He aha te mea te cytoplasm o ngā pūtau. Āhuatanga o te hanganga o te cytoplasm

Kei te mohiotia te reira e e tito te nuinga mea ora o te wai free puka herea he 70 ōrau neke atu rānei ranei. e titauhia na nui te wahi e paetata ai reira hea? Huri i te reira, ia pūtau i roto i tona hanganga kua ki runga ki te 80% te wai, me te toenga anake te i te mea maroke.

Na te matua "wai" hanganga ko tika te cytoplasm o te pūtau. Ko heterogeneous he taiao matatini,, hihiri ā-tenei, ki nga āhuatanga o te hanganga me te mahi whakamana e i tutaki matou i runga i.

protoplast

Tenei wā ki te rawea, nga tirotiro roto katoa o tetahi hanganga meneti eukaryotic, wehea i te membrane wē o ona atu "hoa". Ko, i konei tomo te cytoplasm - te taiao ā-o te pūtau, organelles, kei reira, karihi ki nucleoli, me rauemi ira.

He aha organelles e kei roto i te cytoplasm? Ko ratou:

• ribosomes;
• pungaraungao;
• EPS;
• taputapu Golgi;
• lysosomes;
• whakawhitinga pūtau ;
• vacuoles (tipu me te harore);
• pokapū pūtau;
• plastids (i roto i ngā tipu);
• ngä makawe me flagella;
• microfilaments;
• microtubules.

wehea karyotheca pata, me nucleoli me ngā rāpoi ngota DNA kei hoki pūtau cytoplasm. I roto i te pokapū o taua mea i roto i nga kararehe, ki te taiepa - i roto i ngā tipu.

Ko te kupu, ka whakawhirinaki te nuinga nga āhuatanga o te cytoplasm o te hanganga i runga i te momo o te pūtau i te rauropi ano, no reira ki te kingitanga o mea ora. I roto i te whānui, e te reira te wāhi e wātea ana katoa i roto, me te maha o ngā mahi nui.

Matrix hyaloplasm ranei

tito te hanganga o te cytoplasm pūtau kei te matua o tona wehenga ki e rua nga wahi:

• hyaloplasm - tamau wahi wai;
• organelles;
• whakauru - hanganga tāupe.

Matrix hyaloplasm ranei - ko te wāhanga matua o te roto, e taea e i roto i āhua e rua - pungarehu, me te rā.

Cytosol - taua cytoplasm o te pūtau e kua he pūāhua whakahiato wai. Tsitogel - te mea ano, engari i roto i te huru atu mātotoru, taonga i roto i ngā rāpoi ngota nui o matū waro,. Ko te hanganga matū whānui me ngā āhuatanga tinana hyaloplasm faaite e whai ake:

• taekore, rauemi colloidal Kaore, makona matotoru, me te pūrikoriko;
• E te pārōnaki mārama o te whakahaere hanganga, Heoi, e tika ana ki te nekeneke ngāwari e taea te huri i te reira;
• cytoskeleton roto microtrabecular māngai pae kupenga ranei i hanga nei e tika ana ki kakawaea pūmua (microfilaments me microtubules);
• i runga i nga wahi o te wini whakakahokaho, me e kei nga wahi hanganga katoa o te pūtau rite te katoa, a e tika ana ki te microtubule Golgi taputapu me XPS therebetween roto puta karere hyaloplasm.

Ko te kupu, hyaloplasm - he wahi nui, e whakarato ana he maha ngā mahi i roto i te cytoplasm pūtau.

Ko te hanganga o te cytoplasm

Ki te kōrero tatou e pā ana ki hanganga matū, te rahi o te wai i roto i te cytoplasm pūkete hoki e pā ana ki 70%. Tenei uara toharite, no te mea kua ngā pūtau i roto i nei ki runga ki te 90-95% o te wai etahi tipu. Ko te taonga maroke ko:

• pūmua;
• warowaihā;
• phospholipids;
• cholesterol me ētahi atu matū hauota-kei roto;
• electrolytes (kohuke);
• inclusions i roto i te puka o rūrūtia o glycogen (i roto i te kararehe pūtau) me ētahi atu matū.

Ko te taiao te tauhohenga matū whānui - kawakore ranei ngonge kawakore. Ki te whakaaro tatou rite ko te cytoplasm pūtau, kia tuhia ai tenei āhuatanga. huihui wāhanga i te mata, i roto i te rohe o te wē membrane, ka karanga ectoplasm. arotahi ana te tahi atu wahi kei te ofi ki karyotheca, faaite te ingoa o kiriuwhi.

whakaritea te hanganga o te cytoplasm pūtau e hanganga motuhake - microtubules me microfilaments, na tangohia e ratou i te titiro.

microtubules

Hollow matūriki elongated iti o runga ki te maha micrometers. Diameter - i te 6 ki te 25 nm. No te mea o te mahi kino iho rawa ako oti, me te poto o enei hanganga kore te mea ano e taea, Heoi, whakaaro e kua tito ratou taiepa o te āpiha pūmua tubulin. Tenei pūhui he rāpoi ngota herea helically whiri.

E whakamana ētahi mahi i roto i te cytoplasm pūtau whakawhetai ki te aroaro o microtubules. Hei tauira, whai wāhi ratou i roto i te hanga i te taiepa pūtau o te harore me te tipu, etahi huakita. I roto i te pūtau kararehe, he ratou nui iti. Ano, kawea enei hanganga i roto i ngā o organelles i te cytoplasm.

E ratou, e iu nga microtubules, taea tere te fatifati me re-puka, whakahoutia i te wa wa ki.

microfilaments

āhuatanga nui nui i roto i te cytoplasm. He kakawaea roa o te actin (pūmua flare), e kua tu'ati ki ia atu, te hanga i te whatunga noa - cytoskeleton. Ko tētahi atu ingoa - grille microtrabecular. E miramira ana tēnei ahua o te hanganga o te cytoplasm. Ko e mo'oni, whakawhetai ki taua cytoskeleton mau huihui nga organelles katoa, e taea ngāwari ratou kōrero ki tetahi ki tetahi, haere ana ratou i roto i mea me ngā rāpoi ngota e kawea i roto i pākia.

Heoi te mohiotia ai e te cytoplasm - ā-taiao pūtau, i te mea maha e taea ki te taui i to ratou raraunga tinana hei wai atu ranei Kaore, huringa hanganga (ki te whakawhiti i te Sol rā me te hurihia). I roto i tenei microfilaments hononga - hihiri, moiety labile ahei o hohoro hanga, whakarerekē, te fatifati me anō-puka.

kiriuhi wē

Nui hoki te pūtau ko te aroaro o te pai-whakawhanakehia me te pai-mahi o maha ngā hanganga membrane, i te mea ano hoki he ahua o ngā āhuatanga hanganga o te cytoplasm. Ko reira i roto i te rāpoi arai waka wē membrane puta, ngā matūkai me hua pākia e, hau hoki ngā tukanga respiration, me te pera i runga i. Ko te aha te nuinga o enei organelles he hanganga.

Ratou, rite te whatunga, kei roto i te cytoplasm me lahaga te tirotiro roto o nga tangata o ia atu, i te taiao. Ārai me te tiaki ki matū e hiahiatia, me huakita e tū te riri.

Ko te hanganga o te nuinga o ratou he rite - he tauira wai-mosaic, whakaaro ia o te plasmalemma rite te lipids biosloy î rāpoi ngota pūmua rerekē.

Mai te mahi cytoplasm i roto i te pūtau - he tuatahi o ngā hononga ikiiki katoa i waenganui i ona wahi katoa, te aroaro o nga kiriuhi o organelles i roto i te nuinga ko tetahi o nga wahi hyaloplasm hanganga. Matatini, tahi katoa, te mahi e ratou i te mahi whānui ki te whakarite oranga tonutanga pūtau.

ribosomes

Ko te iti (20 nm) hanganga porohita tito o rua ngā haurua - subunit. Ka taea e ēnei haurua tīariari tahi momotuhia i tetahi wa ranei. Base hanganga: rRNA (waikawa ribonucleic ribosomal) me pūmua. localization ribosome Main i roto i te pūtau:

• karihi me te nucleolus, te wahi ratou e hanga e nga subunits i runga i te rāpoi ngota pītauira;
• cytoplasm - te ribosomes e te mutunga i hanga ki te hanganga kotahi whakakotahi i te haurua;
• membrane karihi me te kiriuwhi - ratou synthesized pūmua ribosomal me tika tukua atu i te reira i roto i organelles;
• pungaraungao me chloroplasts o te tipu pūtau synthesize ratou ribosome iho i roto i te tinana, me te e hua pūmua, e ko, te faatura tenei i roto i te tīari takitahi.

Ko nga mahi o enei hanganga i roto i te ariā me te whakaminenga o macromolecules pūmua e kua pau i runga i mahi faufaa o ngā pūtau.

kiriuwhi me te taputapu Golgi

huaina te whatunga nui o tubules, tubules me vesicles hanga i te pūnaha whakahaere i roto i te pūtau, ka kei huri noa te rōrahi o te cytoplasm ko te kiriuwhi, reticulum ranei. hāngai Ko tōna mahi ki te hanganga o - te whakarato i tētahi ngatahi i waenga i organelles me rāpoi matūkai waka ki organelles.

Golgi taputapu, pūrere ranei, mahi te mahi o piki te matū hiahiatia (warowaihā, te ngako, pūmua) i roto i te pūnaha kōwhao motuhake. E whāiti ratou i kiriuhi cytoplasmic. Ano, Ko reira te organelle ko te pae o te ariā o te ngako me te warowaihā.

Peroxisomes me lysosomes

Lysosomes - hanganga iti porohita Ahakoa mirumiru ki tonu i te wai. He tini rawa ratou, a kei te wehea i roto i te cytoplasm, te wahi neke ngā pūtau i roto noa. Ratou mahi matua - te whakakorenga o korakora ke, e ko, te whakakorenga o "hoariri" i roto i te puka o nga wahi mate o ngā hanganga pūtau, huakita, me ētahi atu rāpoi ngota.

Ko te tirotiro wai o te tōpuni paru, aha e whai wāhi lysosomes i te wāhinga o macromolecules ki ratou wae monomeric.

Peroxisomes - organelles iti porotītaha ranei a tawhio ki te membrane kotahi. Ki tonu ki ihirangi wai, kei roto i te maha nui o whākōkī rerekē. Ko ratou tetahi o nga kiritaki nui o te hāora. whakamana Ko tōna mahi kei runga i te momo pūtau i roto i nei i reira e rānei. Pea mo te kōtuitui o myelin takotoranga o muka karere, a kia hoki te mahi hāora me te neutralization o matū paitini me ngā rāpoi ngota rerekē.

pungaraungao

kihai i ēnei ngā hanganga mo tetahi mea i huaina i te kaha (pūngao) o te teihana pūtau. Ko te reira i roto i te hanganga o to ratou pūngao matua - rāpoi o adenosine triphosphate ATP ranei. Āhua rite pīni. Ko te kiriuhi e tarapekepeke nga ngā pungaraungao i te cytoplasm, rua. kaha konumihia hanganga ā-ki te whakapiki ake i te ariā mata ATP. E huaina taiepa nga crista roto i nui o whākōkī rerekē ki te catalyze te kōtuitui.

Te nuinga pungaraungao i te pūtau uaua i roto i te tinana o te kararehe, me te tangata, mai rapu ratou tiaki tiketike, me te kohi pūngao.

cyclosis tītohunga

i huaina Movement o te cytoplasm i roto i te pūtau te cyclosis. Kei te tito te reira o te maha ngā momo:

• oscillatory;
• hurihuri ranei porohita;
• struychatoe.

he tika Tetahi kaupapa ki te whakarato i te maha o ngā mahi nui o te cytoplasm: kaupapa tonu o organelles roto hyaloplasm, utu ōrite o ngā matūkai, hau, metabolites pūngao excretion.

Puta Cyclosis i roto i rua tipu me te kararehe ngā pūtau, ki kahore he okotahi. Ki te mutu te reira, mate te tinana. Na reira, tenei tukanga - ko reira ano hoki te tohu o te mea ora.

Ko te kupu, e nehenehe tatou e faaoti e te cytoplasm o kararehe pūtau, te tipu, i tetahi eukaryotic - rawa hihiri, hanganga ora.

Rerekē te cytoplasm o kararehe me te tipu ngā pūtau

I roto i te meka, he iti rerekē. Ko te hanganga whānui o te mahere, i mahi nga mahi tino rite. Heoi, kei tonu i reira te tahi mau rerekētanga. Hei tauira:

• Ko te cytoplasm o te pūtau tipu kei roto atu microtubules, e whai wāhi i roto i te hanganga o ratou taiepa pūtau atu microfilaments. I roto i te kararehe, i runga i te anga ke.
• inclusions pūtau i roto i te cytoplasm o ngā tipu he purapura māngaro, i roto i nga kararehe rite makaka reira glycogen.
• āhuatanga te pūtau tipu e te aroaro o organelles kore e e wātea i roto i te kararehe. plastids reira, miru me te taiepa pūtau.

I roto i te tahi atu tuhaa, he ōrite i roto i te hanganga me te hanganga o te cytoplasm te hanganga e rua. Ka taea e rerekē te nui o ngā hononga tetahi ranei tetahi huānga, engari he tika to ratou aroaro. Na reira, ko te uara i te cytoplasm pūtau e rite nui e rua tipu me ngā kararehe.

Ko te tūranga o te cytoplasm ki te pūtau

He nui te uara o te cytoplasm i roto i te pūtau, e kore ki te mea e tautuhi ana i te reira. I muri i te turanga, i te mea i reira te hanganga faufaa katoa, pera ki te pe si◊aki tona tūranga he uaua. Ko taea ki te hanga i te torutoru ngā taketake e heheu mai i te uara.

1. E hopoi mai te reira i huihui nga wāhanga katoa o te pūtau i roto i te pūnaha integrated kotahi e rave i te tukanga o te ora au maite e ngātahi.
2. Nā ki te wahi o te wai i roto i te reo cytoplasm pūtau mahi mahi mo te maha taunekeneke matatini matüora me whaiaroaro panoni matū (glycolysis, kai, utu hau).
3. Ko te matua "ipu" mo te oraraa o te organelles pūtau tenei.
4. Nā ki microfilaments me korere hanga te cytoskeleton, organelles here me te tuku ki a ratou te neke a tawhio noa.
5. Kei te hāngai te reira i roto i te cytoplasm o te maha o kaiwhakakökï koiora - whākōkī, kahore nei kahore he tauhohenga matüora.

Hei whakarāpopoto, e hiahia ana koe ki te mea i te whai. Ko te tūranga o te cytoplasm ki te pūtau ko ngā he kī, no te mea ko reira - te pūtake o nga tukanga katoa o te taiao e ora ai, me te tïpako mo te tauhohenga.