.

kahore tetahi ko i te mana o ngā āpiha haumaru. whakaaro ratou ratou "motuhake" e tika ana ki te tango i tetahi mahi i roto i te "ngā ngākau nuitanga o te revolution" me ki te "whawhai i runga i counter". He ua pupuhi kahore tamataraa i roto i te "wehi Whero" ka mano o tangata noa. Chekists ratou te tahi mau taime e kore noa i kite te whakawakia. kawea te executions i roto i muri i te takanga o etahi rārangi. E mea pinepine te take o te tutu i mahi rite te ingoa, ahua, mahi me ētahi atu. Riro nga mua te pakanga kaiākiri, na whakaaro ratou e tika mehua repressive. Na ka tupu te tahi mea e tino puta ke nga hinengaro o nga mua: ka haere mai te whawhai nga peasants me hoia. Ko te rongonui tino o ratou - te ngangaretanga Tambov. Ki te hunga tutu whakamahia patu matū, i tonoa ngā tamariki me nga wahine guerrillas ki te puni, matua me tane akina ki te tuku. Otiia ko te ohorere pono te whakatikanga ake i roto i Kronstadt. I roto i te meka, mahi nga mua rite te ope i kawea ratou ki te kaha. I muri i riro te reira mārama: na e kore e taea te haere i runga i.

GPU: tuhinga

tu GPU mo te Main Tōrangapū Directorate. ka mau anō o te Cheka wahi February 6, 1922. I muri i te hanganga o te USSR i hanga i roto i Noema 1923, i te OGPU - United State Tōrangapū Whakahaere. Kua tomo te hanganga integrated te GPU o te NKVD o te RSFSR (te Main Political Directorate o National Commissariat o Taiwhenua o te Russian Soviet Federative-pāpori Republic), me te te whakahaere o mua katoa o te Cheka me te GPU o te tahi atu lepupilika. I roto i te meka, i whakaurua katoa o nga whekau whiu rerekē i roto i te pūnaha mana kotahi, me te mārama. Na, he aha te mea te GPU (ingoa tonu), kitea matou. whakarārangi tatou i te huringa motu e aru i te hanganga o tenei whakahaere.

Whāiti te noho KGB

Te whakahou, kua tino heke te arbitrariness o whawhai ki "counter." Ki te matawaenga katoa ka tae ki te mutunga. O te akoranga, overdid te tokotoko GPU mara hoki nga mea, engari ko e ki te ture, mo e te whiu tūmanakohia. Ahakoa nga kau taki runga o te KGB - Yagoda me Yezhov - kua koperea hoki te arbitrariness me te whakaiti tini.

I muri i te whakahou o te Main Political Directorate kore e tahuri ki Kara, me ngā rōpū uruhi ture. Ko tōna mātau i whawhai ano hoariri me tutei, haumaru rohe, mana ki runga i te mahi o te pirihimana, me ētahi atu. Marae Na, Heoi, nga hopukia katoa me executions whakaritea, e kore e haurangi KGB. I tua atu, i reira ko he whakaiti nui o ngā kaimahi i roto i te parae, me te mahi ano te mana e ngā kaimahi o te tari o te rōia hāmene.

I roto i te meka, i reira ko he heke o ngā āpiha haumaru: i mua i ratou kahore mana ki runga i te whakahou, i taea te whakatika ratou tetahi arbitrariness "i roto i te ngākau nuitanga o te revolution", me te tinana tika kaimahi ki te SNK (Kaunihera o Commissars o tangata). ko Cheka runga ake te NKVD. I muri i te hanganga kihai i KGB kōwae "motuhake", me ngā āpiha pirihimana, rite te GPU hei kua tetahi o nga wae NKVD. I hanga Tari o hoa tauwhainga ki te tiaki i te mahi o te ti'amâraa hou.

whakakorenga

Na, he aha te mea te GP, kua kitea e matou i roto i. Mea atu i te iti e pā ana ki te whakariterite anō atu.

I roto i 1934, te OGPU rawa whakakorea rite te whakahaere. Kei te tino hanumi reira ki te NKVD. Mai i 1934 ki te 1936 ka arahina e ia i te whakahaere GG Berry, i 1936 ki te 1938 - NI Yezhov. A i 1938 - LP Peria. Katoa o ratou i muri mai mahia.

I roto i te 1941, i wehea te NKVD ki te NKVD me NKGB (o People Commissariat mo State Haumarutanga). ka NKGB te whai o te Cheka-GPU-OGPU.

I roto i te 1946, i whakarite anōtia e te NKGB ki te MGB (Tāhuhu o State Haumarutanga). I muri e haere mai ana ki te mana, NS tahuri Khrushchev MGB ki KBG (tari haumaru motu) i roto i te 1954. vai te reira i tae noa ki te tiango. mahi GPU teie mahana te mahi tika 4 tari: te GRU (Main Intelligence Directorate), te FSB (Federal Ratonga Haumarutanga), te Komiti tirotiro o te National Guard.

Heoi, whakaaro te "KGB" riiwhi te FSB anake.